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0 WASHINGTON w VOL. 23, NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 1995 G EOLOG"I •

INSIDE THIS ISSUE 1 Early Tertiary flowers, fruits. and seeds of Washington State and adjacent areas, p. 3 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF 1 Selected additions to the library of the Division of Geology and Earth Resources, p. 18 Natural Resources Jennifer M . Belcher - Co mmissio ner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor WASHINGTON Crown Jewel Project Reaches Milestone GEOLOGY Vol. 23, No. 3 Raymond Lasmanis, State Geologist September 1995 Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Washi11g1011 Ceologr (ISSN 1058-2134) is published four times PO Box 47007, Olympia, WA 98504-7007 each year hy (he Washington State Department or Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources. Thi~ puh­ lication is free upon request. The Division al so publishes b1il lc­ tins. information circulars. reports or investigations. geologic maps. and open -file reports. /\ li~t o r these publications will he A rter a lengthy evaluation process under the National Envi­ sent upon rcquc~l. ronment Policy Act (NEPA) and the State Environment Policy Act (SEPA), on June 30, 1995, the Draft Environmental Tm ­ DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES pac t Statement. Crown Jewel Mine, Okanogan County, Wash­ ington, was issued by the lead agencies, U.S. Department of Raymo nd Lasmanis. Sr,11e Ge,,J,,,;i.<1 J. Eric Schuster. /1,1 l'i.1t1111t S rate Geolo,;isr Agriculture Forest ServiL:e allll the Washington State Deparr­ W1lli:1m S . Lingley, Jr., Ax,,i.<1111, t Stare G,•,,/o,;isr ment of Ecology. The proponent, Battle Mountain Gold Company, gave the Geologists (Olympia I Editor first hriefing to state agencies in Olympia on January 21, 1992. Joe D. Dragovich Katheri ne M. Reed A NotiL:e of Intent to Operate was filed on February 6, 1992. Wendy J. Gerstel Computer Information Because the gold deposi t is located on private land and land Robert L. (Josh ) Lo gan Consultant administered by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land M an­ David K. Norman Carl F. T. Harris Steph en P. Palmer agemen t (BLM ), both state and federal jurisdictions were as­ Patrick T. Pringle Cartographers Nancy A. Eberle serted. To faci l itate the NEPA/SEP A process, a M emorandum Katherine M. Recd Henry W. ( Hank) Schassc Keith G . Ikerd of Understanding (MOU) became effective Ju l y 22, 1992, Tinwthy J. Wulsh Production Editor/ among the Forest Service. BLM, and Washi ngton Departments Weldon W. Rau (vo /1111/ cN) Designer of Ecology and Natural Resou rces. Because of wetland~ is­ Geologist (Spokane) Jaretta M. (Jari) Roloff sues, the U .S. Army Corps of Engineers was added to the Roher! E. Derkey Data Communications MOU on April 15 , 1993. Technician Geologists (Regions! J. Renee C hristensen Following scoping, numerous multi-agency interdiscipli­ Garth Anderson I No ri/111 l'.\I) C harles W . (Chuck) Gulick Administrative Assistant nary meeti ngs have been held si nce early 1992 to identify the (Northea.51) Janis G. Allen issues and then track the detailed studies and evaluations. The Rex J. Hapala (Su 11tl11H,;t) Regulatory Programs Division of Geology and Earth Resources· contribution to the Lorraine Po well (Sn,11/,rn.<1) Assistant proL:ess was mainly in surface mine reclamation and the geo­ Stephanie Zurenko /Cent ml) Mary Ann Shawver chemica l characteristics of mine tai lings, ore, and waste rock. Senior Librarian Clerical Staff Puhlic comments were taken at briefings on August 15 in Conn ie J. M an~on Judy Henderson Library Information Heidi Tho m sen El lensburg and A ugust 17 in Oroville. Written comments to Specialist the Forest Service were due by August 29. Rehecca A. Christie Progress reports on the Crown Jewel project wil l appear in future issues of Washington Geology. • MAIN OFFICE FIELD OFFICE Department of Natural Resources Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology Divisioo, of Geology and Earth Resources and Earth Resource., PO Box 47007 904 W. Riverside, Room 209 Olympia. WA 98504-7007 Spokane. WA 99201- 10 11 OUR AREA CODE HAS CHANGED!

Pho ne: (360) 902-1450 l'lwur.: (509) 456-3255 The Division's Olympia Office has a new area code: 360. J-'nr · (360) 902-1785 fn,. . (509) 456-6 115 Up till now, the phone company has allowed the use of the /11tr 1·11 e 1. old area code, but the grace period is over. You must use /'11hhr.nr1o n s nvailnble f,om the cj ma 11son@u. washi11gton.cdu 360 to reach our main office. [email protected] 0/ymJ•in nddress 011/v.

(Sr.e map 011 i11sidf' Imel. rn,•e r ..... Printed o n recycled paper. fo r o.f.licc locatiou.) \..,. Pri111cd i111/r e U.S. A. DO YOU WANT TO GET Cover Photo: Wes Wehr. paleobotanist with the Thomas OFF OUR MAILING LIST? Burke Memorial Washington State Museum in Seattle, and school children split the Eocene fossil-bearing lakebed The Division pays for printing and postage for Washington rocks at Republic. Washington, where many fossil flowers-, Geology from an always-tight budget. Help us use our re­ fruits, and seeds have been found. The deposit is an easy sources well by letting us know if you no longer wish to walk from the center of town and is open to the public. See receive this 'journal'. We will take your name off the li st the article starting on p. 3. Photo by Mary Randlett. immediately.

Z Washi11g1011 Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September 1995 Early Tertiary Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds of Washington State and Adjacent Areas

Wesley C. Wehr Thomas Burke Memorial Washington State Museum University of Washington. Seattle, WA 98195-301 O

INTRODUCTION fossi I records. Fifty of the taxa and occurrences cited arc new Foss il leaves, particularly those th at are very well preserved, additions to the literature about fossi I reproductive structures. are valuable tools and clues in the study of modern and fossil rlant relationships and evolutionary trends. Because fossil GEOLOGIC SETTING leaves tend to be the most common type of pl an t fossil found Compared to the enormous diversity of northwest Tertiary flo­ at most sites in western North America, scientists may have ras, especially that of the early middle Eocene Republic, depended too heavily on the foss il leaf record to establish Washington, flora (more than 300 species of fossil plants), th ese relationships and trends. This has led to some miscon­ earlier Paleocene floras, such as those in the Fort Union For­ ceptions about flowering-plant (angiosperm) evolution. horn mation in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota, tend to have their studies or leaves, many earlier paleobotan ists were led to low diversity. Paleocene upland floras are not known (Wing, present a far more static picture of angiosperm evo lution since 1987). Wolfe ( 1987) has proposed that the first major diversi­ th e Cretaceous than has actually been the case. We now under­ fication of many present-day temperate climate lineages oc­ stand that, in some cases, leaves and wood evolved more curred during the Eocene in uplands like those of the volcanic slowly than plant reproductive structures. hi ghlands of the Okanogan. The environmental stresses result­ The early Tertiary flowers, fruits, and seeds found in what in g from geologic processes laking place in the Okanogan is now the Okanogan Highlands record a rapid appearance and Highlands during the Eocene were presumably major factors diversification of many plant lin eages in upland habitats of in the appearance of many of the plant families discussed in that time. A Jess well known but important Tertiary record for this article. Washinuton State is the occurrence or fos sil fruits and seeds ~ . During the Eocene, from about 57 million to about 37 mil­ in the lowland floras and, surprisin gly. in marine deposits on l ion years ago, northern interior Washington State and interior the Olympic Peninsula. Paleobotanists associate these fossil British Columbia were the st:ene of intensive volcanic activity. noras of the highlands with warm temperate to subtropical Eo­ The extent and thickness of volcanic deposits indicate that th e cene environments. In contrast, the lowland terrestrial and ma­ region known today as the Okanogan Highlands may have rine !ot:alities in western Washington commonly contain fossil been a mountainous area during much of that epoch (Wing, plants that suggest, from the distribution and physiognomy of 1987). The widespread volcanism and associated tectonic up­ th ei r modern descendants, tropical conditions. li ft had a sign ificant effect on tht: topography in that region. Paleobotan ists have assigned some F:ocene leaves to mod­ Uplift di'vided lowland areas such as the northern Puget Sound ern genera. However. many fossil flowers, fruits, and seeds and coastal British Columbia from the interior; this whole re­ found m close association with these leaves or attached to gion had formerly been a continuous, fairly gentle slope from leafy stems are clearly unlike any known modern genera. This the eastern Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific coast. Geo­ is what M. E. J. Chandler and E. M. Reid concluded when they logic forces fo rm ed a series of down-faulted graben basins studied th e fruits and seeds from the Eocene London Clay from Republic, Washington, to Smithers, British Columbia. (Collinson, 1983). More recently, Manchester (1994), in his Largely volcanic sediments accumulated in basin lakes and in­ monograph on the middle Eocene Clarno Pormation fru its and corporated plants and insects (Wolfe and Wehr, 1987). seeds, has carefully documented how many of these fossils As the landscape continued to develop through the early represent extinct genera that now can be assigned only to mod­ Tertiary, changes in the plant life were recorded in various ern families at best. sedimentary sequences. Figure I is a generalized framework Fossilized reproductive structures-flowers, fruits, seeds, of the age ranges of the formations in which the flowers, fruits, pollen, cones-record, even more vividly than leaves, the ap­ and seeds discussed in this article have been found. Figure 2 parently sw ift and dramatic evolution and diversification that shows the locations of the principal Early Tertiary fossil flo­ many lineages have undergone since their appearance in the ras. Cretaceous (Wolfe, 1987). Washington's fossil plants are Geological processes are responsible for an area's altitude helping us describe a crucial time in angiosperm development. and topography, which, in turn, affect characteristics of re­ This article reviews finds in the Pacific Northwest and dis­ gional vegetation. Leaf shape, size, and margination, for in­ cusses th e significance of many of th e plant fam ii ies found in stance, are demonstrably influenced by the climate in which early Tertiary localities in Washington State, Rritish Colum­ plants grow (Wolfe and Wehr, 1991 ). Fossil leaves are impor­ bia, and Oregon. Many of the fossil flowers, fruits, and seeds tant but indirect evidence of paleoclimate-temperature, pre­ discussed and illustrated in this article represent new fossil re­ cipitation, and seasonality. Using fossil leaves, paleobotanists cords and occurrences of the genera and species. Thirteen of and paleoclimatologists can make some general, but necessar­ the 32 taxa illustrated in the plates are previously unreported ily cautious, speculations about ancient climates.

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September 1995 3 Ma 65 58 37 24 5.3 (approx.) PALEOCENE EOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE Lower I Middle I Upper .....r:1! g~! .Q~<.? ~P•.. . Chuckanut Fm --- . -. -- -- -... ------.. ------Latah Fm ...... M...... akah.. .Fm...... Fo -rt.... U ni-..on.. -r. m-..... Tukwila Fm Yakima Canyon sites Ellensburg Fm _.. ~ ~~ ~ ~P99. f.ll: ...

·------Swauk------Fm ---- . ..Q!l 1! 111?~1· _F: 1!1•• ... -. -Re...... n -to...n -Fm.. -. .. Gum~ •..... •..•.• ~~~l_:i~§.~~l! . . • ..... -H--··-oko Ri---ve----r Fm------Aldwell·--- Fm-- ·- Klondik------·--e Mtn Fm •.• ~.~s_l Y.n. f!!1 ...... Claiborne Fm

Clarno Fm

.IS~!1! ~~

Florissant Fm ------lone Fm

Figure 1. Generalized correlation chart for Tertiary formations or deposits mentioned in this article .

Geologic uplift of the ancient Okanogan High I and s during will have the same response" (Manchester and M eyer, the Eocene accompanied the appearance of montane forests, 1987, p. 125). upland lakes, and environments unlike any previously known in the foss il record for North America. The cooler climates in HOW MODERN ARE these higher altitude forests pres umably had a rol e in the ap­ NORTHWEST TERTIARY FLORAS? pearance of types of plants not found in the floras of coas tal The answer to this question depends on what you compare British Columbia (lit Vancouver) or i n the lowland sites near them to. Compared to L ate Cretaceous and Paleocene floras Bellingham. These latter forests contained some spec ies (sabal (about 85 million to 57 million years old), the Tertiary floras palm. fern s) found now only in Central and South America, of Washington could be called modern. Sycamores, laurels, and cllher plants thai today are predominantly subtropical to and magnolias can be traced back to ancestors in the Creta­ tropi ca l (Pabst, 1968; Wehr and Hopkins, 1994). ceou s. But many other Cretaceous angiosperms cannot be The changing climate in the Okanogan Highlands likely con tributed to an apparently high degree of instability in plant placed in any modern family- or even order. In contrast, no extinct plant orders are found, so far, in the Eocene upland and insect communi 1ies 1hat, in turn, resulted in the appear ­ floras, notably at Republic, or in the lowland floras of the ance and rapid adaptation of many important groups of plants. western part of the state, and only a few extinct families have However, in try ing to determi ne the exact role that climatic been recognized. Of the 68 angiosperm genera represented by changes may ha ve had in the appearance of vegetational and th e flowers, fruits, and seeds included in this survey , 34, or floristic assembl ages, we should keep in mind that half, are considered to represent extinct genera in modern " During an event of climatic or environmental change. fami lies. By this measure, W ashington's Early Tertiary floras each individual plant species wi ll have its own unique have far more in common with modern plant taxa than with genetic capability of coping w ith such a change; it is those of the A ge of Dinosaurs. not conceivable that all species w ithin a community

4 Washington Geology, vol. 23. 11 0. 3, September 1995 However. the degree of similarity between these Tertiary • I floras and modern floras can be misleading. Many of the Eo­ cene genera are pre<.:ursor genera-that is. they are not quite like a modern genus but are just similar enough that we give them names like Paleorosa (ancient rose), Paraprwrus (al­ most like a modern <.:herry), or Paracrataef!. 11s (primitive haw­ thorn). These names suggest the pri mi ti ve, ancestral statu s and anatomy of the genera. To make these Eo<.:enc genera ta x­ onomically synonymous with modern genera would be to as­ • 3 sume that all the parts of the fossil plant would prove to be esscnt i al I y identical to those of the modern plant. At th is point, 50° we would have to make those assumptions only from isolated plant parts.

