DOCSLIB.ORG

Primary Succession Begins with a Total Lack of Organisms and Bare Mineral Surfaces Or Water

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Primary Succession Begins with a Total Lack of Organisms and Bare Mineral Surfaces Or Water Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Twelfth Edition Enger & Smith Chapter 6 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Outline . Succession . Biomes Are Determined by Climate . Major Aquatic Ecosystems Succession . Succession is a series of regular, predictable changes in community structure over time. Activities of organisms change their surroundings and make the environment suitable for other kinds of organisms. A climax community is a relatively stable, long- lasting community that is the result of succession. The kind of climax community that develops is primarily determined by climate. Succession . Primary succession begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water. Secondary succession begins with the disturbance of an existing ecosystem. • It is much more commonly observed, and generally proceeds more rapidly than primary succession. Primary Succession . Terrestrial primary succession • A pioneer community is a collection of organisms able to colonize bare rock (e.g., lichens). – Lichens help break down rock and accumulate debris, helping to form a thin soil layer. – The soil layer begins to support small forms of life. Primary Succession Pioneer organisms Primary Succession . Lichen community replaced by annual plants. Annuals replaced by perennial community. Perennial community replaced by shrubs. Shrubs replaced by shade-intolerant trees. Shade-intolerant trees replaced by shade-tolerant trees. Stable, complex, climax community eventually reached. • Each step in the process is known as a successional (seral) stage, and the sequence of stages is called a sere. Primary Succession Primary succession on land Primary Succession . Climax communities show certain characteristics when compared with successional communities. • Climax communities maintain species diversity for an extended period. • They contain multiple specialized ecological niches. • They maintain high levels of organism interactions. • Climax communities recycle nutrients while maintaining a relatively constant biomass. The general trend in succession is toward increasing complexity and more efficient use of matter and energy. Primary Succession . Aquatic primary succession • Except for oceans, most aquatic systems are considered temporary. • All aquatic systems receive inputs of soil particles and organic matter from surrounding land. • This results in the gradual filling of shallow bodies of water. – Roots and stems below water accumulate more material. – Establishment of wet soil. Primary Succession Primary succession from a pond to a wet meadow. Secondary Succession . Secondary succession occurs when an existing community is disturbed or destroyed but much of the soil and some of the organisms remain. • Because the soil and nutrients remain, this process can advance more rapidly than primary succession. • Plants and organisms that survive the disturbance can grow quickly and reestablish themselves. • Nearby undamaged communities can serve as sources of seeds and animals. • The new climax community is likely to resemble the destroyed community. Secondary Succession Secondary succession on land Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax . As settlers changed “original” ecosystems to agriculture, climax communities were destroyed. • Many farms were abandoned, and land began to return to its “original” condition. Ecologists began to recognize there was not a fixed, pre-determined community for each part of the world. • The only thing differentiating a climax community from any other successional community is its time scale. Biomes Are Determined By Climate . Biomes are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic distributions. • When different communities within a biome are examined, they will show differences in the exact species present, but the general structure of the ecosystem and the kinds of niches and habitats present are similar throughout. Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities . Two primary non-biological factors have major impacts on the kinds of climax communities that develop in any part of the world. • Temperature • Patterns of precipitation Biomes: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities Biomes of the world The Effect of Elevation on Climate and Vegetation . The distribution of terrestrial ecosystems is primarily related to precipitation and temperature. • Temperature is warmest near the equator and cooler toward the poles. • As altitude increases, average temperature decreases. • Moving from sea level to mountain tops, it is possible to pass through a series of biomes similar to what would be encountered moving from the equator to the North Pole. The Effect of Elevation on Climate and Vegetation Relationship between height above sea level, latitude, and vegetation. Desert . Deserts are areas that average less than 25 cm annual precipitation. • Unevenly distributed throughout the year. They are likely to be windy. They experience