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Spatial Pattern of Housing Quality in Abuja, Nigeria

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Spatial Pattern of Housing Quality in Abuja, Nigeria International Journal of Coal, Geology and Mining Research Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-20, May 2020 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK(www.eajournals.org) SPATIAL PATTERN OF HOUSING QUALITY IN ABUJA, NIGERIA Saliman Dauda Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria ABSTRACT: The study attempted evaluation of Spatial Pattern of Housing Quality of Abuja, Nigeria. The identified 62 political wards were stratified into their various Area Councils namely, Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Bwari Area Council, Gwagwalada Area Council, KwaliArea Council, Kuje Area Council and Abaji Area Council. Using systematic random sampling, 3593, 1002,641,290,341 and 202 houses were selected in AMAC, Bwari Area Council, Gwagwalada Area Council, Kwali Area Council, Kuje Area Council and Abaji Area Council respectively to give a total of 6069 houses. Socioeconomic characteristics of the households revealed that the youth constituted 14.2% of the respondents, while 79.99% of the respondents were also found to be in the age bracket of 31-60 years. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed, that there were significant differences in the age distribution of the residents (F = 4.11, p = 0.005). Analysis of spatial pattern of housing quality using Factor Analysis revealed that housing location quality attributes factor, recorded highest influence on the spatial pattern of housing quality in Area Councils, such as AMAC, Bwari Area Council and Gwagwalada Area Council. The study concluded that a general hierarchical trend in spatial pattern of housing quality had been figured out in Abuja, where housing quality was observed to decrease with increase in distance from the Central Business District(CBD). KEYWORDS: housing quality, urban spatial structure, central business district, Abuja, INTRODUCTION Scholars had long established that good quality housing is a key element for ensuring a healthy environment and, that cramped and crowded conditions give rise to poor hygiene by providing places for vermin to breed and transmit diseases through fleas, ticks and other vectors. Furthermore, poor household hygiene leads to food and water contamination within the home. Research had also indicated that poor indoor air quality leads to respiratory problems and inadequate lighting leads to eyesight problems; while Stress is higher for individuals living in poor housing conditions. These constitutes background for studies carried out on housing quality that satisfies maximum health standards and good living standard as well as affordability of households (Aribigbola, 2000). According to Morris et al ;( 1997) housing quality constitute a norm, a culturally derived criteria that household uses to judge their houses and that of others. Housing quality is also found to be congruent with household status (Ponice et al;( 1997). Individual holds housing quality as a product of subjective judgment which arises from the overall perception, towards what is seen as the significant element at a particular point in time. (Anantharaman (1983), Olayiwola et al., (2006) and Jiboye (2010). Thus, beauty, convenience, health and accessibility constitutes attributes of housing quality using variables such as aesthetics, ornamentation, sanitation, drainage, age of building, access to basic housing facilities, burglary, spatial adequacy, noise level within neighborhood, sewage and waste disposal, air pollution and ease of movement. While good environmental condition is also a factor that could promote the health, convenience, aesthetic, environmental and well-being of the occupants of a house. 1 International Journal of Coal, Geology and Mining Research Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-20, May 2020 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK(www.eajournals.org) Studies in the developed world have analyzed numerous indicators of housing quality in which beauty, convenience, health and accessibility was introduced into attributes of housing. However there is dearth of studies that focus on the housing quality of urban dwellers in the developing countries, especially in Nigeria. Even though housing is implied in a number of few discuss, most emphasis is on affordability. However, in Nigeria housing quality is a strong determinants of housing choice due to the need for houses to have good finishes, different roofing types, full decoration, ensuite rooms as well as good physical conditions, these have strong influence on residents’ choice of Homes. (Saliman, 2015). Consequently studies are required to determine the pattern of distribution of these qualities in the developing city such as Nigeria, studies that strictly address the pattern of housing quality are scarce in Nigeria. Abuja is Nigeria’s New Federal Capital Territory and arguably, the fastest growing city in Africa, as it houses residents from over 250 ethnic Nationalities. As such, it can conveniently be taken to reflect what obtains in other cities in Africa. To this end, this study sought to examine the spatial pattern of housing quality in Abuja, Nigeria with specific emphasis on spatial and economic factors; by examine the extent to which location, cost and availability of infrastructure as influence it. LITERATURE REVIEW Some of the notable studies on housing quality include that carried out by Ponice et al; (1997). The study, identified valued characteristics that a house should possess, this includes features such as good housing materials, good bathrooms space, electrical services, appliances and air – conditioning. Thus, the study did not analyze issues of location and cost, the gap this study is trying to fill. In the same vein, Godwin(1998) in his studies considered aesthetics, ornamentation, sanitation, drainage, age of building, access to basic housing facilities, burglary, spatial adequacy, noise level within neighbourhood, sewage and waste disposal, air pollution, and ease of movement. The study identified beauty, convenience, health and accessibility as the main attributes of housing quality. Thus, the study failed to examine the influence of location on the availability of the identified housing quality. Also, study by Ibem (2012) explored the residents’ perception of selected household heads in newly constructed public housing estates, and staff members of four key public housing agencies in urban areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. The findings suggested that Housing delivery strategies, organizational capacity of housing providers, age, income, education and tenure status of residents were the key factors influencing residents' perception of housing quality in the study area. Hence, the study did not examine the location of housing with respect to provided quality attributes. Study by Emankhu, et al; (2015) examined housing quality in the peripheral area of Lafia town. The study evaluated the influence of socio-economic factors on housing quality of the peripheral area of Lafia, and revealed that peripheral area have serious adverse effects on people’s health, their built environment and housing quality. Therefore, the study failed to explore the influence of the spatial make-up of Lafia as a State Capital on the housing quality attributes of the Inhabitants of Peripheral Areas. This study took care of these loose ends. Studies carried out on Osogbo by scholars like Akinola, (1998), Olayiwola etal;(2006) and Jiboye(2010) revealed that the provisions of qualitative housing involves consideration of all ancillary services, environmental amenities and social infrastructures like water, electricity, road, drainage, sewage and water 2 International Journal of Coal, Geology and Mining Research Vol.2, No.1, pp.1-20, May 2020 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK(www.eajournals.org) treatment facilities, personal safety and security. The lack of Master Plan for the study area; an evolving state capital, made it difficult for the research work to have Spatial Implications. This study is conducted in the context of Abuja Six Area Councils that are several kilometres from one another, thus given the study an unavoidable spatial considerations. Study by Hammer et al., (2001) unfolded that qualitative housing involves the provision of infrastructural services which could bring about sustainable growth and development through improved environmental condition and livelihood. The study did not examine issues of cost as it affects the quality of housing provided in the study area. Furthermore, Malcolm (2007) and Imrie(2004)s’ studies, explored disabled people’s interactions with the physical quality of housing. The study concluded that most of the dwellings in the UK were not designed to respond to the needs of people with different types of impairment. Thus, the paper focused only on physical quality of housing and people with disability. Roderick (1995) and Shrivastava et. al ;(2014) examined housing quality and customer satisfaction with reference to delivering methods. The paper concluded that housing quality should be considered in terms of economic and ecological dimension. In the same vein, Anofojie et al; (2014) assessed housing quality in selected public residential estate in Amuwo Odofin Lagos. The study suggested that a large proportion of infrastructure in the study area is in deplorable condition, therefore recommended urban renewal for the area. Thus, the study area of concentration was in the provision of infrastructure. Thus study proffer a more holistic approach to the study of housing quality. Further known studies
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