WHAT DID VEGETATION LOOK LIKE IN THE EARLY TERTIARY? There is a wealth of fossil leaf material available from which to start making fossil plant reconstructions-but the answer to this question would be a lot less certain or interesti ng if it were not for fossi l flowers, fruits, and seeds. Some of the plant lineages (a lder, elm, walnut. and hydran­ gea, for example) that occur in the foss il upland floras of the Okanogan Highlands are also represented in the Paleocene and Eocene lowland floras. The acclimatizing of such formerly lowland tropical and subtropical lineages to upland, cooler cli­ mates (as represented by the Republic flora) may have taken pl ace along altitudinal gradients (Wing, 1987, ci ti ng J. A . Wolfe , personal commun., 1986). Plant fossils-of all kinds- are permitting us to sketch a preliminary portrait of the Eocene Okanogan Highlands forest. More than 450 species or plants (Wehr and Hopkins, 1994: Wehr and Schorn, 1992) are now known from the Okanogan lakebed deposits. This middle Eocene forest canopy record • Eugene was characterized by ~uch wind-pol linated conifers as pine, 0 2C 4060 - 11 spruce, and hemlock. The rocks contain early records of many Figure 2 . Index map of sites where early Tertiary flowers, fruits, conifer types (true fir. hemlock, and cedar, among others) and and seeds have been found in the Pacific Northwest. 1, Horsefly; many that are now found only in China and Japan. 2, McAbee; 3, Ouilchena; 4, Princeton; 5, Republic; 6, Bellingham: The understory is not as well represented in the Republic 7, Neah Bay; B, Shipwreck Point; 9, Elwha River; 10, Oak Bay; fossil record. However, rare finds there, such as clematis, wi ld 11 , Issaquah; 12, Durham; 13, Ronald; 14, Blewett Pass; 15, Thorp; currant, mock orange, hydrangea, grape, and especiall y the 16, Ellensburg; 17, Yakima Canyon ; 18, Gumboot Mountain; 19, Clarno; 20, Mitchell. • is a city or town; xis a river, canyon, or other many members of the rose fami ly (with over 30 rosaceous gen­ topographic feature. era recognized to date). are gradually allowing us to draw a more complete picture of the forest in th is region. The pres­ ence of so many types of fruit-beari ng trees and shrubs sug­ gests that , at that time, the Okanogan Highlands was also the The next pages briefly describe the fossi l reprodut:tive sce ne of an important and rapid diversi fication o f various structures that have been found in the Lower Tertiary localities groups of pollinating insects, especially hees, wasps, flies, in W as hington, O regon, and adjacent parts of Canada that, to­ beetles. and moths (Wehr, in press). gether with leaves, are helping us understand this part of geo­ The lowland understory is far less wel l defined. We know logic time. there were ferns and shrubs, but there is much left to be stud­ ied. (See Mustoe and Gannaway, 1995). Water-LIiy Family (Nymphaeaceae) The presence of the water-lil y family is based on a single THE FOSSIL EVIDENCE Nuphar rhizome from the Princeton (BC) Coalmont Bluff Assigni ng a fossil leaf type to many different and unrelated (also known as Tulameen Road; A llenby Formation) locality families is not unusual in the history of fossi l leaf identifica­ and permineralized fruits and seeds of an extinct genus, Allen­ from the Princeton chert locality (Cevallos-Ferri z and tion. In fact, the paleobotan ical leaf l iterature abounds with bya. this kind of conflict in identification. For this reason, the pres­ Stockey, 1989; al so Allenby Formation). These fruits and ence in the Republic flora of so many kinds of c losely associ­ seeds have bet:0me important clues to the aquatic aspects of ated fruits and leaves, for example, is very helpful i n recogniz­ the Princeton environment. No fossi I nymphaeaceous leaves ing their relationships and affinities. have been found.

Washington Geology, vnl. 23, 110. 3, September 1995 5 Plate 1. Early Tertiary fruits and seeds from Washington. UWBM, University of Washington Burke Museum. Magnifications approximate. 1. Ceratophyl/um fruit, UWBM 77802A, loc. B5506, Issaquah, x3. 2. Cercidiphyllum!Joffrea fruits, UWBM 76903, loc. A0307, Republic, x1 .3. 3. Trochodendron fruits UWBM 94570A, loc B4131, Republic, x1 .3. 4. Nordenskioldia fruits, UWBM 74314, loc. B 4213, Republic, x4. 5. Liquid­ ambar seed. UWBM 77561 A. loc A0307B, Republic, x2.75. 6. Eucommia fruit, UWBM 77562A. loc. A0307, Republic, x2.75. 7, 8. Macginicarpa fruits, UWBM 76881 , loc B4131, Republic: 7, x1 .5: 8. x1 .2.

Ceratophyllum Family (Ceratophyllaceaet Montana (Brown, 1962). T his aquatic herb is found worldwide Th is is a monotypic family-it consists of a single genus and today. species, Ceratophy llum muncatum Chamisso. Fossil fruits of Ceratophyllum occur in the m iddlc Eocene Renton Formation Moonseed Family (Menispermaceael near Issaquah (Plate I, fig. I) and in the Eocene Green River This family is now mainly tropical and consists of about 65 Formation in Wyoming (Herendeen and others, 1990). They genera, mostly lianas. It is well represented in the tropical are also recorded from the Paleocene Fort Union Formation in London Clay (southern England) and Clarno Formation (Ore-

6 Washington Geology, vol. 23. nu. 3, September 1995 gon) noras. Fossil fruits of Odonlocaryoidea occur in th e County. Similar fru its are also recorded from the Eocene and Ros lyn Formation at Ronald (Kittitas County); they are also Oligocene Rujada flora in the Little Butte Vol canic Seri es near present in th e Clarno Formation nut beds (Manchester, 1994). Eugene, Oregon, and from the Miocene Latah Formation near Odontocarya, th e close ly related modern genus, now grows in Spokane. Exbucklandia now grows in mountainous areas in th e West Indi es and from Panama to the Amazon Basin trop­ the eastern Himalayas to southern China, on the Malay Penin­ ics. The presence o f Odontucaryuidea in the Ros lyn flo ra sula, and in Sumatra. along wi th fossil menisperm leaves supports the suggesti on th at a lowland tropical clim ate and nora were present th ere Eucommia Family (Eucommiaceae) du rin g the middle Eo<.:ene. The Eucom mia fami ly consists of a si ngle spec ies, Eucommia ulmoides, now nati ve to China. Although leaves and fruits of The Trochodendroid Group this species, as its name suggests. resemble those of elm , Eu­ These wind-pollinated angiosperms are unusually wel l repre­ commia fruits are distinctive. A si ngle exam pl e (Plate I, fi g. 6) sented in the Republic flora (Klondik e Mountain Form ation) is known from the Republic flora. The Quilchena (BC) flora in by both leaves and fruits of Cercidiphyllum (katsura)I.Joffrea the Coldwater Beds or the Kam loops Group contains Eucom­ (an extinct genu s) (Plate I, fig. 2), Trochodendron (Plate I, mia fruits found in c lose association with leaves ( R. W. fig. 3), and Nordenskioldia (an extinct genu s) (Plate I, fi g. 4). Mathewes, Simon rraser University, oral commun., 1995). The leaves of th ese genera are difficult to tell apart. However, "The presence of polymerized latex strands in the fossils th e deposits have also yielded some fruits and seeds in close th at are very sim i Jar to those fou nd in the leaves and association with the leaves. The reproductive structures of fru its of the modern species confirms the identification these genera are characteristic and eas il y ident ified. Their of the foss ils oflhe Republic and Quilchena floras " (V. presence is he lpi ng scientists determi ne wh ich trochodendroid Call , Florida Museum of Natural Hi story, written com­ trees were li ving in th e area during th e middle Eocene. mun., 1995). Foss il fruits and seeds o r Cercidiphyllum elongatum Brown occur in th e upper Eocene Tukwila Formation at Sycamore Family (Platanaceae) Steel ' s Crossing at Tukwila south of Seattl e. The Cercidiphyllum-like leaves and fruits found at l{ epub­ Fossil leaves or th e extinct platanaceous genus Macginitiea are common at Republic, as are fossil sycamore fruits that are lic have been refe rred to the modern genu s. Cercidiphyllum assigned to the extinct genu s Macginicarpa. A rare example (Wolfe and Wehr, 1987) and, more recently. to the extinct ge­ nu s .Joffrea (Wolfe and Wehr, 199 1 ). However, si nce .loffrea from Republic consists of Macginitiea leaves and Macgini­ carpa fruits (Plate I, figs. 7 and 8) in well-preserved attach­ was ori gin all y described on the basis ofa remarkably compl ete ment. This specimen confirm s that the isolated leaves and ·w hol e plant ' recon structi on fou nd in the Paleocene Paskapoo fru its helong together and represent one species. Formation of Alberta (Stewart and Rot hwel l, 1993), the as­ signment to Jo/Fea of the isolated leaves and fruits fo und at Republic is problematic. Linden Family (Tiliaceae) Cercidiphyllum fruits ha ve a lso been identi fi ed from the A single fruit ofCraigia, a tiliaceous genus native to China, is upper Eocene Quimper Formation at Oak Bay, Clall am County known from the Eocene Tukwila Formation at Steel's Cross­ (S. R. Manchester, ora l commun., 1994). ing near Seattle (S. R. Manchester, oral commun ., 1994 ). A Nordenskiuldia fruits have been foun d at Republic and at si ngle fo ss il fruit from Republic (Plate 2, fi g. I) has been as­ the Blakeburn mine locality at Princeton. These tw o essen­ signed to Craigia. Craigia fru its are similar enough to those tia ll y coeval occurrences represent the first Eocene record s of of elm. golden ra in tree (Kuelreuteria), and Pie/ea (genera in these fru its in North Ameri ca. four unrelated fam ilies) that only an expert can tell them apart Closely associated Nurdenskioldia fruits and leaves also when th ey are recovered as foss il s. occur near Spokane in the Miocene Latah Formation lakebeds The Republi c fossil record for linden consists of three th at were deposited in the periods between eruptions of th e specimens of Tiliajohnsoni (Wolfe and Wehr, 1987), a species Miocene lava flo ws . Until these foss il fruits were identified as erected on th e basis of fossi l leaves. None of the fruiting bracts belongin g to Nordenskioldia, the associated leaves were as­ characteristic of modern Tilia have been found in the signed to genera in several unrelated fami lies: Populus, in the Okanogan Hi ghlands localities. Fossil leaves of the extinct wi llow family (Sa li caceae); Cocculus, in the moonseed fami ly tiliaceous genu s Plafkeria occur at Republ ic . (Meni spermaceae); an d Hedera (ivy) in the ginseng family (Araliaceae). During the 19th century, they were ass igned to Cocoa Tree Family (Sterculiaceaet th e bu ckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). Because the foss il flower Florissanlia has never been found with any attached leaves, it has a long hi story of having been Witch-Hazel Family (Hamamelidaceae) assigned to many different unrelated fam ilies: the hydrangea Even though the witch-hazel fa mily is wel l represented in the fa mily, verbena fam ily (Holmskioldia), morning glory family Republic fossi l leaf record by the modern genus (Cory/apsis, (Porana), and honeysuckle family (Viburnum). Florissantia (winter-hazel) and by three ex tin ct genera (Langeria, aff. flowers recently found in the Bridge Creek (John Day Forma­ Fo1hergilla, and aff. Hamamelis ), on ly a few isolated liquid­ tion) Oligocene nora of Oregon contain diagnostic pollen that ambar (sweet gum) fossil seeds have been found al Republic allows tentative assign ment of the fl ower to an extinct genus (Plate I, fi g. 5) . (Florissantia) in the cocoa tree fam il y (Manchester, 1992). Fossi l fruits of Exbucklandia occur common ly in th e O li­ One ill ustrated examp le of Florissanlia quilchenensis gocene Gumboot Mountain flora (unnamed un it) in Skamania Mathewes and Brooke from Republic (Plate 2, fi g. 3) is unique

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, Septemher / 995 7 Plate 2 . Early Tertiary flowers, fruits, and seeds from Washington and British Columbia. UWBM, University of Washington Burke Mus,eum; SR, Stone rose Interpretive Center collection. Magnifications approximate. 1. Craig/a fruit, UWBM 76625, loc. A0308, Republic, x2 .75. 2- 4 . 1=1orissan­ tia flowers; 2, UWBM 54390, loc. B2737, Republic, x1 .5: 3, SR 87-26-4, B2737, Republic, x1 ; 4 , SR87264, loc. B2737, x1 .5. 5. Chaetoptelea fruits, UWBM 54113A, loc. B3389, One Mile Creek, near Princeton, BC, x2.5 . 6 . Fagopsis fruit. U.S. National Museum USNM 32690, loc. 11019, Resner Canyon (near Republic), x5.

in Lhe relaLi ve completen ess of its original floral structure. The one type or elm fruit is recorded. Being fou nd only in associa­ speci men shown in Pl ate 2, figure 2 is typical of the majority tion rather than in ' whole plant' attachment, the leaf and fruit of fi nd s; the side view (Plate 2. rig. 4) is rare. affinities have been, at bes t, specu lative. However, a recent F. quilche11 e11 sis al so occurs at Princeton (Whipsa w Creek) find at the Princeton One Mile Creek locality of several spec i­ (A llenby Formation), Quilchena (Coldwater Beds, Kamloops mens of a single type of foss i l ulmaceous leaves and fruits at­ Group), and McAhee ( Tranquil le f ormation, K amloops tached to stems has finally resolved at least part of the question Group) (K . W. Pugh, Sardis, BC, written comrnun., I 995 ), as at that locali ty (Manchester, 1989). wel l as at Gumboot Mountain (Fig. 2). "Leaves of the Mexican elm (Chaetoptelea) and of Chi­ nese elm (Zelkova) can be so similar that it is difficult Elm Family fUlmaceae) to identify isolated leaves w ith certai nty. Leaves of this Chaelaptelea, Zelkol'C1, elm (U/11111 s), and an undescribed ex­ general type are common at Princeton. Because the two tinct ulmaceous genus occur co mmonly at Republic, but only modern genera are readily distinguished by th eir differ-

Plate 3 . (Facing page) Early Tertiary flowers, fruits. and seeds from Washington and British Columbia. UAPC·AlTA , University of Alberta Pa­ leobotany Collections; UWBM, University of Washington Burke Museum. Magnifications approximate. 1. Cory/us involucre, UWBM 71062A, loc. A0307, Republic, x2 . 2. aft. Cory/us cupule, UWBM 78140A, loc. A0307, Republic. x2. 3. aft. Carpinus fruit, UWBM 71161 , loc. B2737, Republic, x2.5. 4. Palaeocarpinus fruit, UWBM 77466, loc. B4294, Princeton, BC, x 3.5. 5 . Cruciptera fruit, UWBM 56729, loc. B2737, Repubdic, x1.5. 6. Sketch of Paleorosa fl ower (sectioned), UAPC-AL TA, Princeton chert, loc. P1122, Princeton, BC, x25. 7. Deviacer fruit, UWBM 67457, loc. B4131, Republic, x2 .5. 8. Bohlenia trilocular fruit, UWBM 39729A, loc. A0307, Republic, x 3. 9. Koelreuteria fruit, UWBM 39190, loc. A0307, Republic. x5 . 10-11. Wehrwolfea flower (sectioned). UAPC-ALTA P1397, locality P11 22. Princeton; 1O , thin section of chert, x33; 11 , sketch of sectioned flower, x33.