large daily temperature fluctuations. There is infrequent cloud cover. There are many species, but they are present in low numbers. Many species exhibit specialized adaptations to climate, such as the ability to conserve water. Desert . Human impact on deserts: • Humans have historically had little impact on deserts. • Modern technology allows for the transport of water to the desert. • This has resulted in the development of cities in some desert areas and some limited agriculture as a result of irrigation. Desert Temperate Grassland . Temperate grasslands, also known as prairies or steppes, are widely distributed over temperate parts of the world. They typically receive 25-75 cm of annual precipitation. Fire is an important force in preventing the invasion of trees and releasing nutrients from dead plants to the soil. The primary consumers are large herds of migratory grazing mammals. Many insect species are also common. Temperate Grassland . Human impact on grassland: • Most of the moist grasslands of the world have been converted to agriculture. • Most of the drier grasslands have been converted to the raising of domesticated grazers like sheep, cattle, and goats. • Little undisturbed grassland is left, and those fragments that remain need to be preserved as refuges for the grassland species that once occupied huge portions of the globe. Temperate Grassland Savanna . Savannas are found in tropical parts of Africa, South America, and Australia. They are characterized by extensive grasslands spotted with occasional patches of trees. They receive 50-150 cm annual precipitation, unevenly distributed throughout year. Rainfall patterns produce a seasonally structured ecosystem. Fire is a common feature. Many trees are involved in nitrogen fixation. Savanna . Human impact: • Savannas have been heavily impacted by agriculture. • Because of long periods of drought, raising crops is difficult without irrigation. • Some areas support nomadic herding. • In Africa, there are extensive areas set aside as parks and natural areas and ecotourism is an important source of income. Savanna Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral) . Mediterranean shrublands are located near oceans and are dominated by shrubby plants. Their climate features wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers. They receive 40-100 cm annual precipitation. This biome is typical of the Mediterranean coast, coastal southern California, as well as parts of Africa, Chile, and Australia. Vegetation is dominated by woody shrubs adapted to hot, dry summers. Fire is a common feature. Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral) . Human impact: • Very little undisturbed Mediterranean shrubland still exists. • Agriculture is common, often with the aid of irrigation. • Major cities are located in this biome. Mediterranean Shrubland (Chaparral) Tropical Dry Forest . The tropical dry forest is another biome heavily influenced by seasonal rainfall. These biomes are found in Central and South America, Australia, Africa, and Asia. Annual precipitation ranges from 50-200 cm. Many exhibit a monsoon climate with highly seasonal rainfall. Plants have developed special adaptations to survive drought. Tropical Dry Forest . Human impact: • Many of these forests occur in areas of very high human population. • Harvesting of wood for fuel and building materials has heavily affected these forests. • Many of the forests have been converted to farming or the grazing of animals. Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Rainforest . Tropical rainforests are located near the equator where temperature is relatively warm and constant. Most areas receive 200+ cm annual rainfall, and some receive in excess of 500 cm. The soil allows high levels of leaching, thus most nutrients are tied up in biomass. Tropical rainforests have a multi-layered canopy. • Epiphytic plants . They also host a very high diversity of species. Tropical Rainforest . Human impact • Tropical rainforests are under intense pressure from logging and agriculture. • Many of the countries where tropical rainforests occur are poor and seek to obtain jobs and money by exploiting this resource. • Forestry can be a sustainable activity, but in many cases it is not. Tropical Rainforest Temperate Deciduous Forest . Temperate deciduous forests are typical of the eastern half of the United States, south-central and southeastern Canada, southern Africa, and many parts of Europe and Asia. These areas receive 75-100 cm annual precipitation, evenly distributed throughout the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Global Overview of Protected Areas on the World Heritage List of Particular Importance for Biodiversity