8 Washi11g1011 Geolngy. vol. 23. no. 3, September 1995 L .•: . ~·,·. 3

, ....: ~. -, .....•._:-...

Washington Geology. vol 2 3, no. 3, September 1995 9 ing fruit morphologies. the recent discovery of fossil a generic name that indicates their similarity to modern hazel­ branches with attached leaves and fruits [Plate 2. fig. 5 J nuts (Manchester. 1994). has been important in the identification of the Princeton "The unique occurrence ofa hazelnut fruit in its husk al elm. These branches show winged fruits of the type Republic [Plate 3, fig. I] provides unequivocal ,evi­ found today only among true elms and especially simi- dence of the presence of Cory/us before the radiation of 1,ir to the Mexican el ms. This discovery proves that other extant genera in the tribe Coryleae (Carpinus. Os­ man y. if not all. or the elm family leaves at Princeton trya). The Republic specim en represents the earliest re­ correspond to Chaetoptelcu. The leaves on modern cord of the genus Cory/us based on closely associated Chaetoptelea are similar lo the Princeton fossils. Zelk­ fruits and the characteristic fruit-bearing husks. The ova leaves typically have simple teeth. but Chaetop­ fruit is relatively unspecialized compared lo that of teleu may have both simple and compound teeth '" (S. R. many extant Cory/us species and most closely resem­ Manchester. Florida Museum of Natural History. writ­ bles that seen in Cory/us heterophylla and related ta1x a'' ten commun .. 1994). (P. R. Crane, Field Museum. Chicago. written com­ Cedrelosper11111m . an extinct genus. occurs as leaves and rnun. , 1988). fruits in the Quilchena flora (R. W. Mathewes. Simon Fraser A Cory/us- li ke fruit and cupule (Plate 3, fig. 2) recently Univ., oral commun .. 1995). found at Repu hi ic appears to represent a new species. A Carpinus-like fruit-bearing bract (Plate 3, fig. 3) from Oak Family (Fagaceaet Republic may represent an extinct genus in the Carpinus Fagopsis 11nclulatu (Knowlton) Wolfe and Wehr occurs at Re­ group. Further evidence that the early middle Eocene was a public and Princeton as isolated leaves. Fossil fruits of this critical time in the evolution oflhe birch family is Lh e presence extinct fagaceous genus have been found al Resner Canyon at Republic and Princeton of a betulaceous bract that repre­ (Klondike Mountain Formation) near Republic (Plate 2. sents an extinct genu s. Palaeocarpinus (Plate 3, fig. 4). This fig. 5). The holotyre of Fagopsis from the early Oligocene taxon is first recorded in the Paleocene deposits at Reading, (34.1 111.y.) Florissant (Colorado. Florissant Formation) flora England. consists orsirnplc leaves and fruits preserved in attachment to vegetative shoots (Manchester and Crane, 1983). This positive Walnut Family (Juglandaceael Iink between fruits and fol iagc is necessary when attempting A Ithough the wain ut family is one of the best rerresenled and to reconstruct a whole rlant. diverse groups in Eocene floras in western North Am e rica, it Quercus (oak) is represented in the Republic flora by two occurs at Republic and in the One Mile Creek flora at Pr ince­ leaf specimens and a single fo ssil leaf example from the One ton as a few isolated leaflets of Chinese walnut (Pterocarya). Mil e Creek (Prin ceton) flora (Maria Gandolfo. Cornell Univ ., Pterocarya occidenta/is Manchester fruits occur in the Oligo­ written commun .. 1994). The oldest known acorns (Q11 ercus cene Gumboot Mountain flora. Skamania County (Manches­ paleocarpus Manchester) occur in the C la mo Formation ter, 1987). Pterocarya (Chinese walnut) now is found only in (Manchester. 1994). Although Eocene acorns are unknown China and the Caucasus to Iran. At Republic, a single fruit of from Washington. acorns have heen found in th e Miocene the extinct genus Cruciptera has been found (Plate 3, fig. 5) sedimentary rocks between some of the Columbi a River basalt (Manch ester, 199 1). Cruciplera fruits occur in the middle Eo­ flow s in Yakima Canyon (K. Pigg. Arizona State Univ .. writ­ cene Puget Group near Durham in King County. They :a lso oc­ ten commun .. 1995) Oak-like acorns and leaves a lso occur in cur at West Branch Creek near Mitchell, Oregon, in the Clarno these Miocene interbeds at Bristol. near Thorp. Killitas Formation. County (D. Q. Hopkins. Burke Museum. oral commun., 1994). A single fossil seed of Cruciptera was found in a mass of cold-seep limestone with smal l fragments of woody debris in Birch/Alder Family (Betulaceae) deep-water strata of the lower 01 igoccne part of the Makah Betulaceous leaves are common at many Tertiary Washington Formation at Shipwreck Point, Clallam County (Goeclert and localities. In fact, alder (Alnu.1· parvifolia (Berry) Wolfe and Campbell, 1995). Wehr) leaves are the most common leaf type found al Repub­ Fossil walnuts (Juf{lans) and hickory nuts (Carya) have not lic, and birch (Be/Ula /eopoldae Wolfe and Wehr) leaves domi­ yet been found at Republic, hut the nuts are not uncommon nate the One Mile Creek flora al Princeton (Crane and elsewhere in Washington Slate. Fossil walnuts (Jug/ans Stockey, 1986 ). Betu laceous leaves, cs pee ial ly when they are lacunosa Manchester) have been found in the Oligocene not well preserved. can be difficult to identify. Close ly associ­ Blakeley Formation at Eastgate near Seattle and in the earliest ated fruits, seeds, and pollen very simi lar to those of modern O li gocene Jansen Creek Member of the Makah Formation near alder and birch occur at Republic. Princeton. and McAbee and Neah Bay, C lallam County (Manchester, 1987). Opalized further con firm the presence of these genera in the middle Eo­ hickory nuts (Carya washingtonensis Manchester) were di s­ cene. covered in the early 1940s in the Badger Pocket-Squaw Creek A few hazelnut-like fruits have been found at Republic. area near Ellensburg by Carl Clinesmith as part of a nut hoard Sim ilar fossil nuts from Paleocene locali ties (in Mull, Scot­ in a fossilized sycamore ; some Miocene rodent was evidently land , in Montana, and in northwest Greenland) have been re­ preparing for winter (Manchester, 1987). This unique nut ferred to Cory/us (hazelnut). However, since these fossil nuts cache is on display at the Burke Museum at the University of have lacked the diagnostic hu sks (involucres), identification Washington. has been uncertain. When their identification is uncertain. Co­ Pafaeocarya (an extinct genus) is represented in the upper ry/us-I ike fossi I nuts are sometimes referred to as Cory/oides. Eocene Renton Formation at Maple Valley near Issaquah by a single fossil fruit (K. Johnson, Museum of Natural Hi story,

10 vVash1ng 1011 Geology. vol 23. no. 3, September /995 Denver, oral commun., 1995). Paleocarya wof/ei Manchester Loosestrife Family (Lythraceaet winged fru its occur in the Eocene Puget Group near Durham Two genera of lythraceous fruit and seed remains occur in the in King County. Enge/hardtia-like fru its also occur near Dur­ Princeton chert flora (Cevallos-Ferriz and Stockey, 1988b). ham (J. A. Wolfe, Univ. of Arizona, oral commun., 1992). (Decodon seeds are common in the Princeton cherts; this is not Engelhardtia is presently restricted to Malaysia and the 1-lima­ surprising, considering that a mature Decodon plant can pro­ layas. duce 2 mi 11 ion tiny seeds.) One of these genera, Decudon al­ A Platycarya-l ike floral structure is recorded from the /enbyensis Cevallos- Ferriz and Stuckey, also occurs in the Roslyn formation at Ronald. near Cle Elum. Platycarya cur­ Princeton flora as a Decodon- li ke leaf at the Tu lameen Road ren tly occurs only in eastern Ch ina and Japan. locality. The presence of loosestrife, based on leaves, frui ts, and seeds, supports the idea that plants at the Princeton chert Hydrangea Family fHydrangeaceae) and Tu lameen Road localities in habited the margins of aquatic HydranP,ea flowers have been found in the Eocene Chuckanut environments. Modern swamp wil low (Decodon verlici!lalus) Formation near Bel lingham (S. K . Manchester, oral commun., now grows near lakes and marshes. The other type of 1994) and at two loca lities in the Eocene Puget Group near lythraceous fruit found in the Princeton chert flora resembles Issaquah (.1 . A. Wo lfe, oral commun., 199 1). that of the wetland plant loosestri fe lythrum. Decodon fruits also occur in the Clarno Formation nut beds Currant Family (Grossulariaceae) and arc well represented in many European Tertiary fossil re­ Wel l- preserved Ribes (currant, gooseberry) fruits occur in the cords (Manchester, 1994). Neither Decodon nor l ylhrum is Princeton chert flora. Rihes leaves have been found in the now native to the Northwest. nearby Princeton localities at One Mi le Creek and Coalmont Bluff (or Tu lameen Road). A primitive form of Grossularia Myrtle Family (Myrtaceaet leaf. collected at One Mile Creek, may represent an unde­ Pigg and others ( 1993) have reported perm in era I ized guava scribed genus. fru its and seeds (Paleomyrtinaea princetonensis Pigg, Stockey, and Maxwell ) from the Princeton chert locality. The Rose Family f Rosaceaet family is now widely distributed, ranging from areas with tem­ A Rubus fruit is recorded from the early Eocene London Clay perate to tropical climates. flora (Collinson, 1983). The London Clay flora contains re­ mains of many fossil fruits and seeds whose descendants are Pea Family (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) mainly tropical: this leads us to believe that the flora repre­ Legume pods. seeds and leaflets occur in the lower and middle sents a tropical climate during th e Eocene. The same conclu­ Eocene Swauk Formation at Blewett Pass, in the Roslyn For­ sion is reached by those who study the Cl arno fo ssil flora. mation at Ronald, and in th e Chuckanut Formation at Belling­ Therefore, paleobotnnists conclude that plant species that oc­ ham (D. Q. 1lopkins, Burke Museum, oral commun., 1995). cur in Washington or in the London Clay and the Clarno were The on ly record of this family in the Okanogan Highlands flo­ adapted to tropical settings. Some of the Washington plants ras is a single legume leaflet fo un d at Republic. found with the ·tropical' taxa, however, have characteristics of rhose found in more temperate regions. Soapberry Family (Sapindaceae) Wh ile 16 genera of rosaceous leaves occur at Repub lic, no Sapindaceous winged frui ts (formerly call ed "Acer" arclicum rosaceous fruits or seeds have been recognized there. The Heer) have recently been redescribed as an extinct new genus, Princeton chert loca Iity, however, contains superbly preserved Deviacer, by Manchester ( 1994 ). These fruits occur at Repub­ flowering specimens of l'aleorosa (Plate 3, fig. 6), the oldest lic (Plate 3, fig. 7), Princeton (Whipsaw Creek), Quilchena, known flower in the rose family. Its structure suggests that it and McAbee. was pollinated by insects (Cevallos-ferriz and others, 1993). On the basis of four examples (three from Republic and An especiall y remarkable find was made in the 1950s in the one from Princeton) oftrilocular (or three-part) winged fruits, Yakima Canyon Miocene interbeds by T. II. Tuggle-a silici­ another extinct new genus, Bohlenia (Plate 3, fig. 8), has been fied rose thorn. described by Wolfe and Wehr (1987). These fru its were pre­ The numerous rosaceous genera and species found in the viously assigned to the modern Chinese maple fami ly genus Okanogan Highlands, especially at Republic and Princeton, Diµteronia. indicate that the rose fami ly was undergoing a major diversi­ Fossil seed-bearing capsules similar to those of Koelreute­ fication in up land warm-temperate/subtropical forests duri ng ria, now native only to China, occur commonly at Republic the early midd le Eocene. More than 25 rosaceous genera and (Plate 3, fig. 9). more than 30 rosaceous species have been identified, and at Wehrwof/ea, the oldest known sapindaceous flower, oc­ least 20 types have not yet been thoroughly studied. curs only at the Princeton chert locality (Plate 3, figs, I 0- 11). The prunoid group (cherries) is especially wel l represented This superbly preserved flower contains the original pollen. at Republic and Princeton a nd, to a lesser degree, in the Although its fl oral and po ll en morphology are s imilar to those McAbee flora. Three kinds of Prunus (cherry) permineralized of the maple family (Aceraceae), detailed features indicate a frui ts and seeds are found in the Princeton chert (Cevallos-Fer­ closer affin ity with the Sapindaceae (Erwin and Stockey, riz and Stockey, 199 1). At least two species of cherry leaves 1990). occur at the Pri nceton One Mi le Creek locality. Prunus fruits also occur in the Clarn o Formation nut beds. There is a good record of the Pru noideae (a subfamily of Rosaceae) fruits in the European Tertiary (Manchester, 1994 ).

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September I 995 11 Plate 4. Early Tertiary fruits and seeds from Washington and British Columbia. UWBM, University of Washington Burke Museum Magnifications approximate. 1. Acer fruit, UWBM 36957A. loc A0307. Republic, x3. 2. Palaeopnytocrene fruit, UWBM 71108A, loc. A0307, Republic, x 3. 3. Vi/is (grape family) seed, UWBM 78161, loc 64131 . Republic. x3 4. Fraxinus fruit, R. W . Mathewes collection, Ouilchena, BC. x2.75. 5. Bignoniaceae fruit. UWBM 74320. loc. 64131 , Republic. x5 6. Porana fruit, UWBM 54199. loc. 63266, Princeton, BC. x1 .6.

Maple Family tAceraceae) fossil fru its resem bling those of Nyssu (tupelo gu m) occur Seven species of maple have been ueseribtd from Rtpublic. Of in the middle Eocene Naches Form ati on near Taneum Creek these. six are based on thei r wi nged fruits. and one species, south of Kona ld in Kittitas County and in th e Chuckanut For­ ,.Jeer lt'Ushing1u11e11.1·1s. has been named from leaf material mation near Maple Falls northeast of Bellingham in Whatcom ( Wo lfe mid ·1anai. 1987). An undtscribed new species of County. winged fruit fr om Repub lic (Plate 4. fig. I) probably repn::­ scnt s an earl y ntw record for th e silver maple lineage (J . A. lcacinaceae Family Wolfe. Un iv. of Ari zo na. oral cornmun .. 199 1). rour of th e Th is fami ly comprises trees, shru bs, and lianas, almost all of Republ ic species also occur in essenti all y coeval tl eposits at which inh abit tropical rain forests today. The Palaeuphy­ Princeton. Acer f'rui ts also are present in th e Gumboot Mo un­ tocrene fossil fruit (Plate 4, fig. 2) is an ancestral form of mod­ tain flora. ern Phytocrene. a climbing or twining shrub found today main ly in Ma laysia but also in Asia. f'a/aeophytocrene frui ts Dogwood Family tCornaceae) have been fo und in the Chuckanut Formation near Belli ngham The presence of a foss i I fr uit of th e ex tinct genus Masi ixiodio­ (B. Archibald, Vancouver, BC, oral commun . 1995); they oc­ carpum in the upper Eocene Quimper Formation at Oak Bay in cur commonly in the middle Eocene Clarn o Formation of Ore­ Clallam County (a lso fo und at Clarno) suggests a tropical cli­ gon and the early Eocene London Clay. Their occurrence at mate for that fl ora and fo r th e marine in vertebrate fauna. Kepublic (two examples) and at Quilchena. BC. is an interest­ ing surprise because th ese two floras arc considered to have "A Ma.1·t 1x1a-like fr uit in th e Princeton chert appears to been warm-temperate lo subtropical, rather th an tropical. most closely resemble lvfostixicwp11111 [also found in Palaeophytocrene fruits also occur in the middle Eocene the Clarno beds] " (B. LePage and I{ _ A. Stockey. Univ. Roslyn Formation (Kitt itas County). They have been found in of A Iberra. written com mun., 1995). the middle Eocene Aldwell Formation marine deposits at th e Elwha River (Clallam County).

12 Washington Ceolngy. vol. 23. no. J. September I 995 Palaeophytocrene fruits arc rresent in th e middle Eocene of fr uits of the Rubiaceac is from the Clarno Formation (Man­ Swauk Formati on near Blewett Pass. A rossi l fruit simi lar to chester, 1994). The fossil record in th e Okanogan Highlands the extinct genus ldiocarpu occurs in th e Chuckanut Forma­ during the middle Eocene consists of a single fruit from Re­ tion near Be lli ngham. This genus was fi rst descrihed from the public. Clarno Formati on nu t beds (Manchester, 1994). The presence or icacin aceous fruit s in the Roslyn. Chuckanut. and Swauk Catalpa Family (Bignoniaceae) fl oras and in marine deposit s al the F: lwha Ri ver surports oth er This family is mainly tropical. primarily distributed in South l'ussil evidence (tropirnl plants and marine invertebrates, as America. 13ignoniaceous foss il seeds have been fou nd in the well as th e tropical implications of the Clarno) th at these flo ­ Republic llora (Plate 4, fig. 5). Similar fossil fruits have been ras represent lowland trorical climates. recorded from the Paleocene Fort Union Formation or Mon­ A f' ruit u f' f'alaeophy 10crene cf. f'. pseudupersica Man­ tana (13rown. 1962). ch ester occurs in the Hoko l{iver Formation (Eocene. Nariz­ ian) (R. Berglund, 13urke Museum, written commun .. 1995). Morning Glory Family (Convolvulaceae) l'ulueophytocrene fruits are common in the Clarno nul beds. They occur in the Oligocene Gray ~utte (southwest of Flower-like fo ssil fruits (Plate 4, fig. 6) previously assigned to Clarno), Dugout Gul ch (a few miles north of Clarno) (John the sum ac family genus Aslronium (A nacardiaceae) have re­ Day deposits). and Wi ll amette floras of' northwestern Oregon cently been re studied and assigned to Porana, a tropical genus in th e Convolvu laceae now found in Asia, north ern India, and ( Manchester. 1994). /\ single Palaeophvtocrene fruit is re­ Burma (S. R. Manchester. Univ . of Florida, oral commun., cord ed from the Eocene Eugene Formation at Eugene (G . 1995). Reta I lack. Univ. of Oregon . ora l com mun .. I 9'J 2). Wel l-preserved Purana fruits occur at Whipsaw Creek at Pri nceton ( K. Pugh, Sardis. BC, written commun .. 1995). Grape Family (Vitaceae)

Foss i I seeds of the modern grape gen us A 111pe /uciss11s occur in Aram Lily/Calla Lily Family (Araceae) the Pr inceton ch ert flora (Ceva ll os-Ferri z and Stuckey. 1990). and grape seeds have been found at the Verm ili on Bluff(A l­ Keralusperma, an ext in cl genus in the Araceae, occurs in th e Princeton chert flora as fruits and seeds. Araceae is a monocot lenby Fo rm at ion) locality at Princeton . A single vitaceous fami ly now found in tropical and subtrorical and some temper­ seed (Vi1is) is known from the Republic flora (Plate 4. fi g. 3). Si lic ifi ed grape seeds also occur in the interbeds between the ate areas (Cevallos-FerriL and Stockey, 1988a). Mi ocene basalt fl ows in Yakima Canyon . These provide a 15- mil lion -year-old fossi l record for grn pes in the sam e area Mystery Plants where vine yards and th e Wa shin gton State win e indu stry The followin g are distinctive flowers, fruits, and seeds, but nour is h today. their affinities arc st ill unknown . /\ sin gle fo ss il grape seed is record ed from th e Eocene Ptero11epelys wehrii Manchester (extinct genus) Swauk Formati on at 131cwett Pass. Seeds of th is now tropical and subtropical fam ily are common in th e Clarno Form ation Although som e of the sci entific names given to fossi l plants and London Clay flora s. may sound meaningless to a nonspeciali st, when they are translated from their Greek or Latin roots, the names can be Olive Family (Oleaceae) 4u ite apt. Pteronepely s , for example. breaks down into plerun (wi nged) and epelys (stranger), wh ich aptly describes this odd Fraxinus wi nged fruits occur in the Qui lchena flora (Plate 4. fossil fruit (Plate 5, fi g. I ). We haven't th e faintest idea at this fig. 4 ). /\ !though Fraxinus frui ts are al so recorded from Eo­ time wh at it might be related to. It is presen t in the Eocene cene flo ras in Californ ia (Chalk Bluffs fl ora. lone Fornrntion), Clarno Formation in Oregon and at Republic, but it has not Tennessee (C la iborn e f'l ora. C la iborne Group). Oregon been found w ith an y attached or even c losely associated (Clarno Format ion). and Colorado (Green River Formation), leaves. th ey are absent from Eot: ene floras of Europe and Asia. To­ gl'.lh er, these North Ameri can fruits represent the oldest un ­ Pri11ceto11ia alle11hyemis Stockcy and Pigg (extinct genus) equivocal recorJs, based on fruit s and leaves. of Fraxin11s and This superbl y preserved fossil flower (Plate 5, figs . 2-4) has th e olive fami ly (Cal l and Dilcher. 1992). been f'ound onl y at the Princeton chert locality. Its unique com­ "As mentioned by Mathewes and 13 rooke ( 197 1) , the at­ bination of floral reproductive characters suggests it may rep­ tat:hment of th ese fruits at Quilehena to the pani cle that resent an extinct famil y of aquatic Magnoliidae (Slockey and bore th em is a rare occurrence in th e fos s il record and Pi gg, 199 1). suggests that they were not transported far from the site ·'A we ll-preserved coelomycetous Phoma- like Eocene they grew in prior to bein g entombed in the sediments fungus (form divi s ion Fungi lmperfecti) has been in which they were preserved" (V . Cal I. Florida Natural found causing a blight on a Princetonia allenby ensis of llistory Mu seum . written commun .. 1995). the Princeton chert. Pathenogenesis and decay of fruits and seeds by thi s cue lomycetous mold ... appear compa­ Gardenia/Coffee, Quinine Family (Rubiaceae) rable to a modern fungal blight syndrome " (G. Hill­ The Rubiaceae famil y is now distributed worldwide. es pe­ Rackette and R. /\. Stockey, Univ. of Alberta, written ci all y 111 tropical to warm temperate settings. Th e fo ss il record commun., 1995). of'thi s large famil y is rather poorly known . The earl iest record

Washing ton Geology. vol. 23, no. 3, September 1995 13 Plate 5. Early Tertiary flowers and fruit from Washington and British Columbia. UWBM, Universily of Washington Burke Museum; UAPC-Al TA, University of Alberta Paleobotany Collections; SR , Stonerose Interpretive Center collection. Magnifications approximate. 1. Pteronepe/ys fruit, SR 92-7-17 A, loc. 94131, Republic, x2.5. 2-4. Princeton/a allenbyensis, Princeton chert, loc. P1122; 2, section through fruit with seeds, P3928B, x9; 3, section showing anthers with pollen, P2152A, x140; 4, pollen, P2151A, x15,000. 5. Calycites ("Abelia") flower, UWBM 36773, loc. 94131, Republic, x5. 6. Pistillipol/ianthus flower, UAPC-ALTA S6557, Horsefly, BC, x2.7. 7. indeterminate flower, UWBM 56531 , loc. 92737, Republic, x5. 8. indeterminate flower SR 92-17-18, loc. 84131. Republic, x1.5.

Calycites ardtune11sis Crane (extinct genus) Pistillipolliantlms wilsonii Stockey and Manchester This fossil fruit (Plate 5, fig. 5) has been compared lo similar (extinct genus) fruits of Abelia, a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifo­ This superbly preserved fossil flower (Plate 5, fig. 6) from un­ liaceae). Calycites i s a form genus (a ·catch-all' name that is named middle Eocene beds at Horsefly, BC, contains pollen used for flowers whose affinities are unknown). This species that is very similar lo that of the extinct pollen taxon Pistilli­ is similar to a type described from the early Tertiary of Eng­ pollenites macgregorii Rouse. The flower is distinctly differ­ land. Four examples have been found at Republic. It has also ent morphologically from the only known other type of foss il been recorded from lhe Paleocene of Mull, Scotland, the Fort flower that contains similar pollen- a flower from lhe Eocene Union Formation of Wyoming, and in the Eocene Clarno For­ of Texas tentatively assigned by Crepet and Daghlian (1981 ) mation of Oregon. to the gentian family. Four extant but unrelated angiosperm The presence of Calycites ardtu11 e11sis in early Tertiary flo­ families have pollen with ornamentation that is similar to these ras of both Europe and western North America further empha­ Horsefly and Texas plants. The fact that none of these Pistil­ sizes the strong floristic similarities that existed between these lipol/enites-produci ng flowers is closely related indicates that two regions during the Paleogene (Crane, 1988). this type of pollen may have arisen convergently during the