    A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF PROTECTED AREAS ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE FOR BIODIVERSITY A contribution to the Global Theme Study of World Heritage Natural Sites Text and Tables compiled by Gemma Smith and Janina Jakubowska Maps compiled by Ian May UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge, UK November 2000 Disclaimer: The contents of this report and associated maps do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP-WCMC or contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1.0 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................................................1 2.0 ISSUES TO CONSIDER....................................................................................................................................1 3.0 WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?..............................................................................................................................2 4.0 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................3 5.0 CURRENT WORLD HERITAGE SITES............................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Description of the Ecoregions of the United States
    (iii) ~ Agrl~:::~~;~":,c ullur. Description of the ~:::;. Ecoregions of the ==-'Number 1391 United States •• .~ • /..';;\:?;;.. \ United State. (;lAn) Department of Description of the .~ Agriculture Forest Ecoregions of the Service October United States 1980 Compiled by Robert G. Bailey Formerly Regional geographer, Intermountain Region; currently geographer, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and originally published as an unnumbered publication by the Intermountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah In April 1979, the Agency leaders of the Bureau of Land Manage­ ment, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey, and Soil Conservation Service endorsed the concept of a national classification system developed by the Resources Evaluation Tech­ niques Program at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, to be used for renewable resources evaluation. The classifica­ tion system consists of four components (vegetation, soil, landform, and water), a proposed procedure for integrating the components into ecological response units, and a programmed procedure for integrating the ecological response units into ecosystem associations. The classification system described here is the result of literature synthesis and limited field testing and evaluation. It presents one procedure for defining, describing, and displaying ecosystems with respect to geographical distribution. The system and others are undergoing rigorous evaluation to determine the most appropriate procedure for defining and describing ecosystem associations. Bailey, Robert G. 1980. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391, 77 pp. This publication briefly describes and illustrates the Nation's ecosystem regions as shown in the 1976 map, "Ecoregions of the United States." A copy of this map, described in the Introduction, can be found between the last page and the back cover of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services in Temperate Rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, USA ⇑ Patric Brandt A,B, , David J
    Biological Conservation 169 (2014) 362–371 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Multifunctionality and biodiversity: Ecosystem services in temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, USA ⇑ Patric Brandt a,b, , David J. Abson c, Dominick A. DellaSala d, Robert Feller b, Henrik von Wehrden b,c a Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate - Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany b Leuphana University Lüneburg, Centre for Methods & Institute of Ecology, Faculty of Sustainability, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany c Leuphana University Lüneburg, FuturES Research Center, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany d Geos Institute, 84-4th St., Ashland, OR 97520, USA article info abstract Article history: Forests produce a myriad of ecosystem related benefits known as ecosystem services. Maximizing the Received 1 August 2013 provision of single goods may lead to the overexploitation of ecosystems that negatively affects biodiver- Received in revised form 30 October 2013 sity and causes ecosystem degradation. We analyzed the temperate rainforest region of the Pacific North- Accepted 2 December 2013 west, which offers a multitude of ecosystem services and harbors unique biodiversity, to investigate Available online xxxx linkages and trade-offs between ecosystem services and biodiversity. We mapped nine actual and poten- tial ecosystem services, grouped into provision, supporting, regulating and cultural ecosystem service Keywords: categories, as well as species richness of four taxonomic groups (mammals, birds, trees, and amphibians). Biodiversity conservation We analyzed linkages and tradeoffs between ecosystem services, their overall diversity, and species rich- Ecosystem management Ecosystem service diversity ness as well as different levels of taxon diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Under the Canopy: a Guide to the Rainforests Of
    NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Under the Canopy A guide to the rainforests of NSW 1 Contents What are rainforests? ........................................................................... 3 How did Australian rainforests originate? .................................... 4 What determines where rainforests occur? ................................ 5 The types of rainforest in New South Wales .............................. 6 Special features of rainforest plants .............................................. 8 The animals living in our rainforests ............................................. 10 Regeneration under the canopy .................................................... 12 The status of rainforest conservation in NSW ......................... 13 How can we all help preserve the rainforest? .......................... 14 World Heritage ...................................................................................... 15 Where does rainforest occur in New South Wales?.............. 16 1 Richmond – Tweed .................................................................... 18 2 Washpool & Gibraltar ................................................................ 20 3 Dorrigo – New England ............................................................22 4 Sea Acres ....................................................................................... 24 5 Barrington and Gloucester Tops .......................................... 26 6 Minnamurra ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Temperate Rainforest Exploration Package
    COASTAL TEMPERATE RAINFOREST Explore B.C.’s rainforest with fun activities such as artwork, storytelling & poetry! Illustrations by Illustrations by Amira Maddison Amira Maddison HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE BUILD YOUR OWN ADVENTURE This booklet will help you discover the story of the coastal temperate rainforests in British Columbia. The content is designed primarily for students in Grades 3-5. Use this booklet as a guide to explore forests in your area and prompt questions about their history and current use. Colour in the pictures as you go along. Printing: If you don’t have access to a printer, simply follow along on a device and complete the activities on blank paper or in your own nature journal. Take the time to acknowledge that the land you live on has been stewarded by Indigenous peoples for millennia before the arrival of Europeans and other immigrants. Indigenous peoples around the world continue to steward the land and waters, benefiting all lifeforms. If you don’t know the names of the Indigenous Nations who have traditionally called the area you live home, take the time to read about them online. Learn about territories, language and treaties in your area at native-land.ca/ Fill in the blank to write the names of the Indigenous peoples who have traditionally called the area you live home: TAKE ONLY MEMORIES LEAVE ONLY FOOTPRINTS Leave no trace. What does the three-word slogan really mean? Simply put, it is the best practice to follow to enjoy and respect our natural spaces. It means a lot more than just packing out your garbage.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Scale, Multi- Proxy Assessment of the Resilience of Cool Temperate Rainforest to Fire in Victoria’S Central Highlands
    18 Fire on the mountain: A multi-scale, multi- proxy assessment of the resilience of cool temperate rainforest to fire in Victoria’s Central Highlands Patrick J. Baker School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria [email protected] Rohan Simkin Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Nina Pappas Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Alex McLeod Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Merna McKenzie Monash University, Clayton, Victoria Introduction A common feature of many Australian landscapes is the interdigitation of eucalypt- dominated sclerophyll forest with rainforest. In most instances, the eucalypt forests dominate the landscape, with rainforest restricted to relatively small fragments and strips that are often (but not always) associated with topographic features such as riparian zones or southeastern- facing slopes. However, these patterns reflect the current state of a dynamic system. Over several terra australis 34 376 Patrick J. Baker et al. hundreds of thousands of years, the relative dominance of the rainforests and eucalypt forests has waxed and waned across these landscapes in near synchrony (Kershaw et al. 2002; Sniderman et al. 2009). During periods of relatively warm, dry conditions, the eucalypt- dominated vegetation has expanded and the rainforest contracted across the landscape. When the climate has been relatively cool and moist, the rainforests have expanded and the eucalypt forest contracted. This is, in part, thought to be a direct consequence of the ambient environmental conditions and their impact on regeneration success. However, the indirect influence of climate, in particular as a driver of fire regimes, may be as important, if not more important, in defining the structure, composition and relative abundance of rainforest and eucalypt taxa at the landscape scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification and Description of World Formation Types