14 Wn shing/011 Geology, vol. 23, 110. 3, September 1995 early Tertiary and may have been produced by other families The opportunity for fossil collectors, professional or ama­ (Stockey and Manchester, 1988). teur, to make contributions to our understanding of the past is These next flowers were found at Republic: unidentified a very democratic one. ln fact, many of the exciting and infor­ flower (type I) (Plate 5, fig. 7), and unidentified flower (type mative fossil finds at Republic (cover photo) and elsewhere II) (Plate 5, fig. 8). were made by sharp-eyed collectors who had the persistence to keep spl it ting the fossil-bearing rocks until something won­ SUMMAR'Y AND CONCLUSION derful appeared. Fossil plants can be found in a variety of sedi­ mentary environments that range from the water-laid volcanic Manchester ( 1987), in his exhaustive monograph or the fossil ash found in the upland lake beds of the Okanogan Highlands history of the walnut family (Juglandaceae), has di scussed to the siltstones and sandstones in the marine environments of why foss il reproductive structures (in this instance, fossil western Washington. The hunt ror exciting new kinds of fos ­ fruits) can be of' critical importance in assign ing a fossil plant si ls. whether they are plants or insects or vertebrates, can take to either an extant or an extinct genus. place anywhere one can reasonably expect to find such re­ "In the Juglandaceae, the most important structure for mains preserved. generic level determinations is the rrui t. Each modern genus is defined such that it can be recognized on the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS basis of its fruit, with or without information from other organs .... Foliagc in the Juglandaceae is difficult This article has benefited from technical reviews by, or con­ to stereorype according to its taxonomic utility. Wolfe versations with Lisa Barksdale, Ross Berglund, Victor Call, ( 1959) indicates that there is a more or less typical type .James Goeden, Donald Hopkins, Kirk Johnson. Estella of leaflet for each genus and section in the .Juglan­ Leopold, V. S. Mallory, Steven Manchester, Jeffrey Myers, daceae that differs from the leaflets of other taxa. On Ruth Stockey, and Margaret Stoneberg and from the skill of this basis, he and most other paleobotanists have ap­ photographers Lisa Barksdale, Donald Hopkins. Steven Man­ plied modern generic names to fossil leaf impressions. chester, Jeffrey Osborn, Mary Randlett, Ruth Stockey, and However, some architectural patterns are shared by Alan Yen. more than one genus, leading lo problems in the identi­ fication of fossils ... In the early Tertiary, such prob-­ SELECTED REFERENCES lems are compounded hy the presence of extinct genera Brown. R. W ., 1962, Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and the (diagnosed from fruits) with foliage similar lo modern Great Plains: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 375, genera .... However, consideration of one type of organ p. 1- l I'). to the exclusion of all others would lead to an incom­ Call. V . B.: Dilcher. D. L.. 1992. Investi gations of angiosperms from plete and perhaps mis leading concept of family his­ the Eocene or southeastern North America-Samaras of Fraxinus tory" (Manchester, 1987, p. 5-7). wilcoxiww Berry : Review of Palac.:obolany and Palynology , v. 74, When many early Tertiary fossil plants are reconstructed p. 249-266. from the parts of them that we have been able to find, they tend Cevallos-Fcrriz. S. R. S.: Stockcy, R. A., 1988a, Pcrmineralized fruits to look strange. We sec that these early Tertiary plants are and seeds from the Princeton Chert (middle Eocene) of British unique combinations of elements and features- there are no Columbia-Araceae: American Journal of Botany, v. 75, p. I 099- exact modern analogues. rt is as if we expected to find an otter t 113. but got a platypus. The explanat ion is quite simple-through Cevallos-Ferriz. S. R. S.; Stockcy, R. A., 1988b, Pcrmincralizcd fruits and seeds from the Pri nee ton Chert ( middle Eocene) British time the flowers, seeds, and fruits changed more rapidly than or Columbia-Lythraceae: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 66, wood and leaves. Each locality is a geologic snapshot of this p. 303-3 12. process; we find features in various stages of modernization. Cevall os-Ferriz, S. R. S.: Stockey. R. A., 1989. Permineralized fruits Modern plants likely combine features in ways that their de­ and seeds from the Princeton Chert (middle Eocene) of British scendants will not. When it comes to botanical evolution, Nils Colurnbia-Nymphaeaceae: Botanical Gazette, v. 150. p. 207- Bohr, the great physicist, was right when he said: 217 ·'Prediction is very difficult- especially when it in­ Cevallos-rerriz. S. R. S.: Stuckey, R. A., 1990, Permineralized fruits vo lves the ruture ... and seeds rrorn the Princeton Chert (middle Eocene) of British As we attempt lo understand how modern plants evolved Columbia-Yitaccac: Canadian Journal of Botany. v. 68. p. 288- 295. over rnillio111 s of years to become the ones we arc now fami li ar with, we !Urn to the foss il record for c lues and insights. But Cevall os-Ferriz. S. R. S. ; Stockey. R. A., 1991, Fruits and seeds from the Princeton Chert (midd le Eocene) of British Columbia­ that record is fragmentary and difficult to interpret much of the Rosaceae (Prunoideae): Botanical Gazette. v. 152, no. J, p 369- time. Using the available fossil evidence, paleobot.anists and 379. evolutionary biologists attempt to reconstruct plant lineages. Ceval los-Ferriz. S. R. S.: Erwin. D. M. ; Stockey, R. A. , 1993, Further They cannot, of course, anti cipate what kinds of startling and observations on Paleorosa s1milka111eenesis (Rosaceae) from the revealing finds will be made. What important fossil plants, middle Eocene Princeton Chert of British Columbia, Canada: Re­ flowers, and insects are still entombed in those volcanic sedi­ view of Palacobolany and Palynology. v. 78, p. 277-291. ments of the o ld lakebcds at Republic, or in the more tropical Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R. S.: Stockey. R. A.: Pigg, K. B., 1991. The terrestrial, or in the marine sedimentary sections of western Princeton Chert-Evidence for in situ aquatic plants: Review of Washington'} Palaeobotany and Palynology. v. 70. p. 173-185.

Washinr:ton Geology, vol. 23. no. 3, September 1995 15 Collinsnn. M. I: .. 1983. Fossi l plants or the Lo ndon Clay: The Pa­ Mathewes. R.: Brooke. R. C .. 197 1. fossi I Taxodiaceae and new an­ laeontological Association !London I. 12 1 p. giosperm macrofossils from Quilchena. British Columbia: Syesis. Crane. P. R., 1988, Ahelia-like fr uits from the Palaeogcne or Scotl and V . 4. j1 . 209-2 J6. and No rth America: Terti ary Research. v. 9. nos. 1-4. p. 2 1-30. Mustoe, Ci. E.: Gannaway. W. L.. 1995. Palm fossil s from northwest 11 ,nnd on j Wash ington. Washington Geology. v. 23. nu. 2. p. 2 1-26. Crane. I'. R.: Stocl.. e). R. A .. 1985. Growth and reproductive bio logy Pabst. M. B., 1968, The fl ora of the Chuckanut Formati on of nort h­ of .lujfrea spe1rs ri gen. el sp. nov .. a Cercidiphyl/11m-likc plant westcrn Washington- The Eq uisetales. f il icales. Coni reralcs: from the late Paleocene of Alberta. Canada: Canadian Journ al of Un iversity of Califo rn ia Publ ications in G1:o logical Sciences. 13otany. v. 63. p. 340-364. \'. 76. 85 p. Crane, P. R. : Stockey. R. /\ .. 1986. Be1tila leaves and reprod 11 ctive Pigg. K . R.: Stockcy. R. /\.: Maxwel l, S. L.. 1993. Paleomyrt111aea, a struc tures from the midd le Eocenc ul· Bri ti sh Colu111b ia. Canada: new genus of p1:rmi 11 crali zc d frui ts and seeds fro m the Eocene of Canadian .J ou rn al or Botan;-. ,,. 65 . p. 2490-2500. 13r itish Columbia and l'aleocen1: of Nort h Dakota: Canadi an Jou r­ C'rc pct. W. L.: IJagh lian. C J> .. 198 1. 1:11phorhioid intlore,ecnccs mi l of Botany. v. 71. p. 1-9. fro m the middle Eoc1: nc or the Claiborne For111a tion: American Stewart. W. N.: Rothwcll. G. W .. 1993. Paleohotany and th e Evolu­ .Journal of 13otan). v. 69. p. 258-266. tion or Plan l s (2d ed.): Camhridge Uni versity Press, 52 1 p . Erwin. IJ . M.: Stockey. R. /\ .. 1990. Sapindaceuus fl owers from the Stockey, R. /\.: Manchcstcr. S. R .. 1988. A fossi l nower with rn situ middle Eoccn1: l'rin1:c1on Chert (A ll enby Form ation) of British Pistillipnlle1111es from the Eocene of Rritish Colum bia: Canadian Columbia, Canada: Canad ian .J o urnal o r Botany. v. 68. p. 2025- Journa l of Rotany. v. 66. 110. 2. p. 31 3-3 18. 2034. Stuckey. R. /\.: Pigg. K. 13 .. 199 1. Flowers and fruits of Princetnma Goedert . .I . L.: Campbell. K . A .. J 995. An early Oligocene chemosyn­ allc11bye 11 srs fro m the midd le Eocene of Bri tish Columbia: Re­ thctic comm unity from the Makah Formation. nort hwestern viC\\ of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 70, p. 163 -1 72. Olympic P1:ninsul a, Washington: The Veliger. v. 38. no. I. p. 22- Weh r, W. C .. in press. Middle Eocene insects and plants of the 29. Okanogan Highlands. In Marti n. J.E.. edi tor, Cont ributions lo the llen:ndeen. P. S.: Les.DH.: Di lcher. 0 . 1. .. 1990. Fossil Cera1oplrv l­ Paleontology and Geology of the West Coast: In honor of V. Stan­ lum (Ceratophy ll <1ceac) i'ro111 the Tertiary o r North Ameri ca: dish Mallory: Thomas Burke Memorial Washingto n State Mu­ ,\mcrican .lo11rm1l of Botany. v. 77. p. 7- 16. seum Research Report :',Jo. 6. Mnnclu:ster, S. IC 1986. Vegetative and rcpruductiv1: morphology or \vi:hr. W. C.; Hopki ns. D. Q .. 1994. The Eocene orchards and gardens an extinct plane tree (Platanac1:a1:) from the Eocene of western of Republ ic. Washington: Washi ngton Geology, v. 22. 11 0. 3, North America· Botanical Gazette. v. 147. p. 200-226. p. 27-34 . Manchester. S. R .. 1987. The fossi l his tory o f the .luglandaceae: Wehr. W. C.: Schorn. Ii . E .. 1992. Current research on Eocene coni­ Monographs in Systrn1atic Botany : The Mi ssouri Botanical Gar­ fas at Republic. Washington: Washington Geology, v. 20, no. 2. den. v.21. p. 1-1 37. p. 20-23 Manc hcster. S. R., 1989, Syst1: mat ics and ru~si l history nf the UJ­ Wi ng. S. L .. 1987. l:.occnc and O li gocene lloras and vegetation of the maceae. In Crane. P. R.: Blackmore. S .. cd itors. Evolution. Sys­ Rocky Mountains: Anna ls or the Missouri Botanical Ga rden. temati cs. and Foss il llistory of the ll amame lidac. Vol. 2 : \ . 74. p. 748-784. "H igher" Hamamel idac: Systemat ics AsstH.: iati on Special Vol ume Wo lfe . J. /\ .. 1959. Tertiary .lu glandaccac o f western North America. 40B. p. 22 1-252. [Oxford. England. C'lim:ndon Press.] Master ur Science th1:si ·. Un ive rsity of California, Berkeley. Manchester, S. IL 199 1. Cr11cip1era. a new _juglandaccous wingcd 111 p. fru n from th e Eocene and OJi goccnc \lf western North America: Wo lfe . .l . /\ .. 1987. An overview of th c origin s of the modern vegeta­ Systcmatie Botany. v. 16. p. 7 15- 725. tion or the northern Rocky rvlountains: Ann als of the Misso uri Bo­ Manchester. S. R .. 1992. f lowers. fr uits. and pollen or Florissantia, tanical Ci arden. v. 74, p. 785-803. an extinct malvalean genus from the Eocene and Ol igocene of Wo lfe. J. A.: Tanai. T .. 1987, Systematics, phylogeny. and distribu­ western North America: American .Journal of Botany. v. 79. no. 9. tion of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of western North America: p. 996-1 008. .Journa l or the Facult y or Science. Hokkaido Uni versity, v. 22. Manchester. S. R .. 1994. fruits and seeds or the midd le Eoc1:ne Nut p. 1- 246. Beds flora. C larno Formation. Oregon: Palncontographica Ameri ­ Wolfe, J. A.; Wehr. W .. 1987. :'vl iddlc Eocene dicolylcdonous plants cana. v. 58. p. 1-205. from Republ ic, northeastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Manchester. S. R.: Cran.:. P. R .. 1983. /\ttached leaves. inflores­ 13 ul lctin 1597 lr1:issu1:d 1993. Stonerose Interpretive Center. Re­ ccnces. and fruits of Fagupsis. an extinct genus of fagac1:o us af­ publi c!, 25 p finity from the Oligocene Florissant flora of Colorado, U.S.A.: Wolfe . .I./\.: Wehr. W .. 1991. Significance of the Eocene fossil plants Amcrican Journal of Botany. v. 70. p. 11 47- 1164. at Republ ic. Washington: Washington Gcology, v. 19, 11 0. 3. Mnnchester. S. R. ; Meyer. 1-1 . W .. 1987. O li gocene fossil plants fro m p. 18-24. [Reissued 1993 by the Stoncrose Interpretive Center. the John Day Formation, fossil. Oregon: Oregon Geology. v. 49. Republic. WA.] • p. 11 5- 127.

16 Washington Geology, vu/. 23, nu. 3, September 1995 Extra Copies of U.S. Geological Survey Reports Available

The following U.S. Geological Survey publications on Wash­ Dion. N. P.: Olsen, T . D.; Payne, K. L., 1988. Preli mi nary evaluation ington State were donated to us and are avail ab le to interested of th e ground- water resources of Bai nbridge ls lan <.1, Kitsap parties at no charge. We have multiple t:upies of some titles. County. Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources To obtain copies, write, call, fax, or e-mail w ith your complete Investi gations Report 87-4237. 82 p. mailing address to: Drost. B. W .. 1983, 1mpact of changes in land use on the ground-water system in the Sequim- Dungeness Peninsula, C lall am County, Rebe·cca Christie Wash ington: U.S . Gcologit:al Survey Water-Resources In vestiga­ Department of Natural Resources tions Report 83-4094. 6 1 p. Division of Geology Drost, B. W .. 1986. Water resources of Clallam County. Was hing­ PO Box 47007, Olympia, WA 98504-7007 ton-Phase 1 report: U.S . Geological Survey Water-Resources E-mail: [email protected] Investigatio ns Report 83-4227. 263 p. , 5 pis. Plume: (360) 902- 1473; Fax: (360) 902-1785 Ebbert. J. C.: Payne. K . L.. 1985. The quality or water in the principal aquifers of southwestern Washington: ~J. S. Geological Survey OPEN FILE REPORTS Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4093. 59 p .. 5 pl. Cline. D.R.: Jones, M .A.: Dion, N. P. : Whiteman. K . J.: Sapik . D. B .. Jones, M . A .. I 985. Oc.:c.: urrence of ground water and po ten tia l of 1982. Preli mi nary survey of ground-water resources for Island seawater intrusioh, Is land County. Washington: U.S . Geological County, Washington: U.S. Geological Su rvey Open-File Report Survey Water-Resources I nvesligalions Report 85-4046. 6 sheets, 82-561 . 46 p. scale 1: 31,680. Drost. B. W .; Schurr. K. M .: Lum, W. E .. II, 1989. Se let:led ground­ Lum, W. E .. II: Cline. D.R .. 1985. Test wells in central Washingto n, water information for the Pasco Basin and adjacent areas. Wash­ 1977-79-Description and results: U .S. Geological Survey ington. 1986- 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fi le Report 89- Water-Resources Investi gations Report 83-425 9. 48 p. 228. 91 p. Lum. W. E., II: Smoot, J. L. ; Ralston, D. L.. 1990, Geohydrology and Drost, B. W.: Schurr, K. M.: Ruppert. G. P.: Cox . S. E .. 1989. We ll nu meri cal mode l analysis of ground-water flow in the Pullman­ da1.1 , s url'.ice-wa1er discharges. and nit ra te c.:o nt: enl rations. Febru­ Moscow area. Washin gton and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey ary 1986- September 1987. in parts of th e Pasco Basin , Washing­ Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4103. 73 p. ton: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 89-38. 132 p. Pearson. H. E .. 1973. Test-observation well near Paterson, Was hin g­ Garrell. A. A .: Londquist, C. J., 1972, Feasibi lity ot' ar tif'ic.: ially re­ to n- Description and preliminary results: U.S. Geological Sur­ charging basalt aqui fers in eastern Washington: U.S. Geological vey Water-Resources Investigations 9-73, 23 p. Survey Open-Fi le Report 72-127. 42 p .. I pl. Sabol. M.A.: Turney. G. L. : Ryals. G. .. 1988, Evalu ation of avai l­ Uhrich. M . A .. 1990. Preci pitation data fu r the Mount St. Helens area. able data on the gcohydrology. soil chemi stry, and ground-waler Washington- 198 1- 86: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fi le Re­ chemi stry or Gas Works Park and surrounding region, Seattle, port 90- 11 7, 171 p., I pl. Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Watcr-Rewurces Investiga­ Williams. J. R.; Pearson. 1-l . E.: Wil son, J. D .. 1985. Streamflow sta­ tions Report 87-4045, 49 p., I pl. tistics and drainage-hasin characteristi cs for the Puget Sound re­ Sapik, D. B : Bortleson. G . C.: Drost. B. W. : Jones, M . /\.; Prych, E. gi on, Washington: Volume I, Western and southern Puget Sound: /\., 1988. Ground-waler resources and simulation or fl ow in aq ui­ U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fi le Report 84- 144-A. 330 p .. I pl. fers contain ing fres hwater and seawater, Island County. Washing­ Williams. J . R.: Pearson. H. E.: Wilson. J. D .. 1985, Streamflow sta ­ ton : U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources In vestiga ti ons Re­ ti sti cs and drainage-hasin characteristi cs fo r the Puget Sound re­ po rt 87-41 82, 67 p .. in !'o lder with 4 pis. gion. Washington: Volu me II. Eastern Puget Sound from Seattle Steinkampf. W. C. : Bortleson, G . C.; Packard, F. A ., 1985. Controls lo the Canadian border: U.S. Geologica l Survey Open-File Report on ground-water chemistry in the Horse I-leaven Hills, south-cen­ 84-144-B, 420 p .. I pl. tral Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Inves­ Wi Iii ams, J. R.; Pearson. H. E., 1985. Stream flow st,,tisti cs and drain­ tigations Report 85-4048, 26 P- age-basin c haracteristics for the southwestern and eastern re­ Turney. G . L. , 1983. Quality of ground water in the Columbia Basin, gions. Washington: Volume I. So uthwestern Washingto n: U.S_ Wash ington. 1983: U.S. Geologica l Survey Water-Resources In­ Geological Survey Open-Fi le Report 84-145-A. 424 p., I pl. vesti gations Report 85-4320. 172 p .. 5 pis. Williams. J. R.: Ri is. S. A .. 1989. Mi scellaneous strcamflow measure­ Turney, G. L. , 1986. Quality of ground water in southeastern and ments in the State of' Washi ngton. January 196 1 to September south-central Washington, 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water­ 1985: U.S. Geologica l Survey Open-File Report 89-380. 382 p. Resources In vestigations Report 84-4262, 158 p .. 5 pis. Turney. G . L.. 1986. Quality o f' ground water in the Puget Sound re­ WATER RIESOURCES INVESTIGATION REPORTS gio n. Washington. 1981 : U. S. Geological Survey W ater-Re­ Bauer. H. H.: Vaccaro. J. L Lane. R. C.. I 985. Maps showing g round­ sources In vestigations Report 84-4258, 170 p., 2 pl. water levels in th e Columhia Ri ver ha s<1 lt and overlying materials. Wi !Iiams, J. R., I 98 1, Principal surface-water inflow to Puget Sound, spring 1983. southeastern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investiga­ Waler-Resources Investi gations Report 84-4360. 4 pis .. scale tions Report 84-4090. 6 sheets, scale I :500.000. I :500.000 . Williams. J. R .. 1987. Estimates of streamflow characteristics for se­ Dion. N. P.: Alvord. R. C.: Olson. T. D., 1986. Geologic. hydrolog1t:. lected small streams, Baker River basi n. Washing ton: U.S. Geo­ and cultural factors in the selecti on of sites for the land disposal logical Survey Water-Resources In vestigations Report 87-4006. of wastes in Washington: U.S . Geological Survey Water-Re­ 28 p. • sources Investigations Report 84-4279. 16 p .. 12 pis.

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September 1995 17 Selected Additions to the Library of the Division of Geology and Earth Resources

May 1995 through July 1995

THESES Nelson, E. G .. 1920. Tests upon a lead-copper-silver-gold ore from Chandler. Lynn. 199 1. Internship with the Darri ngton Ranger Dis­ the Bead Lake mine: University of \Vashi ngton 13achclor of Sci­ trict. Watershed Di visinn : Wcst<:rn Washington University I lu x­ ence thesis. 27 p. lcy College of Lnvironmcntal Studies lla<.:h..: lor of S<.: ience report. Nelson. G. E.. I 920. 1·rcat mrn1 or gold-silver ore from Boundary dis­ I V. trict. Washington: lJni vcrsi ly or Wash ington Bad1clor ol" Sciencc Dcohil ld. W. IL 1995. llydrogc:ology or th <.: W<.: st Pl ain s area or thcsi~. 24 p. Spokane County. Washington· Eastcrn Washing tn11 IJn1versity Sha\\. S. C.. 1994. Bcdload transport of mixed-size sediments by Master of Sci..:nce thesi,. 202 p. \\' Ind: Un1vcrs 11y or Washington Doctor of Phi losophy the, 1s. Gates. E. IL 1994. r hc I lolocenc ~cdimentar) rra,rn;work orth c lower 23g p. Columbia Ri vcr basin: Portland State Lnivcrsit) Master of Sci­ Sobczyk. S. M .. 1994. Crustal thickness and structure ufthe Columbia ence thesis. 2 10 p .. 4 plates. plateau using geophysical 111 ethods· Wash ington State Universit) (ioldfinger. Chris. 1994. Ac tive deformation of thc Cascadi11 Doctor of" Philosophy thesis. 208 p. forearc-lmplicati ons for great carthquakc potc11t ia l in Oregon Swanson. T. W .. 1994. Determination of 36C I production rates l'rorn and Was hi ngton: Oregon Stat e Uni versity Doctor o r Philosophy the dcglaciation history of Whidbey Island. Washi ngton: Uni ve r­ thesis. 202 p .. 4 platc~ sity of Washington Ooctor or Philosophy lhesis. 121 p. /11 c/11 des: Tho mas. 13 . P .. 1995. Net shore-drift and artific ial structures wi thin Gold finger. Chris: Kulm. L. D.: McNeil! . L. C.: Yeats. R. S.: Grays llarbor. Willapa 13ay. and mouth of the Colum bia River. 1-iummon. Cheryl: Hut filc. G L Schneider. C. L.: N1em. A. Washington: Western Washington Universi ty Master of Sricncc R.: ~nd others. Ca,cadirr subduction zone-Active deforma­ thesis. I tJ4 p. tion of the Oregon continental shelf. p. 8J- I 23. Wi lsn11 , /\ . c; ,. Jr.. 1993. Biogcographic and morphometric analyses Gold finger. Chris: Ku lm. L. D.: Yeats. R. S.: Appelgate. T. B.. Jr.: or the P/etltodon vandyke, species group: Washington Stale Uni­ Mac Kay. M . E.: Cochrane. G. R .. Active ~t nke-,Jip faulting versity Doctor of Philosophy thesis. 127 p. :rnd fo lding of the Ca~cad1a plate boundary and forearc 111 cen­ trnl and northern Oregon. p. 19-82. U . S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORTS Gol d finger. Chri,: Kulm. L. D.: Yeats. R. S.: Appelgate. T. l:L Jr.: Published reports MacKay. M. E.: Moore. G. F .. Transverse structural trends Carter. L. M. 1-1 .. 1995. Energy and the environment-Application of along the Oregon convergent mn rgi n-lmplicat.ions for Cas­ geoscienc<.: s to decision-111aking: Program and short papers: U.S cadia earthquake potential and cru~ trnl rntalions. p. 1-18. Geological Survey Circu lar 1108. 134 p. Goldfinger. Chris: Kulm. L. D.: Yeats. R. S.: McCaffrey. Roben; Casadevall. T . .I .. editor. 1994. Volcanic ash and aviation sa fe1y­ Hummon. Cheryl. Forearc deformation and th e prnhabi lity of Proccccl ings o r the first International Symposium on Volcani c great earthquake, on the Cascadi .:i subduc 1i on zone. p. 124- Ash and Avi ali un Sal'ety: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2047. 17<.J' /11 ci11des: Goldfinger. C hri s: Kulm . L. D. : Ycat,. R. S.: Mit chell. C. E.; Wel­ Foreman. P. M .. Warn111 g systems and pil ot actions. p. 163- 168 . don. R . .I .• II: Peterson. C. D. : Darienzo. M. E.: Grant. W. C.: Priest. G. R .. Neo1ecto111c map of the Oregon conti nental mar­ Labadie. J. R .. Mitigation of volcanic ash effects on aircraft oper- g111 and adjacent abyssal plain. p. 180- 197. Pl:ite I. ating and support systems. p. 125-1 28. Kopp. W. P .. 1994. llydrogeology of the upper aqui fer of the Pull­ Rose. W. !. ; Kostinski. A. B.. Radar remote sensing of volca111 c mnn-Moscnw basin at the University or Id aho aquaculture site: clouds. p. 39 1-396. Uni versity or Idaho Masta or Science thesis. 192 p. Stone. M. L .. Application of contemporary ground-based and air­ Ku..:hn. S. C .. 1995. The Olympic-Wallowa linea111e 11t. Hitc fau lt sys­ borne radar for the observation of volcanic ash. p. 419-428. tem. and Columbia River Basa II Group slrati graphy in northeast Stunder. B. J. B.: Heffler, J. L .. Modeling volcanic ash transport Umat illa Count y. Oreg.on: Washington St ate IJn ivasity Maste r of and dispersion. p. 277-282. Scienc..: thesis. 170 p .. 4 plates. Zinser. L. M .. Effects of volcanic nsh on aircraft powcrplants and Pinto Alv arez. L. A .. 1993. The rok of sul fu r in th c prcsnvat1011 or airframes. p. 141 - 145. isopr..:noid hydrocarbon, in sedimentary ma terials of lhe Wash­ King. T. V. V .. editor. 1995. Environmental considerations of active ington continental margin: Oregon State Uni ve rsity Doctor or and abandoned mi ne lands-Lessons from Summit ville, Colo­ Philosophy thesis. 220 p. rado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2220. 38 p. Merril I. L. .I . 1921 . Rccovery o f free gold from copper ore in Copper Scott. K. M.: Vallance. .I. W .. 1995. Debris flow, debris avalanche. King vein of th e Sunset mine at Index. Washington: University or and flo od hazards at and downstream from Mount Rainier. Wash­ Washington Bachelor of Science th esis. 15 p. ington: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas Mul der. R. A .. 1992. Regional tec10111c deformation of the northern 1-1/\-729. 2 sheets, scale I: I 00,000. with 9 p. text. Oregon Coast as recorded by Pleistocene marine terraces: Port­ Scot\, K. M .: Vallance. J. W.: Pringle. P. T .. 1995. Sedimentology. land State Uni versity Master of Science thcsis. 96 p .. I plate. behavior. and hazards of dehris nows at Mount Rainier. Washing­ ton: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1547. 56 p., I plate.

18 Washington Geology, vol. 23. no. 3. September 1995 Stanley. R. G .. 1995. The ··checkaboard method''- A new way to es­ Northwest: 2nd ed.: British Columbia Ministry of Forests Land timate th e nu mbers of undiscovered hydrocarbon accumulations Management I landbook 18. 220 p. in sparsely dri Iled areas: U.S. Geological Survey Oul let in 2 120. Gowan. M. E .. 1989, Boulder Creek flood potential: Washington De­ 8 p partment of Transportation. I 02 p. Stover. C. W.: Brewer. L. R .. editors. 1994. United States earth­ Higgins. J. D.: Fragas:ty. R. L. : Rcard, L. D .. 1985. Development of quakes. 1986: U.S. Geological Survey 11u llctin 2089. 240 p. Pn­ guidelines for cuts in loess soil s. (Phase I): Wash ington Depart­ cludes: Ludwin. R. S.: Malone. S D: Cro~sun. R. S.: Q1111rnr. A. ment of Transportati on. 96 p. I .. 1994. Washington earthquakes. t 986. p. 199-202.1 Higgins. J. D.: f'ragaszy. R . .I .; Martin. T. L.. 1987, Engineering de­ Switzer. .I. C.: Porcella. R. L .. compilers. 1995. Catalogue of U.S. sign in loess soi ls or southeastern Washington: Washington De­ Geological Survey strong-motion records. 1993 : LI .S. Geological partment of Transportation. 12 1 p. Survey C ircular 11 21. JO p. Knoblach, D. A .. 1994. Washing ton·s stone ind ustry- A concise his­ Sun . R . .I .: Johnston. R. H .. 1994. Regional aq ui fer-system analysis tory: Marcnakos Ruck Ccntcr [Issaquah. Wash.], 26 p. program or the U.S. Geological Survey. 1978-1992: U.S. Geo­ Kramer. S. L .. 1993. Seismic response- Foundations in soft soi ls: logical Survey Circular 1099. 126 p Washington Department of Transportation. 183 p. Mabcv. M. A.: Madin. I. P.: Meier. D. B.; Palmer. S. P .. 1995. Rcla­ Open-File and Water-Resources ti~,e earthquake hazard map of the Mount Tabor quadrangle. Mult­ Investigations Reports nomah County. Oregon. and C lark County. Washington : Oregon Darl in!!. M. I.:..: Hubbard. L. E .. 1994. Application or a geographic Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Geological Map inRirm ation system fo r rcgridding a ground-water lluw model of Series GMS-89. I sheet. scale I :24.000. with 5 p. text. the Columbia Pl ate,w n.:gional aqui l'cr system. Wal la Wa lla River Margolis. Jacob. editor. 1994, Epi thermal gold mineralization, basin. Orcgon-Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Re­ Wenatchee and Liberty districts. cent ral Washington: Society of sources Jnvestigatio ns Report 89-4 t 79. 23 p. Economic Geologists Guidebook Series 20. 65 p. [Includes sec­ Kilburn . .I . E.: Snt lcy. S. J.: Whitney. G. C.. 1995. Acid mine drainage tions about the Cannon mine and Wenatchee gold belt. th e I .iberly at the Holden deposit. Chelan Count y. Washington: L .S. Geologi­ district. and the Chumstick Formation and a road log.J cal Survey Open-Fi le Report 95-230. I I p. Marratt. W . .I .. 1988. Study of land slides along the Col umbia River in Lum, W. E.. II: C li ne. D. R., 1985. Test well s in central Washington. th e bl oc l,; t 5 area of Franklin County. Washin gton: Franklin Con­ t 977 to J 979- Dcscription and resu lts: LJ .S. Geological Survey servation Distri ct I Pasco. Wash.J. 36 p. Water-Resources Jnvcstigations Rt:port 83-4259. 48 p. Mason County Department of Community Development, 1995. Fi nal Prvch. E. A .. t 995. Usin g ch loride and chlorine-36 as soi l-water trac­ environm ental impact statement comments and responses to com­ . ers to estimate deep percolation at selected locations on the U.S. ments-Johns Prairi e sand and gravel excavati on and barge-load­ Department of Energy Hanford site. Washington : US. Geological in g facility: Mason County Department of Community Develop­ Survey Open-17i lc Report 94 -515. 125 p. ment. I v. Vaccaro . .I. J .. 1986. Simulati on or strcamtlow temperatures in the Mason County Departmt:nt or Community Development, 1995. Final Yak 1111a Ri ver basin. Washington. April-October 1981 : U.S. Geo­ t:nv ironmental impact statement-Johns Prairie sand and gravel logical Survcy W.iter-Resourccs Investigations Report 85-4232. excavation and barge-loading facili ty: Mason County Department 91 p. of Community Development. I v. Snvder. D. T. : Morga n. D.S.: Mc(irath. T. S .. 1994. Estimation of Mason County l)epartmcnt of Community Development , 1995. Fin al · ground-water re:harge f'ro m precipitation. runoff into drywells. environmental impact statement technical append ices- Jo hn s and on-si te waste-disposal systems in the Portland basin , Oregon Prairie sand and gravel excavation and barge-loading fac ility: and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Inves­ l\rlason County Department of Community Development. I v. tiga ti ons lkport 92-40 I 0. 34 p .. I plate. Pac-Tech Engineering, Inc., 1995, [)raft environmental impact state­ Sum ioka. S.S .. 1995. Reconnaissance investi gation of petroleum ment for Tucci construction yard , binding site plan. contractor's products in soil and ground water at Longmire. Mount Rai nier yard expansion: Pac-Tech Engineering. Inc., 2 v. Na tional Park . Washington. 1990: U.S. Geolog ical Sur vey Water­ Pacifi c Northwest Min ing and Metals Conference, 1995. Mining. ex­ Resources Investigations Report 94-4030. 24 p. ploration and the environment '95: Pacific Northwest Mining and Turney. G. L .: Kahle. S. C.: Dion. N. P .. 1995. Gcohydrology and Metals Conference. 48 p. ground-water q ual ity of t:ast King County. Wa~hington: U.S . Sherwood, C. R.: Creager. J. S .: Roy. E. 1-1 .: Gclfcnbaum, Guy: (jeological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94- Dempsey, Thomas. 1984, Sedimentary processes l:ln