    United States Department of Agriculture Classification and Description of World Formation Types Don Faber-Langendoen, Todd Keeler-Wolf, Del Meidinger, Carmen Josse, Alan Weakley, David Tart, Gonzalo Navarro, Bruce Hoagland, Serguei Ponomarenko, Gene Fults, Eileen Helmer Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-346 August 2016 Faber-Langendoen, D.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Meidinger, D.; Josse, C.; Weakley, A.; Tart, D.; Navarro, G.; Hoagland, B.; Ponomarenko, S.; Fults, G.; Helmer, E. 2016. Classification and description of world formation types. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-346. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 222 p. Abstract An ecological vegetation classification approach has been developed in which a combi- nation of vegetation attributes (physiognomy, structure, and floristics) and their response to ecological and biogeographic factors are used as the basis for classifying vegetation types. This approach can help support international, national, and subnational classifica- tion efforts. The classification structure was largely developed by the Hierarchy Revisions Working Group (HRWG), which contained members from across the Americas. The HRWG was authorized by the U.S. Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) to devel- op a revised global vegetation classification to replace the earlier versions of the structure that guided the U.S. National Vegetation Classification and International Vegetation Classification, which formerly relied on the UNESCO (1973) global classification (see FGDC 1997; Grossman and others 1998). This document summarizes the develop- ment of the upper formation levels. We first describe the history of the Hierarchy Revisions Working Group and discuss the three main parameters that guide the clas- sification—it focuses on vegetated parts of the globe, on existing vegetation, and includes (but distinguishes) both cultural and natural vegetation for which parallel hierarchies are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Animals of the Temperate Rainforest
    ©IAN McALLISTER/www.raincoast.org Animals of the Temperate Rainforest MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR GRADES K–4 for millions of years the wild salmon has helped nourish the plant and animal life of the temperate rain forest. Subjects Born in the streams and rivers of the forest, the salmon travels Art, Language Arts, Science, Social Studies to the ocean where it lives for up to five years before returning Objectives to the stream or river in which it was born. Students will be able to: There are six species of salmon that are common to the •identify the physical and biological characteristics of the temperate Pacific Northwest: Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, Sockeye and rainforest; and Steelhead. From the waters of the Pacific to those of the •identify and summarize the life cycle of salmon, bear and caddisfly. temperate forests, salmon are a crucial link in the health of both ecosystems. Sadly, many wild salmon populations have been threatened because of habitat destruction, over-fishing and other causes. Follow One World Journeys’ online photo documentary expedition, “Salmon: Spirit of the Land and Sea,” at: http://www.OneWorldJourneys.com/salmon/ and learn what the Expedition Team experienced in its quest to understand the importance of the wild salmon. Use this site and the suggested activities below to introduce students to the facts about temperate rainforests and the lifecycles of animals and insects that inhabit the rainforest. ©IAN McALLISTER/www.raincoast.org Sockeye salmon in British Columbia’s Dallery Creek CO-SPONSORED BY copyright© 2001 One World Journeys salmon: spirit of the land and sea grades k–4 Activity 1 — Get the Facts Activity 2 — Lifecycle Charades Materials: globe, computer with Internet access, large index cards, Materials: white paper, pencil crayons, markers or colored pencils IAN McALLISTER Begin by comparing the stages of life cycles of familiar animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomes Study Guide
    Name_________________________________ Date____________________ Period_______________ BIOMES EXAM STUDY GUIDE TRUE OR FALSE. Answer each of the questions T or F. CORRECT the FALSE statements to make them TRUE!!! T F Large amounts of original grasslands still exist in North America. T F Some of the world’s fastest predators are found in the Taiga. T F Burrowing animals would be common in the Grasslands. T F Grasses are the major plant type of the savanna. T F Grasslands receive less than10 inches of rain . T F Deserts have large changes in temperature on a daily basis. T F If provided with water, deserts would produce plants and crops. T F An adaptation for living in the desert is having large broad leaves. T F Water could be a limiting factor in the tundra. T F Permafrost refers to the cold nights in a desert. T F Cold wetlands and bogs would be common in the Tundra in the summer. T F Migration is one adaptation animals of the Tundra or Taiga use. T F Lichens (a mixture of algae and fungus) are low growing plants of the tundra. T F Sunlight is a limiting factor for plants of the tundra in the summertime. T F A cactus has a green body to help it photosynthesize without leaves. T F Desert biomes refer to all areas of constant, high heat. T F Wisconsin is covered mostly by the Taiga biome. T F Coniferous trees have large broad leaves that drop in the fall. T F Amphibians like frogs would be best suited to Temperate Forests because water is not a problem T F Most of the Western United States was once covered by large areas of temperate forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Soils of Temperate Rainforests of the North American Pacific Coast
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 2014 Soils of temperate rainforests of the North American Pacific Coast Dunbar N. Carpenter University of Wisconsin-Madison, [email protected] James G. Bockheim University of Wisconsin-Madison,, [email protected] Paul F. Reich USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Beltsville, MD, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Forest Biology Commons, and the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Carpenter, Dunbar N.; Bockheim, James G.; and Reich, Paul F., "Soils of temperate rainforests of the North American Pacific Coast" (2014). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 1413. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1413 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Geoderma 230–231 (2014) 250–264 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoderma journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Soils of temperate rainforests of the North American PacificCoast Dunbar N. Carpenter a, James G. Bockheim b,⁎,PaulF.Reichc a Department of Forest
    [Show full text]
  • Biomes and Ecoregions Project - Major Grade
    Biomes and Ecoregions Project - Major Grade Background: Biomes and their Ecoregions: ! Freshwater !!Rivers and Streams-Large Rivers, Xeric Basins !!Ponds and Lakes-Large Lakes, Small Lakes !!Wetlands-Mangroves, Flooded Grasslands & Savannas ! Marine Ecosystems !!Shorelines-Mangroves !!Temperate Oceans-Temperate Shelf and Seas, Polar !!Tropical Oceans-Tropical Coral ! Terrestrial !!Rainforest-Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests, Tropical & Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests !!Tundra-Tundra !!Taiga-Boreal Forests / Taiga !!Desert-Deserts & Xeric Shrublands !!Temperate-Temperate Coniferous Forests, Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests, Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands & Scrub, Tropical & Suptropical Coniferous Forests !!Grasslands-Montane Grasslands & Shrublands, Temperate Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands, Tropical & Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas & Shrublands Your Project Overview: You will select one of the Ecoregions below and create an informative presentation about it that summarizes the information you have learned this six weeks. This project will be due October 3rd (Thursday) and viewed by your fellow classmates online October 4th (Friday). The grade for this project will include both your work on the project and your viewing/critique of your classmate’s projects on Friday. You will need to include all the information listed under Your Task and list at least 5 sources using MLA or APA format (like you do in English class). A grading rubric will be used by your teacher to grade your project, you should use it as a guide while doing your work. Please note, there are two reflections that you must add to your project and they are highlighted in the rubric. You can chose your presentation format from the Presentation Options List below. There is a resources page with applicable websites to help get you started also below.
    [Show full text]
  • From Towering Sitka Spruce Trees to Tiny Clouded Salamanders, the Temperate Rainforest Provides Critical Habitat to Countless Species of Plants and Animals
    From towering Sitka spruce trees to tiny clouded salamanders, the temperate rainforest provides critical habitat to countless species of plants and animals. Infinite cycles and relationships link these species together. Some, for example the banana slug, act as essential decomposers, helping to recycle decaying plant and animal material. Others, such as a standing dead Western redcedar tree, provide critical habitat for many animals, like bats, insects and owls. Ultimately, each species plays a vital role in the overall functioning of this special ecosystem. Western hemlock Temperate rainforests are a spectacular Did you know… synthesis of climate, geography and biology. • The Western Coastal First hemlock is the An estimated 2,850 vascular plants, 1,000 Nations used the most common bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), Western hemlock evergreen tree to 1,600 lichens, 5,222 species of attached for a variety of flourish in coastal algae and well over 10,000 fungi species reasons. They rainforest. are present in the rainforest. steeped the bark of Hemlock seedlings the tree in water to are often the only Trees color fishnets tree species that British Columbia is home to one quarter brown, making can survive the of the world’s remaining temperate them invisible to deep shade on rainforests. Within this special fish. Spoons, feast the forest floor. ecosystem some of the world’s tallest, bowls, and fishhooks thickest and oldest trees are found. were all carved from • Canada’s biggest Douglas fir and the Sitka spruce trees the wood. Large hemlock stands 55 over 95 metres (313 feet) tall grow here, branches were tied m (180 feet).
    [Show full text]