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September /995 19 PAPERS ON WASH INGTON G EO LOGY Pacific Northwest: Journal of Geophysical Research. v. JOO. no. Baker. J . N.: Nickerson. D. A .: Guest. P. R.: Po rtele. T. E .. 1993. Use 8 6. p. I 0.303-1 0.3 19. (Nole: Issue number erroneous ly given at head or pape r as '"v. 100. no. 8 7".) of a horizonta l air-d ispersion system to enhance biodegradation of diesel fue l contaminated soil~. /,, Proceedings of the conference Hooper. P. R.: G illespie, B. A.; Ross, M . E., 1995, T he Eckle r Moun­ entitled Petroleum hydrocarhons and o rganic chemicals in gro und tain basalts and associated fl ows. Columbia Ri ver Basalt Group: water- Prevention. detectio n. and restoration: Natio nal Ground Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. v. 32. no. 4. p. 4 10-423. Water Association. G ro und Water Management Book 17. p. 383- Kerfoot. W. C.. 1995. B0.rn1i11a remains in Lake W ashington sedi­ :WS. ments-Qualitative heterogeneity of bay environments and quan­ Broum. T. M.: Koegler. S.S.: rredricksnn. J. K.: L utt re ll. S. P.: Bor­ titative correspo ndence IO production: Limnology a nd Oceanog­ geson. K. A .. 1991. Biological treatment or Hanfo rd groundwa­ raphy. V. 40. 110. 2. p. 21 1-225. ter- Development o r nn e.r situ treatme nt process. / 11 l linchee. R King. Michael: Pa lmer. S. P.: Gruenenfelder.C. R.: Mill er. Stan: Hen­ E.: Ot re nhu tt e l. R. F .. editors . On-si te hioreclamati on-Pruccsscs dron. Lars. 1985. The application of reflection seismology and l'or xcnohi otic and hydrocarhon treatme nt · Butte rworth-He ine­ hydrogeology in an inte rdiscipli nary approach to sole-source mann. p. 477-482. aquifer management planning-Subsurface investigation of Mis­ Camp. V. E .. 1')95. Mid-.\il iocene propagation or the Ye llowstone soula llood deposits that form the sole source aquifer for Spokane, ma ntl e plume head be neath the Columbia Ri ver hasalt source re­ Washington . Ill Be ll. R. S .. compi ler. 1995. Proceedings of the gion: Geology. v. 23. no. 5. p. 435-438. Symposium o n the Applicati on of Geophysics to Engineering and Campbell. G . S.: Jung hauer. J. D .. Jr.: Bid lake. W . R.: H ungerford. R. Environmental Programs: Environmental and E ng ineering Geo­ physical Society, p. 877-881. D .. 1994. Predicting the e ffect or tcmrcrn ture o n soi l thermal con­ ducti vity: Soil Science. v. 158. no. 5. p. 307-3 13. Ko ler. T. E .. 1995. A soil identification method for potential road con­ struction problem sites un the Olympic Peninsula. Washington: C lark. P . U.: Bart le in. P. J .. 1995. Correla tion o r late P leistocene g laciat io n in the western United Stales wi th l\'orth Atlantic Hein­ E nvironmenta l and Engineering Geoscience. v. I , no. 2, p. 129- ric h events: Geology. v. 23. nti. 6. p. 483-48(1. Da ta Re pository 137. 9526. Krejci, M. W., 1914. The Metaline plant of the Inland Po rtland Ce­ Cook. F. A.: Van der Ve lden. /\. J .. 1995. T hree-dimrnsio 11 a l crusta l ment Co., Metaline Falls. Wash .: American In stitute of Mining structure of the Purcell antic linorium in th e Cordillera of south­ Engineers Transactio ns. (v 46. p. 927-936J. western Canada: Geological Society or A merica B ull etin. v. 107. Kriens. B. J.: Hawley. D. L. : C happelear. F. D. : Mack. P . D.: Chan, no. 6. p. 642-664. I pl ate. A. f .. 1995, Spatial a nd temporal re lations between early Tertiary Derkey. R. E .. 1995. Stale activities 1994-Washingto n: Mining En­ shortening and exte nsio n in NW Washington. based on geology gineering. v. 47. no. 5. p. 453-454. of the Pipestone Canyon Formation and surrounding rocks: Tec­ tonics. v. 14. no. 3. p. 719-735. Elhring. G . J .. 1985. Comparison of lower-frequency ( llz) downhole ~cisrnic sources for use at environmental s ites. /11 Be ll. R. S .. com­ Lambert. R. St J .: Chamberlain, V. E.: Ho lland, J . G .. 1995. Ferro-an­ dcsites 111 the Grande Ro nde Basalt-Thei r composition and sig­ pi ler. Proceedin2s of the Symposium 011 the Application of Geo­ physics lo Engineering and E nvironmental Problems: Envi ro n­ nificance in stud ies of the o rigin of the Columbia River Basalt menta l and E ngineering Geophysical Society. p. 59 1-599. Group: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. v. 32. no . 4. p. 424- 436. Erbas-Whitc. llk nur: San Juan. C. F .. J()lfl. Development of a matrix approach lo eslimatc soil c lean-up levels for BT EX compounds. Lockrid ge. P.A .. 1990. onseismic phenomena in the generation and /11 Proceed ings of t he conference entitled Petro leum hydrocarbon, augmentation or tsunamis: Natural llazards. v. 3. no . 4, p. 403- and organi c chemicals in ground water- Prevention. detecti o n. 4 12. a nd restoratio n : N;i tiona l Ground Wa te r Associati o n. Ground Lowell. S. M ., 199 1. Washi ngton State De pa rtment o f Transporta­ Water Management Book 17. p. 85-95. tion' s rocks lope re mediation pilot study. In Hambley. D. F .. edi­ Gardner. J . E.: Carey. S . N.: S ig urdsson. Haraldur: Rutherford, M . J., tor. Highway and railroad s lo pe mai ntenance: Association of En­ 1995. Influence uf magma composition on the erupti ve activity of gineering Geologists Symposium Series 6. p. 65-73. Muunl St. Helens, Wash ing ton: Geology. v. 23. no. 6, p. 523-526. Maglo ughlin. J . F., 1995. Rb-Sr dating of metased imcntary, metavol­ Garver, J. I.; Scott. T. J .. 1995. T race e le ments in shale as indicato rs eani c. and metapluto nic igneous rocks from the Nason and Mad of crusta l provenance and te rrane accretio n in the southern Cana­ River te rran es. north Cascade mou ntains . Washi ngton: Jso­ d ian Cordi I Iera: Geological Socie ty of America Bui leti n. v. I 07. c hron/West. no. 62. p. 6-15. no. 4. p . 440-453. Data Re pository 9505. McCulla, M . S., I 992. Epithermal gold exploration-Some ex peri­ GeoEnginccrs. Inc .. I 995. Report-Landslide a nd erosio n hazards. /11 ences and practical exploration techniques. / 11 Epi thermal gold in Pac-Tech Engineering. Inc .. Draft environmental im pact state­ Asia and the Paci fie, 1992: United Nations Economic and Social ment for T ucci constructi on y,1rd. binding site plan. contractor's Commission fo r Asia and the Pacific. Mineral Concentrations and yard expansion: Pac-Tech Engineering. In c .. v. 2 . Appendix C. Hydroca rbon Accumulations in the ESCAP regio n, v . 6. p. 106- 14 p. 114. Gray. R. H .. 1990, Lung- term e nvironmental mo nitoring a t Hanford, McGuire, Bill: Saunde rs. Steven, 1993. Recent earth movements al Washington . IN Superfund '90-Proceedings of the 11 th natio na l acti ve volcanoes-A review. In Owen, L. A .; Stewart, lai n: Vita­ conference: Hazardo us M ate ri als Control Research Institute, Finzi. C laudio, editors. Neotectonics-Recent advances: Quater­ p. 285-289. nary Research Association Quaternary Proceedings 3. p. 33-46. Herdrick, M . A .: Newport, G . R.: Heine meyer. G . R .. 1995. Geology Moore. J .C.; Moore, G . F.: Cochrane, G . R.; T obin, H .J., 1995, Nega­ of the North Fork Snoqualm ie porphyry copper de posit. King ti ve-po larity seis mic refl ectio ns alo ng faults of the Oregon accre­ County. Washington: Pacific No rthwest Mining and Metals Con­ tionary prism- Ind icators o f overpressuring: Journal of Geo­ ference. 16 p. physical Research, v. I 00. no. B 7. p. 12,895- 12.906. Hooper. P. R.; Bailey. D. G.: Holder. G. A. M .. 1995. Tertiary calc­ Mus10e. G. E.: Carlstad. C. /\., 1995. A late Pleistocene brown bear alkaline magmatism associated with lithospheric exte ns io n in the ( Ursus arctos) from no rthwest W ashingto n: Northwest Science. v. 69. no. 2. p. 106- 113.

20 Wash ington Geology, vol. 23, 11 0 . 3, Septem ber / 995 '\larhutov~kih. S. M .: Michelsen. F. B.: Clark. J. C.: C hristensen. E. Mabey. M.A.: Madin. I. P.: Meier. D. B .. 1995, Relat ive earthquake W .. 1985. High resolution seismic reflection te~t at th e DOE Han­ hazard map of the Gladstone 4uaJrangle. Clackamas and Mult­ fon.l site. /11 Bell. R. S .. compi ler. ProcceJings o f the Sympo~ium nomah Counties. Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and on the Application ,f Gcophy~ics to Engineering and Environ­ Mineral Industries Geological Map Series GMS-92. I sheet. scale mental Prohlems: Environmental and Engineering Geophysical I :24.000. with 56 p. text. Soc iety. p. 947-YSI. Mahcy. M . A.: \.1adin. I. P.: Meier. D. B., 1995, Relative earthquake National Gcogr;i ph ic Cartographic Division. 1995. Living on th e harnrd mar of the Lake Oswego quadrangle, Clackamas. Mult­ edge. Na tional Geographic. v 187 . no 4 . I shee t. scale nomah. and Washington Counties. Oregon: Oregon Department I 2.380.000. of Geology and Mincrn l Industries Geological Map Series GMS- O'Connor. J. E.: Waitt. R. B.: anJ oth ers. 1995. Beyond th e Chan­ 91. I shee t. sca le I : 24.000, w ith 6 p. text. neled Scabland- A field trip to Mis~oula l'lt1od feat ures in the Co­ National Re search Counci I. 1995. Probabi lislic meth ods in geotechni­ lumhia. Yakima. and Wal1;1 Walla v,illcys nf Washington and Ore­ cal engineering: National Research Counci l, 84 fl. gon-Part I : Oregon Gculogy, v. 57. no. 3. p. 51 -60. National Research Counci I Mapping Science Committee. 1994. Pro­ O'Connor. J. I::. : Waitt. R. B.: and other~. 1995. Beyond the Chan­ moting the national spatial data i nfrastructure through partner­ ne led Scatiland- A J"i cld trip to Missoula flood features in the Co­ ships: National Academy Press. I 13 fl. lumhia. Yakima. anJ Walla Walla val leys of Washington and Ore­ Walling. D . E.: Davies. T. R.: I lasholt. B • 1992. Erosion. debris nows gon-Part 2-Ficld trir. day one: Oregon Geology. v. 57. no. 4. and environment in mou ntain regions: International A ss ociation p. 75-XPermian lo Lower I Victoria. B.C. ]. 172 p. Triassic sandstone in southeas tern Qucs ncllia. British C'olumhia Ypsi lantis. William. 1990. T echniques for reducing slope stability and Washington: Geologica l Society nf America Bulletin. v. 107. prohlcms, erosion. and sedimentation due to road construction­ no. 6. p. 665-675. An annotated hihliography: U.S. Bureau of L and Management, Samora. B. A .. 1993. J\isqually Glacier records a century or cli11rn1 e Idaho State Office Technical Bulletin 90-4. 21 p. • change: Park Science. v. 13. no. 2. p. 30 Smi 1h . G. A .: Lntnsky. J. E .. 1995. What fac tors control the composi­ tion of andesitic sand ?: Journal or Sedimentary Research . v. A65. no. I . p. 9 1-98 . Wang. Kelin: Mulder. T. L.: Rogers. G. C.: llyndman. R. D .. 1995. NATIONAL LANDSLIDE Case for very low t:ourling stress on the Ca scad ia ~uhduction AWARENESS DAY fault: Journal or Geophysical Research. v I 00. 110 . B7. p. 12.907- 12.9 18. October 11 , 1995, has been designated National Land­ slide Awareness Day by the Associatio n of Engineering Wheeler, M . F.: Roberson. K . R.: Chilakapati. A .. 1992. Three-dimen­ Geologists. In late 1994, the Committee on Landslides pro­ sional hiorcmcdiation modeling in heterogeneous porous media. posed to the management board of the Association that a /11 Russell. T. F.: Ewing. R. E.: Brabhia. C. A.: and others. ed itors. day be selected for a concerted effort to disseminate infor­ Computational methods in water resources IX : Vol. 2- Mathe­ mation about this geologic hazard to the general public. matical modeling in water resources : Comput.ilional Mechanics Each section of the association will be presenting a Publications. p. 299-315. free forum about t he landslide hazards in its area. Among Withers. Rohen: Eggers. Dwight: Fox. Thomas: Crebs. Terry. 1994. other purposes of this selected day is helping the public /\ t:ase study of integrated hydrocarbon exploration through ha­ b e better informed about the landslide hazard reduction sal t: Geophys ics. v. 59. no. 11. p. 1666- 1679. efforts of geological surveys. The committee is working with the U .S. Geological Survey to e nsure t hat the OTHER RE:PORTS, GENERAL TOPICS agency's efforts are publicized. Ca liendo. J. A .. compiler and editor. 1995. Proceedings of the 1995 National Landslide Awareness Day was proposed be­ annual symposium on engineering geology and gcotcchnical en­ cause a major premise of t he International Decade of gineering (no. 3 1). Idaho Stale University, 442 fl. Natural Disaster Reduction is that application of what is Ca li fornia Seismic Safety Commissi on. 1992. The homeowner' s now known about these hazards can significantly reduce guide to earthquake sa fety : California Se ismic Sa fety Commi~­ human and property loss. The decade reached its mid­ siun, 28 p. point in 1995. The Division of Geology and Earth Resources lists its Eli frits. C. D .. editor. 1990. Mine subsidence-Prediction and con­ reports about landslides and slope stability in its recently trol: Association of Engineering Geologists. 186 p. updated (free) list of publications, and the Division's bib­ Mabey. M . A.: Madin. I. P.: Meier. D . B .. 1995. Relative earthquake liographies, both the cumulated versions and those pre­ hazard map of the Beaverton quadrangle. Was hington County. pared annually for selected counties, contain references Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries to articles a nd books about these hazards in W ashington. Geological Map Serie~ GMS-YO. I sheet. sca le I ::.4.000. with 6 p. text.

Washington Geology, vol. 23, 110. 3, September / 995 21 While supplies last...

The Division is making the following reports available at half GM-18. Relative slope stability or the Gig Harbor $ .46 price. the amount listed below. However, we offer them free Peninsula. Pierce County, Washi ngton. by ~ to libraries or teachers who use official letterh ead to request Mackey Smith. 1976. I sheet, scale I :3 1,250. $ .50 th e copies. If you need mu It iple copies, please call us because C,M-19. Gcologit: factors affectin g waste disposal $ .46 supplies are limited. practices, Gig Harbor Peninsula, Pierce County. __J2i For each order, we stil l ask the customary$ I for postage Washington. by Mackey Smith. 1976. I sheet $ .50 and handling. Only Washin gton residents must pay th e total scc1 lc I :3 1.250 price; others may deduct the tax. Check or money order should INFORMATION CIRCULARS be made out the the Department of Natural Resources, and sent 54. A geologic road lug over Chinook. White Pass. $ .93 with the order to the Division at PO Box 47007. Olympia, WA and Ellensburg to Yakima highways, by N. P. __m. 98504-7007. Campbel I. 1975. 82 p.. figs. $ 1.00 BULLETINS 59. Washington gravity base station network, by $ .93 T. H. Nilsen. 1976. 83 p .. I fig .. 4 tables. __m. 43 Eocene stratigraphy or the lower Cowlitz River­ $ .70 $ 1.00 eastern Willapa Hills area. southwestern __fil_ Washington. by LJ . A. Henriksen. I 956. 122 p.. $ 75 61 . Annotated guide to sources of information on the $ .70 2 pl.. 49 figs. geology. minerals, and ground-water resources __fil_ of the Puget Sound region, Washington, King $ .75 47. Coal reserves of Washington. by H. M. Beiknrnn. $ 1.62 County secti on, by W. H. Reichert, with H. [), Gower. and T. A. M. Dana. 1961. 115 p .. __J_l supplemental references by IJ. D. Dethier. 1978. 62 figs. I l?eprinted with 15-p. addendum by $ 1.75 63 p., 8 figs. 11. W. Schassc. T . .I. Wa lsh. and W. M. Phi llips. I 984 I 65. Compilation of earthquake hypocenters in $ .23 western Washington-I 976, by R. S. Crosson 53 . Stratigraphy and foraminifera or the .70 ~ S and L. L. Nason. 1978. 13 p., 2 figs. $ .25 Satsop River area. southern Olymp ic Peninsula. _JQ Washi ngtnn. by W. \V Rau . 1966. 66 p .. 9 figs. $ .75 72. Compilation of earthquake hypocenters in $ .23 western Washington-I 978. by L. L Noson and 70 Zinc and lead on: deposits in carbonate rocks. $ 1.39 ~ R. S. Crosson. 1980. 18 p .. 5 figs. $ .25 Stcv..:ns Coumy. Wash ington. by .I . W Mills. _.l_l 1977. I 7 I p .. 70 figs. $ 1.50 79. Com pi lat ion of earthquake hypocentcrs in $ .23 western Washington-1979. by L. L. Noson. 72. \Vashington coastal geology be tween the Hoh $ 2.3 2 ~ R. S. Ludwin. and R. S. Crosson. 1985 . 19 p .. $ .25 and Quillayutc Rivers. by W. W. Rau. 1980. __J_H_ 4 fi gs. 57 p.. 74 figs. $ 2.50 75. Geology of the Wenatchee and Monitor $ 2.32 REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS quadrangles. Chelan and Douglas Counties. _ .1_8 26. Coastal wells of Washington. hy W.W. Rau and Free Washington. by R. L Grcscns. 1983. 75 p .. 3 pl., $ 2.50 C.R. McFarland. 1982. 4 sheets. scale I :24.000. 27. Geology of the Grande Ronde lignite field, $ 1.85 76. Bibliography and ind ..:x of the geology and $ 2.09 Asotin County. Wa hington, by K. L. Stoffel. mineral resources or Washington. 1963- ~ __l_§_ 1984. 79 p .. I pl.. scale I :48,000. 71 figs. $ 2.00 1980, com pi led by C. I. Manson and LJebb1e $ 2.25 Burnelli. 1983. 398 p. 28. Tin, tungsten. and molybdenum geochemistry of $ .93 parts of Stevens and Spokane Counties, __JU_ 77. Selected papers on the gwlogy or Washington. $ 7.41 Washington, by B. B. Bunning. 1985. 57 p., $ 1.00 edited by J. E Schuster. 1987. 406 p. __J_2_ 30 figs. $ 8.00 78. Engineering geology in Washington. edited by $ 13.90 R. W. Galster. chairman. 1989. [2 v.]. 1,234 p. _lJQ $15.00 DAM SAFETY MEETING n . Bibliography and index of the g..:o logy and $ 5.79 mineral resnurc..:~ ur Wash ington. 1981-1985. _dQ_ 7th Annual Canadian compiled by C. .I . Manson. 1990. 484 p. $ 6.25 Dam Safety Association Conference GEOLOGIC MAPS Banff, Alberta October 2-5, 1 995 GM-I S. Slope sta bi lity map of Thurston County. $ .46 Washington. by E. R. Artim. 1976. I sheet. scale ~ For more information, con/act: I: 125.000. $ .50 H. S. Williams GM-16. Relative ground settlement hazards of Thurston $ .46 County. Washington. by F.. R. Artim . 1976. I ___,_Q± Williams Projects Ltd. sheet. scale I: 125.000. $ .SO 12812thAveSE Calgary, AB T2G 4E3 CANADA GM-17. Relative potential for differential settlement. Gig $ .46 Harbor Peninsula, Pierce County. Washington. ___,_Q± Phone: 403-265-14 72, Fax: 403-269-4244 by Mackey Smith . 1976. I sheet. scale I :3 1.250. $ .50

22 Washing/on Geology, vol. 23. no. 3. September IY95 WASHINGTON ARCHAEOLOGY WEEI< (October 1-7, 1995)

A series of events in various communities will enhance public Skykomish - lron Goat Trail Interpretive Hike awareness about the i rnpo rtance of protecting the state's ar­ Stroll into th e past on the Iron Goat Trail as it follows the abandoned chaeo log ical resources. Just a few of the events scheduled and Great Northern Rai lway route near Stevens Pass. Oct. 7, IO am. Iron sources of more information around the slate are: Goat Trailhead. Contact tra il information line al (206) 283-1440. Tacoma - Candlelight Tour of Fort Nisqually Chehalis - Flintknapping Demonstration Eavesdrop on th e pasl as volunteers and staff in period dress go abou t Oct. 7. 10 am-4 pm. Lewis County Mu~curn. 599 N W Fron! St. life as if it were 1855.Oct.6 & 7. 7 pm, Fort Nisqually. Point Defi­ Du Pont/Northwest Landing - Archaeological and ance Park. Advance tickets. small fee . Contact Melissa McGinnis at llistoric Site Tour and Train Ride (206) 591 -5339. View a video on archculogical research and excavations and ride a Vancouver - Hudson's Ray Company Conference narrow-gauge railroad down Sequalitchew Canyon to the dock once This conference on the history of Hudson ·s Bay Company operations used hy the DuPont Company. At a brown bag lunch on the beach, in the Paci fie North west covers all as pee ts of fur trade-era history hear talks on the history and archaeology or the area . Al'ter a return from international relations to Native American cultures lo loca l case trip on th e train. tour someol' the most significa nt and accessible sites. studies and biography . Sept. 29-0cl. I , Red Lion Inn al the Quay. Oct. S & 6. 9:30 am . Northwest Landing. Participation is limited to 32 Contact Fur Trade Conference at (360) 737-2044. persons each clay. Register hy calling (206) 924-7063. Vancouver - Fort Vancouver Candlelight Tour DuPont- 1843 Fort Nisqually Experience times past at this Hudson's Bay Company fort. Oct. 6 & The Hudson's Bay Company 1843 Fort Nisqually ~itG will be open !'or 7. 7 pm . Contact Rick Edwards at (360) 696-7688, cx l. 3. public visitation Oct. 7 & 8. 1-4 pm. For directions. contac t th e City Vancouver - Covington Archaeological Site Tour or DuPont at (206) 964-8121 . Walking tour of a Native American archaeological site with replica Ephrata - 11.

Washington Geology, vol. 23, no. 3, September /995 23 Ross Berglund Honored Stonerose Center Receives Grant by Paleontological Society The Stonerose Interpretive Center in Republic has re­ ceived a $50,000 grant to complete purchase of the fossil site, build an annex to the Center's current facility, provide The Paleontological Society has awarded its Harrell L. Strim­ additional storage and display cabinets, and develop a ple award to Ross E. Berglund for his work with fossil crabs. computer program for use in identifying the fossils. After a Ross was praised for his "'unsel fish spirit of collaboration with visit to th e Center and meeting with curator Lisa Barksdale re sean:hers that is a large part of ... professionalism." and board member Mary Waring in 1994, Representative Ross has had associations with the Thomas Burke Memo­ Helen Sommers proposed a grant and supported the con­ rial Washi ngton State Museum at the Uni versity of Washing­ cept though the budgeting process. The funds have been ton and the N at ural History Museum of Los Angeles County. allocated through the Washington State Historical Soci­ He has published several articles on the fossil crabs of Wash­ ety's budget. The Center seeks to further educational interest in the ington and is currently working on new manu scripts. He is also exceptionally rich fossil locality, to encourage scientific working on a catal og of fossil collecting sites in Washington. study of the materials, and to preserve the fossil beds, Ross received hi s B.S. in geology from Washington State which are among the few such localities open to the public University during World War II. To help with the war effort, for collecting . By the end of July this year, the Center had he put his knowledge of mineralogy to work at the Boeing Air­ at least 4,000 visitors. The number of both visitors and plane Company, where he spent his entire professional career. collected fossil specimens grows rapidly each year. Upon retirement 18 years ago, Ross embarked on a new Stonerose Center hours are Tuesday through Satur­ career in pa leontology. He maintains a very well-curated col­ day, 10:00 am to 5:00 pm. The Center will close for the lection of fossi ls, which he amassed during his many years of winter October 31 and will reopen May 1, 1996. fieldwork. Every collecting locality is numbered, marked on a topographic map, and entered into his permanent logbook. Each specimen co l lected is then given a unique number. This NEW DIVISION RELEASE makes it both easy and useful for other sc ientists he contacts to help with re search on various specimens. Geologic Map of the West Half of the Twisp 1:100,000 Quad­ rangle, Washington. Open File Report 95-J, compiled by Joe D. Ross is noted for teac hing those new to fossi l collecting Dragovich and David K. :'llorman. geochronology by W. McClel­ how 10 record what is need ed for good science. He places most land. This 63-pagc report includes three data appendices. l plate. of the fossils he collects into the cus tody of the appropriate scale I: l 00.000. Price $3.24 + .26 tax = $3.50. specialist for that taxon for research and encourages others to do th e same.

WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF BULK RATE Natural Resources U.S. POSTAGE PAID Jennifer M. Belch er Com m1ss1onerof Public lands Washington State Kaleen Co ttingham - Supervisor Department of Printing

Department of Natural Reso urces Division of Geology and Earth Resources PO Box 47007 Olympia, WA 98504-7007

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED