International Criminal Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa : The ICC and Beyond

Justice pénale internationale, reconciliation et paix en afrique : la CPI et au - delà

10 - 12 / 07 / 2014, Hôtel Novotel

Book of Abstracts_Livre des résumés

Contents

Announcement 3

Concept Note 5

Program 14

List of participants 22

Bios and abstracts 29

Sommaire

Annonce 4

Note conceptuelle 9

Programme 18

Liste des participants 22

Bios et résumés 29

International Conference Announcement

International Criminal Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: The ICC and Beyond

Date: July 10-12, 2014; Venue: Dakar

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa and the Social Science Research Council’s African Peacebuilding Network are pleased to announce a conference on the theme International Criminal Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond to be held from July 10-12, 2014 in Dakar. The conference organized with contributions from CDD West Africa and the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law is the first part of a two-phase programme on International Criminal Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond, which will eventually include a three-year research and policy engagement segment. The programme is founded on the observation that the ICC has captured the imagination of many on the continent and come to represent for various parties either the epitome of many of the things that are wrong with the international justice system or a key instrument in the prevention of gross human rights violations in Africa and the promotion of access to justice for its victims. The broad goal of the programme is to significantly improve the quality of scholarship, debates and policy on while further democratizing the nature of conversations on international justice, peace and reconciliation in Africa through conferences, the conduct and dissemination of studies and policy engagement.

The conference will address spatial and temporal variation in perceptions of the ICC across Africa and whether the ICC privileges the fight against impunity over long-term peacebuilding and reconciliation in Africa. Participants will also explore the extent to which the ICC’s indictments betray partiality against Africans and against certain parties in situation countries, the degree to which the ICC de-politicizes and de-historicises African human rights abuses and the impact of these actions on the search for justice, peace and reconciliation on the continent. The question of alternative justice mechanisms and the extent to which focus on the ICC may have starved them of attention will also be the subject of sustained debate during the conference. The conference will similarly examine how much the ICC reflects global inequalities, to what extent it is instrumentalized by world powers and whether any such instrumentalization still permits the court to contribute meaningfully towards ending impunity and facilitating peacebuilding and reconciliation in Africa.

Further information on the workshop can be obtained from:

CODESRIA-SSRC/APN Programme on International Criminal Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa CODESRIA, BP 3304, CP 18524; Dakar, Senegal Tel: +221 - 33 825 9822/23; Fax: +221- 33 824 1289 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: http://www.codesria.org 3

Annonce de la Conférence internationale sur Justice pénale internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique: La CPI et au -delà

Date: 10 – 12 juillet 2014, Lieu : Dakar (Sénégal)

Le Conseil pour le développement de la recherche en sciences sociales en Afrique (CODESRIA) et le Réseau africain de construction de la paix du Conseil pour la recherche en sciences sociales (SSRC/APN), sont heureux de vous informer de l’organisation, du 10 au 12 juillet 2014 à Dakar, d’une conférence internationale sur le thème « Justice pénale internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique : la CPI et au-delà. » La conférence, organisée avec le concours de l’institut Raoul Wallenberg et le Centre pour la Démocratie et le Développement ouest africain, est la première phase d’un programme en deux volets sur le même thème. Ce programme aura éventuellement une composante recherche et engagement politique qui se déroulera sur trois ans. Il part du constat que la Cour pénale internationale est au centre des discussions sur le continent et a, pour diverses parties, fini par représenter les manifestations les plus apparentes des défis auxquels est confronté le système de justice internationale, et pour d’autres, est un instrument clé de la prévention de violations massives des droits humains en Afrique et la promotion de l’accès à une justice pour les victimes. L’objectif général de ce programme est d’améliorer la qualité des connaissances, débats et des politiques tout en rendant plus démocratique la nature des échanges relatifs à la justice pénale internationale, paix et réconciliation en Afrique, et ceci par le biais des conférences, la conduite et la diffusion des résultats des études entreprises et l’engagement des politiques.

La conférence abordera les variations, dans l’espace et dans le temps, de la perception à travers l’Afrique de la Cour pénale internationale. Elle examinera également la question de savoir si la cour pénale internationale privilégie la lutte contre l’impunité au détriment de la construction de la paix et la réconciliation en Afrique. En outre, les participants discuteront dans quelle mesure les inculpations par la cour pénale internationale trahissent sa partialité contre les africains et contre certaines parties dans les pays en situation de conflits. Par ailleurs, ils analyseront le degré de dépolitisation et de dé-historicisation par la CPI des violations de droits humains en Afrique et les conséquences de ces actions sur la recherche de la justice, la paix et la réconciliation sur le continent. Au cours de la conférence, les débats porteront aussi sur la question des mécanismes de justice alternative et le peu d’attention qui leur a, peut-être, été accordé jusqu'à présent, au profit de la CPI. La conférence explorera également à quel point les actions de la CPI reflètent les inégalités mondiales, et dans quelle mesure elle est instrumentalisée par les grandes puissances. Elle examinera également si une telle instrumentalisation lui permet quand même de contribuer de manière significative à mettre un terme à l’impunité et à faciliter la construction de la paix et la réconciliation en Afrique.

Plus d’informations sur la conférence peuvent être obtenues à l’adresse suivante :

Programme du CODESRIA-SSRC/APN sur la justice pénale internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique

CODESRIA, BP 3304, CP 18524; Dakar, Sénégal Tel: +221 - 33 825 9822/23; Fax: +221- 33 824 1289 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: http://www.codesria.org 4

International Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond

CODESRIA and SSRC/APN

Concept Note Introduction

The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) and the Social Science Research Council’s (SSRC) African Peacebuilding Network (APN) with contributions from CDD West Africa and the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law are undertaking a joint two-phase program titled International Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond. This programme is founded on the observation that the ICC has captured the imagination of many on the continent and come to represent for various parties either the epitome of many of the things that are wrong with the international justice system or a key instrument in the prevention gross human rights violations in Africa and the insurance of justice for its victims. The program builds on the reflections and recommendations from a brainstorming and planning meeting organized by CODESRIA in collaboration with the SSRC that was held in Dakar from 10-11 September, 2013. This meeting underscored the importance of understanding the broad ramifications and impact of relations between continental bodies like the AU and international justice institutions, particularly as they relate to the rights and wellbeing of ordinary Africans. Leading scholars and practitioners at that meeting reflected on the ICC, international justice and the prospects for peacemaking in Africa. Participants emphasized the need for international and transitional justice issues to be clearly understood and properly addressed for Africa to achieve sustainable peace and security for its people. The deliberations also recognized the need for synergy and coordination between the various international, regional and national initiatives on justice, reconciliation and peace that are currently going on in Africa. These include the multi-donor fund for international justice (involving OSF, TrustAfrica and other institutions), and studies being carried out by a number of scholars and research institutions across the continent as well as efforts at national and local levels. The African Union itself has established institutions and adopted protocols that are aimed at addressing international and transitional justice issues on the continent in ways that speak to both universal values and principles, and to African realities. The research and policy dialogue program will be in two phases. The first phase, which is ongoing involves wide consultations with experts, activists policymakers and stakeholders, the commissioning of background studies and the organization and holding of a three-day conference on International Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond

5 in April 2014. A second phase involving a much broader three-year research and policy engagement project is expected to follow from these phase 1 activities. This initiative builds on the proven track record of CODESRIA as the leading independent Pan-African social science research organization and the SSRC’s long and distinguished record of work on peace and security issues in Africa. The SSRC’s African Peacebuilding Network’s deep commitment to the promotion and dissemination on a global scale of independent high quality research within Africa’s scholarly and policy communities makes it a natural partner of CODESRIA in the effort to addresses the existing knowledge gaps in the interactions between international and transitional justice systems and African states and organizations, and the challenges these pose to the prevention of, as well as redress for gross human rights abuses on the continent. It is expected that this joint program will provide high quality evidence-based knowledge that is necessary to explain some of the tensions between international and African efforts towards promoting transitional justice, reconciliation and peace, and providing an informed basis for constructive engagement and dialogue between all the parties involved in the quest to promote peace in post-conflict Africa.

Critical issues Africa has the largest number of signatories to the ICC’s founding Rome Statute in the world, thus, it is fitting that debates for and against the role of the institution in dealing with past atrocities, especially genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity have been most heated on the continent. While the African Union has continued its trenchant criticism of the ICC and some countries have threatened to withdraw from the Rome Statute, a few African states have declared their intention to remain as signatories to the Statute. Unfortunately, the content of these debates continue to reflect significant empirical, theoretical and conceptual misconceptions and gaps that call for significant research interventions on international and transitional justice systems, the ICC and prospects for peace and post-conflict reconstruction on the continent. The program on International Justice, Reconciliation and Peace in Africa: the ICC and Beyond seeks to significantly raise the level of the discourse on international justice and peace in Africa and fill existing knowledge gaps by supporting evidence-based studies and disseminating the results of such high quality research-based knowledge to regional and global policy and scholarly audiences. It will also support constructive dialogue and networking in ways that engage important questions arising from the linkages between the ICC, the international justice system, peace and human rights in Africa. The program is also directed towards increasing the quality and capacity to carry out research and analysis that will likely impact on actions geared towards improving justice and human rights in Africa. In this regard it will organize training workshops/seminars for practitioners and academics and engage policy makers on this subject. A series of questions concerning African perceptions of, and conversations about the impact of ICC’s activities on justice and peace in the continent will be at the heart of this research, capacity building and policy engagement effort.  African Perceptions of the ICC: How is the ICC perceived by African states that are signatories to the Rome statute as opposed to the African Union, which represents all the states on the continent? What is the extent of homogeneity or heterogeneity of such perceptions, and how can we explain such perceptions and their changing dynamics over time? How can the challenge of coherence between the ICC and African justice,

6 human rights and reconciliation institutions be best addressed in the interest of African people?  Pitting justice against peace and reconciliation: Does the ICC’s insistence on indicting leaders in ‘conflict-affected/post-conflict’ African countries privilege justice and the subversion of impunity against the pursuit of peace or is it in fact integral to long-term peacebuilding? Are there ways of sequencing prosecutions and other peacemaking efforts that ensure long-term peace and guarantee justice without encouraging abusive leaders to continue to hold on to power?  Selectivity: Does the ICC’s exclusive indictment of Africans and seemingly partisan indictments in situation countries demonstrate the Court’s non-adherence to the basic principle of equality before the law in judicial processes and jeopardize long-term peacebuilding and reconciliation? Is the court’s exclusive indictment of Africans another demonstration of the West’s historical paternalism towards Africa that was once widely referred to as the White Man’s Burden?  Partisan peacemaking: Has the ICC become an instrument used by powerful Western powers to impose versions of justice and peace that fit their interests and ideas? Will such use of the ICC by Western powers still be consistent with a view of the ICC as making valuable contributions towards ending impunity, bringing justice to victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide?  De-politicization and de-historicization: Does the ICC, in its approach to justice, deliberately de-historicize and de-politicize conflicts and abuses in Africa and is this detrimental to the achievement of long-term peace and reconciliation in troubled countries in Africa? What is the ICC’s perception of Africa? Can this be changed and under what conditions?  The pathologies of global inequality: To what extent are the actions of the ICC in Africa the result of its manipulation by powerful countries, and a reflection of global inequalities, which have historically resulted in the instrumentalization of many other international institutions like the WTO, World Bank and IMF by powerful countries?  Alternative conceptions of international and transitional justice: Has the focus on, and investment in the ICC starved alternative justice institutions and paradigms of much needed support and attention? What other alternative justice and political institutions exist? In what ways, and at what levels can such institutions represent viable alternatives to the ICC as a modality for ending impunity and ensuring justice for victims of gross human rights violations?

Rationale of the program The goal of the project is to addresses existing knowledge gaps in the field of international justice and peace in Africa through a multi-disciplinary approach that will provide much- needed evidence-based knowledge that would be of great relevance to scholarly, legal, and policy communities in Africa and beyond. It also seeks to raise the level of understanding that underpins debates on the role of the ICC, and provide evidence-based knowledge that will inform viable options for policy-making on transitional justice and peace and reconciliation processes in Africa. The project will also support a set of activities such as capacity building for scholars, activists and practitioners, commissioned studies, conferences and the facilitation of high-level forums for debate among leading policymakers and scholars, as well as the

7 generation and dissemination of high quality research-based knowledge products. More specifically, the project will:  Facilitate the sharing of perspectives and experiences on relations between peace and reconciliation processes and the key local, national, regional and sub-regional transitional justice systems on the continent. These will be enriched by comparative perspectives and experiences from Asia, Latin America, Europe and beyond  Enable the generation of empirically grounded but theoretically and conceptually sophisticated knowledge on relations between the ICC and various constituencies in situation countries while recognizing the multiplicity and often conflicting views that exist in these countries and across the continent on the question of transitional justice, the ICC and peace and reconciliation processes.  Enhance the capacity of scholars, activists and policy makers to meaningfully engage in discussions about, and policy making on the question(s) of transitional justice and peace in Africa  Promote synergies and facilitate the meaningful contribution of a broad section of scholars, researchers and activists to the work of policy makers working on transitional justice and peace and security processes in Africa

Two phases of the program CODESRIA and the SSRC/APN, together with representatives of OSF and TrustAfrica, hope to follow up the conference, commissioned studies, post-conference planning meeting and public forums of the first phase with a second phase that will constitute a three-year project encompassing research, publication and dissemination of work, capacity building for scholars, civil society activists/practitioners, and policymakers and policy engagement. This phase of the program will reinforce the task of projecting African perspectives and voices in regional and global discourses and debates on international justice and peace commenced in the second phase of the program. Both CODESRIA and the SSRC/APN believe that the research-based knowledge on international justice institutions (including the ICC) and peace and reconciliation processes in Africa will have a positive impact on peacebuilding on the continent. The conference, research outputs and public forums will stimulate wider engagement by key scholars, thought leaders and practitioners and institutions and make knowledge on international justice, the ICC and Africa available to policy makers, academics, jurists and legal practitioners, civil society and social movements on the continent and beyond. Increasing public participation in discussions concerning international justice and peace making in Africa has to be understood as a boost to the process of democratizing important processes on the continent. Since African countries constitute the largest number of signatories to the Rome Statute, perceptions of ICC on the continent are important for instituting justice and peace, in a context marked by post-conflict transitions and democratization.

8

Justice pénale internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique : la CPI et au-delà Programme du CODESRIA et SSRC/APN

Note conceptuelle

Introduction

Le Conseil pour le développement de la recherche en sciences sociales en Afrique (CODESRIA) et le Réseau africain de construction de la paix du Conseil pour la Recherche en Sciences Sociales (SSRC/(APN) lancent un programme commun qui se fera en deux phases, intitulé Justice internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique : la CPI et au-delà. Ce programme part du constat que la Cour Pénale Internationale est au centre des discussions sur le continent et finit par représenter pour diverses parties les manifestations les plus apparentes des défis auxquels est confronté le système de justice internationale, et pour d’autres un instrument clé de la prévention de violations massives des droits de l’homme en Afrique et l’assurance d’une justice pour le victimes.

Le programme s’appuie sur les réflexions et recommandations issues d’un atelier de réflexion et de planification co-organisé par le CODESRIA et le SSRC les 10 et 11 septembre 2013 à Dakar. Cette réunion a souligné l’importance de comprendre les ramifications générales et l’impact des relations entre des organes continentaux comme l’Union Africaine (UA) et des institutions de justice internationale, notamment en ce qui concerne les droits et le bien-être des africains. Des chercheurs et des praticiens de premier plan qui ont participé à la réunion ont réfléchi sur la CPI, la justice internationale et les perspectives pour la construction de la paix en Afrique. Ils ont mis l’accent sur la nécessité d’une compréhension claire et d’un traitement approprié des questions liées à la justice internationale et transitionnelle, afin que l’Afrique parvienne à une paix et une justice durables pour son peuple. Les débats ont aussi fait ressortir le besoin des synergies et de coordination entre les diverses initiatives internationales, régionales et nationales portant sur la justice, la réconciliation et la paix actuellement en cours en Afrique. On peut notamment citer le fonds multi donateurs pour la justice transitionnelle (regroupant l’Open Society Foundation, TrustAfrica et d’autres institutions), et des études réalisées par plusieurs chercheurs et instituts de recherche à travers le continent, ainsi que des initiatives aux niveaux national et local. L’Union Africaine elle-même a mis en place des institutions et adopté des protocoles visant à traiter les questions de justice internationale et transitionnelle sur le continent de manière qui reflète à la fois les valeurs et principes universels et les réalités africaines.

9 Le programme de recherche et de dialogue politique comporte deux phases. La première phase, en cours d’exécution, consiste amener de larges consultations avec des experts, des activistes, des décideurs politiques et des parties prenantes, à commander des études de référence et à organiser une conférence de trois jours sur le thème Justice internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique : la CPI et au-delà, en juillet 2014. Ces activités de la première phase seront suivies d’une seconde phase consistant en un projet d’engagement beaucoup plus large dans la recherche et la politique, et s’étalant sur une période de trois ans. Cette initiative s’appuie sur l’expérience avérée du CODESRIA en tant qu’organisation panafricaine indépendante de premier plan axée sur la recherche en sciences sociales, et l’expérience longue et brillante du SSRC dans le travail sur les questions de paix et de sécurité en Afrique. Le profond engagement du Réseau de la Construction de la Paix (APN) du SSRC envers la promotion et la diffusion à l’échelle mondiale de recherche indépendante de grande qualité au sein des communautés de chercheurs et de responsables des politiques en Afrique, en fait un partenaire naturel du CODESRIA dans les efforts déployés pour combler les lacunes de connaissance sur les interactions entre les systèmes de justice internationale et transitionnelle et les États et organisations africains, ainsi que les difficultés qu’elles constituent pour la prévention et la réparation des violations massives des droits de l’homme sur le continent. Ce programme conjoint devrait produire des connaissances de grande qualité, informées par la recherche empirique qui sont nécessaires pour expliquer certaines des tensions entre les efforts internationaux et africains visant à promouvoir la justice transitionnelle, la réconciliation et la paix, et fournir une base d’informations fiables pour un engagement et un dialogue constructifs entre toutes les parties impliquées dans la quête de promotion de la paix en Afrique au sortir des conflits.

Questions cruciales

L’Afrique compte le plus grand nombre au monde de pays signataires du Statut de Rome fondateur de la CPI, et c’est donc à juste titre que les débats pour ou contre le rôle de l’institution de traiter les atrocités du passé, en particulier les génocides, les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité, ont été les plus vifs sur le continent. Alors que l’Union africaine a continué sa critique acerbe de la CPI et que certains pays ont menacé de se retirer du Statut de Rome, quelques États africains ont fait connaître leur intention de rester signataires du Statut. Malheureusement, le contenu de ces débats continue de refléter d’importantes erreurs et lacunes empiriques, théoriques et conceptuelles qui exigent des recherches considérables sur les systèmes de justice internationale et transitionnelle, la CPI et les perspectives de paix et de reconstruction post-conflit sur le continent.

Le programme Justice internationale, réconciliation et paix en Afrique : la CPI et au- delà vise à améliorer sensiblement la qualité du discours sur la justice internationale et la paix en Afrique, et à combler les lacunes de connaissance en appuyant des études factuelles et en diffusant les résultats de ces connaissances de grande qualité fondées sur la recherche à des publics régionaux et mondiaux de chercheurs et de responsables politiques. Il appuiera également un dialogue et un maillage constructifs d’une manière qui répond aux questions importantes que posent les liens entre la CPI, le système de justice internationale, la paix et les droits de l’homme en Afrique. Le programme vise en outre à renforcer les qualités et les capacités requises pour effectuer des recherches et analyses susceptibles d’avoir un impact sur

10 les actions tendant à améliorer la justice et les droits de l’homme en Afrique. A cet égard, il organisera des ateliers/séminaires de formation à l’intention des praticiens et des universitaires, et engagera les décideurs sur ce sujet. Une série de questions concernant les perceptions par les africains et leurs conversations sur l’impact des activités de la CPI relatives à la justice et la paix sur le continent sera au cœur de cet effort de recherche, de renforcement des capacités et d’engagement politique.

 Perceptions de la CPI par les africains : Comment la CPI est-elle perçue par les signataires du Statut de Rome, comparativement à l’Union africaine qui représente tous les États du continent ? Dans quelle mesure ces perceptions sont-elles homogènes ou hétérogènes, et comment peut-on expliquer de telles perceptions et l’évolution de leur dynamique au fil du temps ? Comment peut-on relever le défi de la cohérence entre la CPI et les institutions africaines de justice, droits de l’homme et réconciliation, au mieux des intérêts des africains ?  Opposer la justice à la paix et la réconciliation : L’inculpation par la CPI de certains dirigeants de pays africains ‘en proie à un conflit/sortant d’un conflit’ privilégie-t-elle la justice et la subversion de l’impunité par rapport à la poursuite de la paix, ou fait-elle en réalité partie intégrante de la construction de la paix à long terme ?Y a-t-il des moyens de séquencer les poursuites et d’autres efforts de rétablissement de la paix qui garantissent la paix à long terme et la justice sans encourager le maintien au pouvoir de dirigeants abusifs ?  Sélectivité : L’inculpation d’africains par la CPI et notamment les inculpations apparemment partisanes dans des pays en situation de conflits dont certains ont été provoqués par les nouveaux gouvernements post-conflit de ces pays est perçue par certains comme une démonstration de la non-adhésion de la Cour au principe fondamental d’égalité devant la loi dans les procédures judiciaires, ce qui pourrait compromettre la consolidation de la paix et la réconciliation à long terme. A quel point est-ce vrai ? Les inculpations quasi-exclusives d’Africains par la Cour sont-elles une autre démonstration du paternalisme historique de l’Occident envers l’Afrique, autrefois communément appelé le Fardeau de l’homme blanc ? Dans quelle mesure les inculpations sont-elles l’expression de la ‘justice des vainqueurs’ ?  Paix partisane : La CPI est-elle devenue un instrument utilisé par de grandes puissances occidentales pour imposer des perceptions de la justice qui servent leurs intérêts et idées ?Si c’était effectivement le cas, une telle utilisation de la CPI par les puissances occidentales serait-elle encore compatible avec sa perception comme une entité qui apporte des contributions précieuses pour mettre fin à l’impunité, et permet de rendre justice aux victimes de crimes de guerre, de crimes contre l’humanité et de génocide ?  Dépolitisation et dé-historisation : Dans son approche de la justice, la CPI déhistorise-t- elle ou dépolitise-t-elle délibérément les conflits et les abus en Afrique, au détriment de la construction d’une paix et réconciliation à long terme dans les pays d’Afrique en proie à des troubles ? Quelle perception la CPI a-t-elle de l’Afrique ? Peut-on changer cela, et dans quelles conditions ?  Les pathologies d’une inégalité mondiale : Dans quelle mesure les actions de la Cour pénale internationale reflètent-elles des inégalités mondiales qui ont historiquement abouti à l’instrumentalisation par les grandes puissances de plusieurs autres institutions

11 internationales comme l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) et la Banque mondiale. ?  Autres conceptions de la justice internationale et transitionnelle : Quelles sont les autres institutions politiques ou judiciaires en Afrique qui traitent des questions de violations graves des droits humains? Dans quelles mesures ces institutions représenteraient-elles des alternatives viables à la Cour pénale internationale?

Raison d’être du programme

L’objectif du programme est de traiter les lacunes de connaissances existantes dans le domaine de la justice internationale et de la paix en Afrique, au travers d’une approche multidisciplinaire qui fournira les connaissances factuelles indispensables qui seraient d’un grand intérêt pour les communautés scientifiques, juridiques et politiques en Afrique et ailleurs. Il cherche aussi à relever le niveau des connaissances qui sous-tendent les débats sur le rôle de la CPI, et à fournir des connaissances factuelles qui éclaireront des options viables pour l’élaboration de politiques sur la justice transitionnelle et les processus de paix et de réconciliation en Afrique. Le projet soutiendra également un ensemble d’activités telles que le renforcement des capacités des chercheurs, activistes et praticiens, des études commanditées, des conférences et la facilitation de forums de haut niveau pour des débats entre décideurs politiques et chercheurs de premier plan, ainsi que la production et la diffusion de produits de connaissance de grande qualité, fondés sur la recherche. Plus spécifiquement, le projet va :

 Faciliter le partage de perspectives et d’expériences sur les relations entre les processus de paix et de réconciliation, et les principaux systèmes de justice transitionnelle locaux, nationaux, régionaux et sous-régionaux sur le continent. Ce partage sera enrichi par des perspectives et expériences comparatives en provenance de l’Asie, de l’Amérique latine, de l’Europe et d’ailleurs.  Permettre la production de connaissances fondées sur la recherche empirique mais également très approfondie des points de vue théorique et conceptuel sur les relations entre la CPI et divers acteurs dans les pays en situation de conflits, tout en reconnaissant les points de vue multiples et souvent conflictuels qui existent dans ces pays et à travers le continent sur la question de la justice transitionnelle, de la CPI et des processus de paix et de réconciliation.  Améliorer la capacité des chercheurs, activistes et décideurs à participer de manière constructive aux discussions et à la formulation des politiques concernant les questions de justice transitionnelle et de paix en Afrique.  Promouvoir les synergies et faciliter la contribution significative d’un large éventail de scientifiques, chercheurs et activistes aux travaux des décideurs sur la justice transitionnelle et les processus de paix et de sécurité en Afrique.

12 Les deux phases du programme

Le CODESRIA et le SSRC/APN, avec les représentants de l’Open Society Foundation et de TrustAfrica, comptent assurer le suivi de la conférence, les études commanditées, la réunion de planification post-conférence et les débats publics de la première phase, et d’une seconde phase qui consistera en un projet de trois ans comprenant la recherche, la publication et la diffusion des travaux, le renforcement des capacités pour les scientifiques, les activistes/praticiens de la société civile et les décideurs, et l’engagement politique. Cette phase du programme renforcera la tâche qui consiste à projeter des perspectives et des voix africaines dans les discours et débats régionaux et mondiaux sur la justice internationale et la paix, entamés dans la seconde phase du programme.

Le CODESRIA et le SSRC/APN ont la conviction que les connaissances fondées sur la recherche concernant les institutions de justice internationale (y compris la CPI) et les processus de paix et de réconciliation en Afrique influeront positivement sur la consolidation de la paix sur le continent. La conférence, les résultats de la recherche et les forums publics susciteront un engagement plus large des principaux chercheurs, leaders d’opinion, praticiens et institutions, et permettront aux décideurs, aux universitaires, aux juristes et praticiens du droit, à la société civile et aux mouvements sociaux sur le continent et ailleurs, de disposer de connaissances sur la justice internationale, la CPI et l’Afrique. La participation accrue du public aux discussions concernant la justice internationale et le rétablissement de la paix doit être comprise comme un stimulant pour la démocratisation de processus importants sur le continent. Étant donné que les pays africains constituent le plus grand nombre de signataires du Statut de Rome, les perceptions de la CPI sur le continent sont importantes pour établir la justice et la paix, dans un contexte marqué par les transitions post conflit et la démocratisation.

13

Program

Thursday July 10, 2014: The ICC, international criminal justice and peace in Africa: overview and case studies

9:00-10:00 Opening ceremony (Chair: H.E. Mr. Sidiki Kaba, Minister of Justice, Senegal) . Brief remarks: Ebrima Sall (CODESRIA); Ron Kassimir (SSRC); Abdul Tejan-Cole (OSIWA); Akwasi Aidoo (TrustAfrica)

10:00-11:00 Keynote speech 1: H.E. Mr. Sidiki Kaba, Minister of Justice, Senegal  Moderator: Ebrima Sall, CODESRIA

11:00-11:15 Break

11:15-12:45 Panel 1: Intricate entanglements: justice, peace and reconciliation in Africa . (Moderator: Pascal Kambale, OSIWA) . Panelists: o Intricate entanglements: pursuing peace, reconciliation and justice in Libya, Guinea and Mali (Siba Grovogui, Cornell University) o Ensuring peace and reconciliation while holding leaders accountable: the politics of ICC cases in Kenya and Sudan (Tim Murithi, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation) o Perceptions of ‘Winners’ justice:’ ICC engagements and peace and reconciliation processes in Uganda, DRC and Cote d’Ivoire (Prof. Jean-Pierre Fofe, University of Kinshasa)

12:45-1:45 Lunch

1:45-3:15 Panel 2: Alternatives . (Moderator: Matiangai Sirleaf, University of Pennsylvania) . Panelists: o Before the ICC: international criminal justice processes and their impact on peace and security in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Rwanda (Charles Chernor Jalloh, Florida International University) o The peace and reconciliation alternative to addressing human rights and ensuring peace and reconciliation: lessons from South

14 Africa (Yasmin Sooka, Foundation for Human Rights, South Africa) o The Habre case and the future of international criminal justice in Africa (Alioune Sall, Chiekh Anta Diop University)

3:15-3:30 Break

3:30-5:00 Panel 3: Discourses and visions . (Moderator: Ato Onoma, CODESRIA) . Panelists: o International criminal justice and peace and reconciliation in Africa: an overview (Andre Mbata Mangu, UNISA) o African views on international criminal justice: The ICC and beyond (Ibrahima Kane, OSIEA) o International Criminal Justice: African Critiques and the Logic of Alternatives (Makau wa Mutua, State University of New York)

Group dinner 19:30-21:00

Friday July 11, 2014: The ICC in broader perspective: the challenge of international and transitional justice 9:00-10:00 Keynote speech 2: Perspectives from the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (Amady Ba, Head of International Cooperation, Office of the Prosecutor, ICC) . Moderator: Abdul Tejan-Cole, OSIWA

10:00-11:15 Panel 4: Peacebuilding in the shadow of the ICC and international criminal justice . Moderator: Cyril Obi, SSRC . Panelists: o Mohamed Suma, International Centre for Transitional Justice, Cote d’Ivoire o Dismas Nkunda, International Refugee Rights Initiative o Ottilia Maunganidze, Institute for Security Studies

11:15-11:30 Break

11:30-12:45 Panel 5: The justice vs. reconciliation dichotomy in the struggle against gross human rights abuses . Moderator: Lyal Sunga, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . Panelists: o Idayat Hassan, CDD West Africa, Abuja o Djacoba Tehindrazanarivelo, Boston University o Yeo Aly, Appeals Court of Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

12:45-1:45 Lunch

15 1:45-2:45 Keynote 3: Honorable Justice Elhadj Guisse, African Court on Human and Peoples Rights  Moderator: Jeanne Elone, TrustAfrica

2:45-4:00 Panel 6: The ICC, international criminal justice and international politics . Moderator: Donald Deya, Pan African Lawyers Union . Panelists: o Kamari Maxine Clarke, University of Pennsylvania o Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu, University of Ghana, Legon

4:00-4:15 Break

4:15-5:30 Panel 7: Exploring effective transitional justice responses: - the interplay between international, regional and national approaches  Moderator: Florence Jaoko, University of Nairobi  Panellists: o Lyal Sunga, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law o Aliro Omara, Human Rights Center, Uganda o William Smith, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Saturday July 12, 2014: Beyond the horizon: the future of international and transitional justice and peacemaking in Africa 9:00-10:00 Keynote 4: Hassan Jallow, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda  Moderator: Mshai Mwangola, African Leadership Centre, Nairobi

10:00-11:15 Panel 8: Alternative criminal justice approaches to gross human rights abuses . Moderator: Ron Kassimir, SSRC . Panelists: o Michael Otim, International Centre for Transitional Justice, Uganda o Ousmane Khouma, UCAD, Dakar o Obiora Okafor, York University o Anne Kubai, University of Uppsala

11:15-11:30 Break

11:30-12:45 Panel 9: International criminal justice: the question of African alternatives . Moderator: Tiyanjana Maluwa, Penn State University . Panelists: o Roland Adjovi, Arcadia University o M. Moustapha Ka, Chambres africaines extraordinaires, Dakar o Amadou Aly Kane, RADDHO 12:45-1:45 Lunch

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1:45-3:00 Panel 10: Structural violence and the protection of rights beyond the litigation horizon: gender, displacement, minorities, etc. . Moderator: Kudakwashe Chitsike, Research and Advocacy Unit, Zimbabwe . Panelists o Jolly Kemigabo, Minority Rights Group, Uganda o Nadia Ahidjo, Femme Africa Solidarité o Betty Okero, CSO Network, Kenya

3:00-3:15 Break

3:15-4:15 Endnote speech: The African Union and the question of international criminal justice and peace and reconciliation in Africa: the ICC and beyond (Chidi Odinkalu, Open Society Foundations)  Chair: Mamadou Diouf, Columbia University

4:15-4:30 Closing ceremony

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Programme

Jeudi, 10 juillet 2014 : La cour pénale internationale, justice pénale internationale et paix en Afrique : Une vue d’ensemble et une étude de cas. 9:00-10:00 Cérémonie d’ouverture (Président de session: SE M. Sidiki Kaba, Ministre de la Justice Garde des Sceaux, République du Sénégal) . Discours de bienvenue: Dzodzi Tsikata et Ebrima Sall (CODESRIA); Ron Kassimir (SSRC); Abdul Tejan -Cole (OSIWA); Akwasi Aidoo (TrustAfrica)

10:00-11:00 1ere conférence : SE M. Sidiki Kaba, Ministre de la Justice, Garde des Sceaux, République du Sénégal  Modérateur: Ebrima Sall, CODESRIA

11:00-11:15 Pause- café

11:15-12:45 Panel 1: Enchevêtrements complexes : Justice, paix et réconciliation en Afrique . (Modérateur: Pascal Kambale, OSIWA) . Panélistes: o Enchevêtrements complexes: En quête de paix, réconciliation et justice en Lybie, Guinée et Mali (Siba Grovogui, Cornell University) o Assurer la paix et la réconciliation tout en maintenant les dirigeants responsables: cas de la politique de la CPI au Kenya et au Soudan (Tim Murithi, Institute for Justice and Réconciliation) o Perceptions de la justice des ‘vainqueurs’ : missions de la CPI et les processus de paix et de réconciliation en Ouganda, en RDC et en Côte d’Ivoire (Prof. Jean-Pierre Fofé, Université de Kinshasa)

12:4531:45 Pause- dejeuner

1:45-3:15 Panel 2: Solutions alternatives . (Modérateur: Matiangai Sirleaf, University of Pennsylvania) . Panélistes: o La CPI: les processus de justice pénale internationale et leurs incidences sur la paix et la sécurité en Sierra Leone, au Libéria et au Rwanda Charles Chernor Jalloh, Florida International University)

18 o La paix et la réconciliation: alternatives pour aborder les questions des droits de l’homme, assurer la paix et la réconciliation : Leçons de l’Afrique du Sud (Yasmin Sooka, Foundation for Human Rights, South Africa) o L’affaire Habré et l’avenir de la justice pénale internationale en Afrique (Alioune Sall, Université Cheikh Anta Diop)

3:15-34:30 Pause- café

3:30-5:00 Panel 3: Discours et visions . (Modérateur: Ato Onoma,CODESRIA) . Panélistes: o Justice pénale internationale, paix et réconciliation en Afrique : Une vue d’ensemble (Andre Mbata Mangu, Univerty of South Africa UNISA) o Perspectives africaines de la justice pénale internationale: La CPI et au-delà beyond (Ibrahima Kane, OSIEA) o Makau wa Mutua, State University of New York (TBC)

Diner 19:30-21:00

Vendredi, 11 juillet 2014: Perspective plus large de la CPI: Le défi de la justice internationale et transitionnelle 9:00-10:00 2nd conférence: Perspectives du bureau du Procureur de la Cour pénale internationale (Amady Ba, Chef de la coopération internationale, Bureau du procureur, CPI)  Modérateur: Abdul Tejan-Cole, OSIWA

10:00-11:15 Panel 4: Consolidation de la paix sous l’égide de la CPI et de la justice pénale internationale . Modérateur: Cyril Obi, SSRC . Panélistes: o Mohamed Suma, International Centre for Transitional Justice, Cote d’Ivoire o Dismas Nkunda, International Refugee Rights Initiative o Ottilia Maunganidze, Institute for Security Studies

11:15-11:30 Pause-café

11:30-12:45 Panel 5: Opposer la justice à la réconciliation dans la lutte contre les violations massives des droits humains Moderateur: Lyal Sunga, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . Panélistes: o Idayat Hassan, CDD West Africa, Abuja o Djacoba Tehindrazanarivelo, Boston University o Yeo Aly, Cour d’appel d’Abidjan

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12:45-1:45 Pause dejeuner

1:45-2:45 3ème conférence : Honorable Justice El Hadj Guisse, Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples  Modérateur: Jeanne Elone , TrustAfrica

2:45-4:00 Panel 6: La CPI, La justice pénale internationale et les politiques internationales . Modérateur: Donald Deya, Pan African Lawyers Union . Panélistes: o Kamari Maxine Clarke, University of Pennsylvania o Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu, University of Ghana, Legon

4:00-4:15 Pause café

4:15-5:30 Panel 7: Explorer les possibilités de la justice transitionnelle : l’interaction entre les approches nationales, régionales et internationales  Modérateur: Florence Jaoko, University of Nairobi  Panélistes: o Lyal Sunga, Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law o Aliro Omara, Human Rights Center, Uganda o William Smith, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Samedi, 12 juillet 2014: Au-delà de l'horizon: l'avenir de la justice internationale et transitionnelle et la construction de la paix en Afrique

9:00-10:00 Keynote 4: Hassan Jallow, Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda  Modérateur: Mshai Mwangola, African Leadership Centre, Nairobi

10:00-11:15 Panel 8: Réponses alternatives de la justice pénale aux violations massives des droits humains. . Modérateur: Ron Kassimir, SSRC . Panélistes: o Michael Otim, International Centre for Transitional Justice, Uganda o Ousmane Khouma, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar o Obiora Okafor, York University o Anne Kubai, University of Uppsala

11:15-11:30 Pause -café

11:30-12:45 Panel 9: Justice pénale internationale: La question des alternatives africaines . Modérateur: Tiyanjana Maluwa, Penn State University

20 . Panélistes: o Roland Adjovi, Arcadia University o M. Moustapha Ka, Chambres africaines extraordinaires, Dakar o Amadou Aly Kane, RADDHO, Dakar

12:45-1:45 Pause- dejeuner

1:45-3:00 Panel 10: Violence structurelle et la protection des droits au-delà de l’horizon du litige : Genre, migration et minorités, etc. . Modérateur: Kudakwashe Chitsike, Research and Advocacy Unit, Zimbabwe . Panélistes o Jolly Kemigabo, Minority Rights Group, Uganda o Nadia Ahidjo, Femme Afrique Solidarité o Betty Okero, CSO Network

3:00-3:15 Pause- café

3:15-4:00 Discours de clôture : l’Union Africaine et la question de la Justice pénale internationale, paix et réconciliation en Afrique: La CPI et au-delà (Chidi Odinkalu, Open Society Foundations)  Chair: Mamadou Diouf, Columbia University

4:00-4:30 Cérémonie de clôture

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List of participants / Liste des participants

Wone Abdarahmane Francine Adade CODESRIA CODESRIA Dakar, Senegal Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Setondji Roland Jean -B Adjovi Nadia AHIDJO Arcadia University Femmes Africa Solidarité USA Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Yeo Aly Kwesi Aning Procureur Général Cour d'Appel d'Abidjan Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Training Centre (KAIPTC) [email protected] Accra, Ghana [email protected]

Afia Asare-Kyei Thomas Asher OSIWA Social Science Research Council Dakar, Senegal New york, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Amady Ba Boubacar BA the International Cooperation Section in PNUD the Office of the Prosecutor Bamako, Mali The Hague, Netherlands [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected]

Julie Broome Tatiana Carayannis New York, USA Social Science Research Council [email protected] New York, Usa [email protected] Carlos Cardoso Kudakwashe Chitsike CODESRIA Research Advocay Unit Dakar, Senegal Harare, Zimbabwe [email protected] [email protected], [email protected]

22 Maxine Kamari Clarke Abdul Tejan Cole University of Pennsylvania OSIWA Philadelphia, USA Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Rossini Dagan Donald Omondi Deya Social Science Research Council Pan African Lawyers' Union (PALU) (SSRC) Arusha,, Tanzania New york, USA [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected]

Saliou Dia Aminata Diaw Interpreter CODESRIA Dakar, Senegal Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Soro Samba Diop Eleonore Diouf Ministère de la Justice CODESRIA Dakar, Senegal Dakar, Senegal [email protected] eleonore.diouf @codesria.sn

Mamadou Diouf Johannes Eile Columbia University Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human New York, USA Rights and Humanitarian Law [email protected] Lund, Sweden [email protected]

Nick Elebe Jeanne Elone Open Society Initiative for Southern Trust Africa Africa (OSISA) Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Jean-Pierre, Djofia Malewa FOFÉ James Gondi Cour pénale internationale (ICC) High Court of Kenya Paris, France Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] [email protected]

23 Justice Elhadj Guisse Lamine Hanne Dakar, Senegal Interpreter [email protected] Dakar, Senegal [email protected]

Hassan Idayat Charles Chernor Jalloh Center for Democratic and University of Pitsburg Development Pittsburg, Usa Abuja, Nigeria [email protected] [email protected]

Hassan Jallow Florence Simbiri Jaoko International Criminal Tribunate for University of Nairobi, Kenya Rwanda (ICTR) Nairobi, Kenya Arusha, Tanzania [email protected] [email protected]

Mickael Johansson Hugo Jombwe Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Bureau Primum Africa Consulting Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund Dakar, Senegal Sweden [email protected] [email protected]

Henriatta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa- Moustapha Ka Bonsu Chambres Africaines Extraordinaires LECIAD, University of Ghana Dakar, Senegal Accra, Ghana [email protected] [email protected]

Sidiki Kaba Sidiki Kaba Ministère de la Justice Ministry of Justice Dakar, Senegal Dakar, Senegal [email protected]

Pascal Kambale Ibrahima Kane OSIWA/AFRIMAP The Open Society Initiative for Dakar, Senegal Eastern Africa (OSIEA) [email protected] Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]

24 Amadou Aly Kane Ron Kassimir Avocat Sociel Science Research Council Dakar, Senegal (SSRC) [email protected] New York, USA [email protected]

George Kegoro Jolly Kemigabo International Commission of Jurists Minority Rights Group Nairobi, Kenya Kampala, Uganda [email protected] [email protected]

Elise Keppler Ousmane Khouma Université Cheikh Anta Diop International Justice Program Dakar, Senegal Human Rights Watch [email protected] New York, USA [email protected]

Anne Nkirote Kubai Stephen Lamony University of Upsalla Coalition for the International Uppsala, Sweden Criminal Court [email protected] New York, USA [email protected]

Malick Lamotte Abdou Khadre Lo Ministère de la Justice Primum Africa Group Dakar, Senegal Dakar, Senegal

Olivier Louise Liesl Louw-Vaudran Open Society Foundation Johannesburg, South Africa New York, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Mumpasi Lututala Mohamed El Moctar Mahamar Regional Center for Research and Analyste Politique Documentation on Women Gender Bamako, Mali and Peace building in the great lakes [email protected] regions Kinshasa, DRC [email protected]

25 Tiyanjana Maluwa Ottilia Maunganidze Pennsylvania State University ISS Pennsylvania, Usa Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected] [email protected]

Betukumesu Mangu Andre Mbata Girma Menelik University of South Africa (UNISA) Institute of Peace, leadership and Pretoria, South Africa Governance, Africa University, [email protected] Mutare Zimbabwe [email protected] [email protected]

Timothy Kimathi Murithi Makau Wa Mutua Institute for Justice and Reconciliation The State University of New York Cape Town, South Africa New York, Usa [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected]

Mshai Mwangola Patricia Mwanyisa African Leadership Centre Open Society Initiative for Southern Nairobi, Kenya Africa (OSISA) [email protected]

Jessica Njui Gamal Nkrumah Africa youth Trust Al-Ahram Weekly [email protected] Cairo, Egypt [email protected]

Dismas Nkunda Siba N'Zatioula Grovogui International Refugee Rights Initiative The Johns Hopkins University Kampala, Uganda Baltimore, USA [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected]

Cyril Obi Edmund Chinonye Obiagwu Social Science Research Council Legal Defence and Assistance Project (SSRC) Lagos, Nigeria New York, Usa [email protected] [email protected]

26 Victor Ochen Chidi Odinkalu African Youth Initiative Network Open Society Justice Initiative Uganda New York, USA [email protected] [email protected]

Milly Odongo Godfrey Odongo Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human wellspring Rights and Humanitarian Law, Lund New York, USA Sweden [email protected] Nairobi, Kenya [email protected]

Obiora Chinedu Okafor Betty Okero York University CSO Network Toronto, Canada Kenya [email protected] [email protected]

Benson Olugbo Aliro Omara CDD West Africa Human Rights Centre Uganda Abuja, Nigeria Kampala, Uganda [email protected].

Ato Onoma Michael Otim CODESRIA International Center for Transitional Dakar, Senegal Justice (ICTJ) [email protected] kampala, Uganda [email protected]

Mohamed Junior Ouattara Taegin Reisman IC Publications Open Society Justice Initiative Paris, France New York, USA [email protected] taegin.stevenson@opensocietyfound ations.org

Stephen Del Rosso Ebrima Sall CARNEGIE CODESRIA New York, USA Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

27 Alioune Sall Gilbert Sebihogo Université Cheikh Anta Diop Network of African National Human Dakar, Senegal Rights Institutions [email protected]; [email protected]

Eric-Aimé Semien Alpha Sesay Action pour la Protection des droits Open Society Foundation de l'homme New York, USA Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire alpha.sesay@opensocietyfoundations [email protected] .org

Matiangai Varfeeta Sirleaf William Smith University of Pennsylvania Law School Extra Ordinary Chambers in the USA Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) [email protected]

Yasmin Sooka Mohamed Lamin Suma Foundation for Human Rights International Center for Transitional South Africa Justice South Africa Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]

Lyal Sunga Djacoba Tehindrazanarivelo Raoul Wallenberg Institute Boston University Sweden UK [email protected] [email protected]

Eleanor Thompson Rosemary Tollo OSIWA Nairobi, Kenya Dakar, Senegal [email protected] [email protected]

Hon. Justice Emmanuel Ugirashebuja Njoki Wamai East Africa Court of Justice Queens College, University of [email protected] Cambridge UK [email protected]

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Bios and abstracts / Bios et résumés

Roland Adjovi, ‘What options for African States outside of the Rome Statute..’

Bio: Roland Adjovi, Resident Scholar Arcadia University Jurist from Benin, I have taught human rights and international criminal law in France and in the US. I have also lectured worldwide especially in Africa on various related topics. I am currently teaching undergraduate students at Arcadia University in the US. I have worked in the past at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and at the International Criminal Court. I was the lead counsel for Rev Mtikila before the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.

Abstract: My presentation will discuss the options for African States outside of the Rome Statute as a response to a growing concern by African States in the framework of the African Union. I will first consider the option of extending the jurisdiction of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights or of the subregional courts such as the ECOWAS Court and the East African Court of Justice to demonstrate the unrealistic approach at least in the near future. I will then assess the domestic option which fits better in the complementarity regime of the ICC and argue for its long-term positive impact while it would not suffer the risks of the subregional and regional plans. In that perspective, I will discuss few domestic practices on the continent. Finally, I will argue that the benefits for African peoples continuously victimized support the need for a multi-dimensional approach which cannot include any conflict with the ICC, even though one needs to be aware of its limits and not put all expectations on its work.

Nadia Ahidjo, ‘Beyond Litigation: the Role of CSOs in combatting SGBV in Conflict – Femmes Africa Solidarité’

Bio: Nadia Ahidjo is a political and socio- economic analyst with a background in research, strategy, and stakeholder relationship management in Francophone Africa (West and Central). She is passionate about Africa, the rights of the vulnerable (especially women and children) and conflict resolution. This passion is reflected not only in her professional work, but also in her role at the Bokamoso Leadership Forum whose primary aim is to give young Africans a voice in spaces where they are often ignored.

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Yeo Aly, Procureur à la Cour d’appel d’Abidjan

Amady Ba, ‘Perspectives from the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court’

Bio : Amady BA, Magistrat, Chef de la coopération internationale Division de la compétence, de la complémentarité et de la coopération du Bureau du Procureur La Cour Pénale Internationale , Maanweg 174, 2516 AB Den Haag, Pays‐Bas De nationalité sénégalaise, M. BA est titulaire d’une Maîtrise en droit de la Faculté de Droit de Dakar et d’un Brevet de l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration et de la Magistrature (ENAM), obtenu en 1983. De 1992 à 1997, par des stages réguliers, il a complété sa formation de juge à l’Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature Française à Bordeaux, au département international à Paris et au sein de juridictions françaises. De même, en tant que formateur puis directeur de l’Ecole de la Magistrature du Sénégal (CFJ), il a effectué plusieurs formations à l’Ecole Nationale de la Magistrature de Bordeaux (1995, 1997, 2001), à l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration Publique du Québec (1992) et au National Judicial College au Nevada, Etats‐Unis (2002).

Kudakwashe Chitsike, Bio: Kudakwashe Chitsike is the Director of the Research and Advocacy Unit (RAU) with 14 years of experience working on human rights, democracy and governance issues in Zimbabwe, having worked with organisations such as Hivos, Idasa and Transparency International (Zimbabwe). She holds an LLM in International Public Law from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Kuda Chitsike has written extensively on transitional justice, democracy and governance with special emphasis on women's issues. She is a research adviser for the Adult Rape Clinic, chairperson of the Tree of Life Trust, a Curriculum Advisory Committee member of the Institute of Security Studies' African Centre for Peace and Security Training and a board member of Zimbabwe Women Lawyers Association

Kamari Maxine Clarke, ‘Legal Encapsulation and the Anti-ICC Pushback: Making Sense of New Geographies of Justice’

Bio: Kamari Clarke is a professor of Anthropology and Law at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research explores issues related to religious nationalism, legal institutions, human rights and international law. She has worked in intentional Yoruba communities in the American South, traditionalist religious and legal domains in Southwestern Nigeria, international criminal tribunals, and international law training sessions in Ireland, London, Geneva, Banjul, The United Nations and beyond. Articles and books have focused on religious and legal movements and the related production of knowledge and power. These have included her 2004 publication of Mapping Yoruba Networks: Power and Agency in the Making of Transnational Communities (Duke University Press, 2004) and Fictions of Justice: The International Criminal Court and the Challenge of Legal Pluralism in Sub-Saharan Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

30 Abstract: Professor Clarke has a number of research projects underway. One is related to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the African Union and explores current theoretical debates on the globalization of human rights, the anthropology of justice, and genealogies of affect. This project explores contestations over justice, documenting the making of the Rome Statute for the ICC and the corresponding rise of the rule of law movement and the implications of ICC activity in Africa. Research underway is taking place at two critical sites: (1) the ICC at The Hague, in which investigations and adjudication are ongoing; (2) the AU Commission in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where political, economic and culturally shaped decision-making toward the development of an African court with the jurisdiction to handle international crimes committed by individuals. The goal of that work is to make sense of the psychic life of decision-making as it relates to the ambiguities of Africa's postcolonial realities.

This presentation will ponder the new field of law, human rights and emotion to examine the nexus of affect and power in the study of international law regimes. The focus of this talk is the various responses to the International Criminal Court’s release of arrest warrants and requests for extradition of various African leaders. I explore the way the symbolism of extradition maps onto various histories and produces particular meanings. By detailing the relationship between the control and movement of black African bodies and their connection to histories of inequality, I examine how the idea of Africa as a social imaginary is constantly remade and influenced by deep histories situated in structures of feelings about disenfranchisement. Here we see how the shadows of colonialism, realities of economic disparity and the complexities of violence, shape the relation between African decision-makers and their social imaginaries. At the core of this presentation is an attempt to rethink international criminal law in relation to affective political action. In addition to exploring the way that law works to encapsulate social meaning, the goal of the presentation is to reflect on how the politics of the extradition is tied to the African Union’s response to promote an African court with criminal jurisdiction.

Mamadou Diouf,

Bio: Mamadou Diouf is Leitner Family Professor of African Studies (Middle Eastern, Southern Asian and African Studies Department) and History (History Department) and Director of the Institute of African Studies cat Columbia University. He previously served at the University of Michigan (2000-2007), CODESRIA) and Université Cheikh Anta Diop University,

Senegal. His more recent publications include the following edited book: Les arts de la citoyenneté au Sénégal. Espaces Contestés et Civilités Urbaines (with F. Fredericks [2013]); Tolerance, Democracy and the Sufis in Senegal (2013); Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic: Rituals and Remembrances, (with I. Nwankwo [2010]) and New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power and Femininity (with Mara Leichtman [2009]). Professor Diouf is a member of the editorial board of several professional journals He is also the chair of the Board of Directors of the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and co-chair of the Scientific Board of the Réseau Français des Instituts d’Études Avancées (RFIEA).

31 Jean Pierre Fofé Djofa-Malewa, ‘Perceptions de la "justice des vainqueurs": engagements de la CPI et processus de paix et de réconciliation en Ouganda, en République Démocratique du Congo et en Côte d'Ivoire’

Bio : Professeur Jean Pierre Fofe Djofa-Malewa est membre des conseils à la Cour pénale internationale, Docteur en Droit de l’Université de Droit, d’Économie et de Sciences d’Aix-Marseille III-Paul Cézanne (France), Diplômé d’Études Approfondies de Droit pénal et Sciences criminelles de la même Université, Diplômé d’Études Approfondies d’Histoire militaire et Études de Défense Nationale de l’Institut d’ÉtudesPolitiques

d’Aix-en-Provence et de l’Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III (France), Vice-Doyen honoraire de la Faculté de Droit de l’Université de Kinshasa chargé de la Recherche

Résumé : L’analyse des évènements survenus dans les trois pays qui nous servent de champs d’observation, à savoir l’Ouganda, la RDC et la Côte d’Ivoire, permet de constater que le cycle infernal des atrocités qui y sont déplorées tire sa source de la lutte pour le pouvoir couplée avec le non-respect des règles. Ces pays sont tous des Républiques. Or, dans une République, les violences commencent lorsqu’un individu ou un groupe d’individus arrivés au pouvoir s’y accrochent farouchement et anéantissent toute possibilité d’alternance civilisée. La confiscation du pouvoir ainsi opérée génère des mouvements de contestation dont certains vont jusqu’à la rébellion. La confrontation acharnée qui s’en suit s’accompagne de l’instrumentalisation des crimes de sang, l’utilisation des tueries massives et des abominations criminelles sexuelles comme outils pour se hisser ou se maintenir au pouvoir et s’emparer des structures étatiques ou les conserver violemment. Les auteurs de ces crimes sont multiples et se comptent dans tous les camps en conflit (I). Hélas ! Lorsqu’arrive le temps d’en demander des comptes, les vainqueurs se servent du pouvoir conquis pour se blanchir, opèrent des tris des poursuites, suscitant ainsi les perceptions de justice des vainqueurs (II). Sont également mises en œuvre des commissions dites « vérité et réconciliation » qui ne devraient pas empêcher l’intervention de la justice, l’objectif de paix et de réconciliation et celui du déploiement d’une vraie justice n’étant pas antinomiques. L’engagement neutre de la CPI doit contribuer à dissiper ce ressentiment de justice des vainqueurs et à administrer cette vraie justice attendue par tous (III).

Abdul Tejan Cole, Director, Open Society Initiative for West Africa, Dakar

Donald Deya

Bio: Donald Deya is the CEO of the Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU). He is an advocate of the High Court of Kenya, and was previously the CEO of the East Africa

Law Society, and, before that, Deputy CEO of the Law Society of Kenya. Among other things, he chairs the Executive Committees of the International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP), and of the Centre for Citizens' Participation in the

32 African Union (CCP AU), respectively. He is a former Chair of the African Court Coalition (ACC), and is also a Councillor (and former Secretary) of the African Forum of the International Bar Association. He has initiated or participated in most of the litigation at the East African Court of Justice, and lately also litigates actively at the African Court on Human & Peoples' Rights.

Jeanne Elone, Program Director, International Criminal Justice Fund, TrustAfrica

Ms. Elone rejoins TrustAfrica as Program Officer for the International Criminal Justice fund, which aims to combat impunity and build African capacity to address atrocity crimes. Previously, Ms. Elone coordinated research on North African civil society, examining the role of civil society in the political transformations that shook region in 2011 as well as analyzing the legal and regulatory environment in which these groups operate. She also worked with the ICBE Research Fund and managed grant-making in TrustAfrica's three core programs. Ms. Elone has lived in Cameroon, Burkina Faso, France, and the United States, working on a range of issues from fair trade and agricultural subsidies to human rights to development finance. She studied at Columbia University in New York and at the National Institute for Political Science in Paris and is currently pursuing a doctorate at the School for Advanced International Studies (Johns Hopkins University) in Washington, D.C. She is bilingual in French and English.

El Hadj Guisse, Juge, Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples Judge El Hadji GUISSÉ is from Senegal. He is serving a four-year elected term as a judge of the Africa Court on Human and Peoples Rights. He has practiced Law in Senegal since 1970. He served as a former Chairman of the UN Sub-Commission on Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and was also President of the Court of Appeal of Dakar, Senegal. At the time of his election, he was the Special Rapporteur on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and the promotion of the right to drinking water supply and sanitation for the United Nations Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

Idayat Hassan and Benson Olugbuo, ‘The Justice vs Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Abuses: The Nigerian Experience’

Bio: Idayat Hassan is the Director of the Centre for Democracy and Development west Africa, Benson Olugbuo is a Research Associate and PhD student, Public Law Department, University of Cape Town,

Abstract: When war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are committed, governments are bound to make choices whether to prosecute or not. These choices relate to issues of justice and reconciliation. While some scholars argue that the two cannot work together, others are of the view that they are not lly exclusive. The advent of the International Criminal Court has rekindled the debate between peace, justice and reconciliation. Although

 Director, Centre for Democracy and Development. Abuja, Nigeria. Email: [email protected]

33 the Rome Statute of the ICC does not mention amnesty, it is generally believed that article 53 of the Rome Statute acknowledges the tension between peace and justice. However, interpretations vary between scholars and the International Criminal Court officials on the application of article 53 as a conflict resolution mechanism. This study uses the conflicts in Nigeria as case studies to discuss the dichotomies between peace, justice and reconciliation. It reviews the activities of the Niger Delta Militants and Boko Haram. It argues that every conflict is unique and demands actions that underscore the maintenance of peace and security at the national level and respect for rules of international law regarding individual criminal responsibility for international crimes

Hassan Jallow,

Bio: Hassan Jallow Prosecutor of the ICTR Born in the Gambia in 1950 Hassan B. Jallow, studied law at the University of Dar es Salaam Tanzania (1973), the Nigerian Law School (1976) and the University College, London (1978). He worked as State Attorney in the Attorney Generals’ Chambers in the Gambia from 1976 until 1982 when he was appointed Solicitor General. Justice Hassan Bubacar Jallow served as Gambia’s Attorney-General and Minister of Justice from 1984 to 1994 and subsequently as a Judge of the Gambia’s Supreme Court from 1998 - 2002. In 1998, he was appointed by the United Nations Secretary General to serve as an international legal expert and carry out a judicial evaluation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia. He also has served as a legal expert for the Organisation of African Unity and worked on the drafting and conclusion of the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights which was adopted in 1981. He has also served the Commonwealth in various respects including chairing the Governmental Working Group of Experts in Human Rights. Until his appointment as Prosecutor to the ICTR, Justice Jallow was a Judge of the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone on the appointment of the UN Secretary-General in 2002 as well as a member of the Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal. Justice Jallow was awarded the honour of Commander of the National Order of the Republic of Gambia.

Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa-Bonsu, ‘The ICC, International Criminal Justice and International Politics’

Bio: Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa-Bonsu is the Director of the Legon Centre for International Affairs and Diplomacy and a Full Professor of Criminal Law at the Faculty of Law in the University of Ghana, Legon. With a distinguished career spanning over three decades and counting, Professor Mensa-Bonsu has

served in a number of high-level international capacities. A highpoint in these positions was her appointment as the Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General for Rule of Law in Liberia from 2007 – 2011. Prior to that, she had been the ECOWAS nominee on the International Technical Advisory Committee for the Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2006; Ghana’s Representative on the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Commission of Eminent Jurists on the Lockerbie Case from 2001 to 2002, a member of the African Union Commission’s Committee of Eminent Jurists on the Hissene Habre case in April

34 2006 and the vice-chairperson of the ECOWAS Working Group on the Harmonisation of Business laws on non- OHADA States from 2005 – 2007.

Professor Mrs Mensa-Bonsu’s achievements on the international plane are mirrored on the national stage where she has held notable positions. Key among these are a membership of the National Reconciliation Commission from 2002 to 2004, and a member of Ghana’s Negotiating Team for the Concessioning of Ghana’s Railways System from 2005-2007. She has also served on the governing bodies of State institutions such as the Ghana Police Council, the General Legal Council, the Ghana Medical and Dental Council, the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation and New Times Corporation and the Legal Committee of the Ghana National Commission on Children. As an Academic, Professor Mensa-Bonsu has published extensively on criminal law and ancillary subjects in reputable journals both locally and internationally. An ardent human rights advocate who seeks to promote justice for all, she has also worked extensively on the development of Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in Ghana. The quality of her scholarship is also reflected in the number of prestigious institutions she has been attached as a Visiting Scholar. These include the Queens University of Belfast, Northwestern University School of Law, and Leiden University in the Netherlands. She was recently named 2014 Diplomat-in-Residence at the School of Public and International Affairs at North Carolina State University. Professor Mrs Mensa-Bonsu’s contribution to both national and international affairs has earned her a number of awards for meritorious service. These include an Award for Meritorious Service from the Ghana Armed Forces received in 2012, a meritorious Service Award from the Akuafo Hall of the University of Ghana and a Distinguished Award for meritorious service from the University of Ghana in 1999 and the International Association of Lions Clubs President’s Excellence Award in 1998. Born on October 29th, Professor Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu was educated at the Wesley Girls High School in Cape Coast, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana School of Law and Yale University, USA. She was called to the Bar in 1982. Professor Mrs Mensa-Bonsu is married with three daughters and five grandchildren.

Sidiki Kaba, Ministre de la Justice, Garde des sceaux, République du Sénégal

Bio : Sidiki Kaba is a Senegalese lawyer; he is the first African to be elected, on 2001, as Chairman of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH). Prior to this, he worked as FIDH’s permanent representative to the African Commission to Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR) in Banjul on 1992,then vice-president elected, on 1997. He graduated from Abidjan and Dakar universities with three law degrees, Philosophy, and French Language and Literature as well as a Master in business law. He did his primary education in Tambacounda, where he is born on August 21st, 1950. He did his high school education at the Dakar-based Van Vollenoven High School, and he got his High School Certificate on 1972. He was accepted, on 1980, to be member of the Dakar Bar, following a teaching experience that was made together with higher studies, as French teacher at the Abidjan-based Aké Loba College for the period 1975-1978. Then, he was elected member of Executive body for the period 1985-2000. He combined his professional activities with his struggle for human rights in Senegal and in the world at large. As an active Campaigner, he joined, on 1981, the Senegalese section of Amnesty International, before joining the National Organization of Defense of Human Rights (NODHR) which he headed for the period 1995-2000, after having worked as vice-president of the latter, for the period 1987-1995. He is founder member and leader of several African NGO’s, especially the lawyers’ union on 1982, the Inter African union of human rights (IAUHR) on 1992, the African

35 Center for Human Rights and Democracy-related Studies (ACHRDS) on 1995, the African Center for Conflicts Prevention (ACCP) on 1995…etc. He made himself known as defender of press freedom, women’s rights, political rights, as well as anti-impunity and anti-death penalty campaigner. He provided legal and judicial assistance to journalists, political opposition leaders, trade unionists and human rights defenders, before national human rights protection tribunals and courts, as well as before regional and international ones. He has been the lawyer of several African personalities: the former Ivorian Prime Minister and the current president, Alassane Drame Ouattara, and the Senegalese former Prime Minister, Idrissa Seck (2005), Chadian victims of torture filing trials against the former dictator, Hisséne Habré (2000), defenders and political opposition leaders from Burkina Faso in connection with the Norbert Zongo’s case (a journalist assassinated on 1998), the former leader of the Guinean opposition and current president of Guinea, Mr. Alpha Condé (1998), former political opposition leader and former president of Ivory Coast for the period 2000-2010,Mr. Laurent Koundou Gbagbo (1992)… Intense activities that allowed him to win honorary decorations:  Chevalier of the National Order of Mali (2011)  Medal of the 25 April 1974 Association, Portugal (2007)  Honorary citizen of the city of Quito (Equator, on 2004)  Laureate of Sédar Action Civile 2004 of Nouvel Horizon Magazine (Senegal)  Officer of Legion of Honor (France, on 2002)  Chevalier of the National Order of Lion (Senegal, on 2001)  Laureate of the Prize for the Promotion of Culture of Democracy in Africa, awarded by the Pan African Observatory of Democracy (POD,ON 2003 in Togo Books written:  « La justice universelle en question, Justice des blancs contre les autres? » (Harmattan Publishing House)  « Défendre la Déclaration Universelle des droits de l’Homme » (1998)  « Les droits de l’Homme au Sénégal » (1997)  « Les droits de l’Homme en Afrique à l’aube du XXIe siècle »(1966)

Participation to two collective books: « Mitterand et l’Afrique » (1999) « L’Observatoire Nationale des Elections (ONEL)», on 1997

Pascal Kambale, Executive Director, Afrimap, Dakar

Pascal K. Kambale is educated in International Law, Humanitarian Law, and Constitutional Law from the Harvard Law School in the USA and the University of Kinshasa. A former member of the Congolese Law Reform Commission, he was called to the Kinshasa Bar in 1989 and has gained an extensive experience of human rights litigation. He has practiced international criminal law in the DRC as well as in Senegal and Chad. Pascal has for the past six years worked on the OSF’s Africa Governance, Monitoring and Advocacy Project (AfriMAP) which aims to monitor and promote compliance by African states with the requirements of good governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

36 Charles Chernor Jalloh, ‘Before the ICC: international criminal justice processes and their impact on peace and security in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Rwanda’

Bio: Charles Chernor Jalloh is a tenured Associate Professor at Florida International University College of Law, USA. He was formerly Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Law, where he was selected as the Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney Faculty Scholar for 2013-2014.

Professor Jalloh has written widely on issues of international criminal justice. Part of his special interest has been on questions of jurisdiction and selectivity, including the tense relationship between Africa and the International Criminal Court, on which he is a globally renowned expert. A prolific scholar, he has published many articles with prestigious journals in the United States and abroad. His articles have appeared in, among others, the American Journal of International Law, American University International Law Review, Criminal Law Forum, International Criminal Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law and Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. He is author and editor of several books with leading academic presses, with his most recent work being the The Sierra Leone Special Court and Its Legacy: The Impact for Africa and International Criminal Law (Cambridge University Press, 2014).

Before joining academia, he practiced law for several years as Counsel in the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Section, Canadian Department of Justice; an Associate Legal Officer in Trial Chamber I at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; the Legal Advisor to the Defense Office in the Special Court for Sierra Leone; and as a Visiting Professional in the International Criminal Court. A frequently invited speaker, he has given over 50 lectures in 13 countries on three continents including at the United Nations General Assembly and at the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court. He is member of the Advisory Panel to the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Advisory Board of the War Crimes Committee, International Bar Association. Between 2012 and 2014, he was an elected Co-Chair of the American Society of International Law’s International Criminal Law Interest Group.

Professor Jalloh is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of the refereed African Journal of Legal Studies (Martinus Nijhoff Brill) as well as the new African Journal of International Criminal Justice (Eleven International Publishers). His education includes a B.A. from the University of Guelph, LL.B. and B.C.L. degrees from McGill University and an M.St. in International Human Rights Law, with distinction, from Oxford University, where he was also a Chevening Scholar.

Abstract: This paper seeks to evaluate the role and contributions of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Special Court for Sierra Leone to the task of dispensing individual criminal accountability to those most responsible for the commission of international crimes during the Rwandan and Sierra Leonean conflicts. The paper contrasts these two situations to that of Liberia, where a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up in lieu of criminal accountability. It is argued that part of the problem of international criminal law has been the unrealistic expectation that ad hoc criminal courts can do more than mete out justice to

37 individual perpetrators of horrific crimes in fair trials that complies with their statutes and international human rights law. For this reason, while it seems intuitive that the creation of criminal accountability mechanisms could have positively impacted the prospects for sustainable peace and security in Rwanda and Sierra Leone, and their lack hampered the possibilities for Liberia, such assessments are better undertaken in an empirical rather than normative study. Such a study would require a broader and deeper evaluation of the specific political, social, legal and other conditions that made peace, security as well as individual criminal accountability possible – or absent – in the post-conflict African States under study.

Florence Jaoko,

Bio: Florence Jaoko, is an advocate with an LLM (University of Bristol) LLB (University of Nairobi). She has over 15 years experience as a judicial officer in the Kenyan Judiciary and also worked as a Deputy Registrar of the High Court and was in charge of training for both judicial and non judicial staff. Florence has for over 20 years been teaching and examining experience at the Kenya School of Law (Criminal Procedure) University of Nairobi (Labour, Human Rights, Criminology and Penology, Access to Justice) as well as supervision of both undergraduate and post graduate students.She was Commissioner/Chairperson of the Kenyan National Commission on Human Rights. She also served as the Secretary/Vice President of the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions. During my tenure we dealt with various investigations of human rights She is currently teaching at the University of Nairobi; and is a member of the International Commission of Jurists (Kenya, Chapter) and FIDA (Kenya) (International Federation of Women Lawyers).

Moustapha Ka, ‘La justice pénale internationale : la question des alternatives africaines’ Bio : Moustapha Ka, Magistrat, Procureur Général Adjoint près les Chambres africaines extraordinaires, Dakar

Ibrahima Kane,’ African views on international criminal justice: The ICC and Beyond Bio: Ibrahima Kane is a national of Senegal. He is the Director – AU Advocacy at the The Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa (OSIEA)

Amadou Aly Kane, ‘L’Afrique et la Cour pénale internationale’ Bio : Amadou Aly Kane, de nationalité sénégalaise est Avocat au Barreau du Sénégal, Conseiller Juridique de la RADDHO et Membre de la liste des Conseils à la Cour Pénale Internationale

38 Anne Kubai, ‘Restorative Justice as an alternative criminal justice approach to gross human rights violations’

Bio: Anne Kubai is associate professor of world Christianity and Interreligious relations. Currently she is a researcher at the Faculty of Theology and the Hugo Valentin Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research interests include religion in peace and conflict, migration, gender violence, reconciliation and social reconstruction of post-conflict societies in Africa. Besides teaching and research in the academy, Anne is also involved in the work of several international networks and organizations working with the humanitarian and development sectors.

Abstract: This paper is based on extensive research that I have conducted on justice, peace and reconciliation processes in Rwanda. I will also rely on work of several scholars, especially Ezzat Fattah, whose views on crime and punishment are well known. Using examples from Rwanda we make two basic arguments: punishing perpetrators of gross human rights cannot be fair, proportionate to the crime committed. It cannot change attitudes of both victims and perpetrators of gross human rights abuses and enable them to live in harmony with each other. Therefore, we need to challenge the belief in the utility of punishment (notions of proportionality and deterrence to crime committed) to bring justice. We should interrogate the prevailing criminal justice model and ask the question: is punishment the most appropriate response to gross human rights violations? It is our contention that, restorative justice is a viable alternative to the prevailing criminal justice model. It sees crime as involving the violation of people and relationships among them rather than offender vs. state. Therefore, it seeks to involve all parties in the process of doing justice: victim, offender, affected community and families. As the case of Rwanda has demonstrated, public resistance to paradigm shift in criminal justice will decrease and new criminal justice approaches will find more acceptance if their benefits and advantages over the prevailing criminal justice model are demonstrated to the public. It is possible to develop a normative framework for restorative justice as an approach to gross human rights violations under national and international law.

Ron Kassimir

Bio: Ron Kassimir returned to the Council half-time in February 2012, and as of September 2013 he is a full-time senior advisor. Kassimir works in the President’s Office supporting the development of new initiatives as well as cross-program work at the Council. He also provides leadership and support for two new Africa programs funded by Carnegie Corporation—Next Generation Social Sciences in Africa and the African Peacebuilding Network—and other Africa-related programming. From 1996 to 2005, Kassimir was first a program officer and then a program director at the Council, where he managed the Africa Program and, from 2000 to 2005, the International Dissertation Field Research Fellowship Program. He also coordinated research networks on global youth issues and humanitarian intervention. In 2005, Kassimir became associate dean at the New School for Social Research and associate professor in the Department of Politics, and in 2007 he moved to the New School’s Office of the Provost, where he served as associate provost for research and special projects. Kassimir earned a PhD

39 in political science from the University of Chicago in 1996. He has published on religion, civil society, higher education, and globalization in Africa as well as on youth activism and civic engagement. He is coeditor of Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Youth Activism: An International Encyclopedia (Greenwood Publishing, 2005), and Youth, Globalization, and the Law (Stanford University Press, 2007). He most recently published, with Connie Flanagan, “Youth Civic Engagement in the Developing World: Challenges and Opportunities” in theHandbook of Research on Civic Engagement in Youth (Wiley, 2010).

Jolly Kemigabo ‘Protecting Minority and Indigenous Rights beyond Litigation horizon: The Challenge of Structural violence in Africa’

Bio: Jolly Kemigabo is the Africa Regional Manager at Minority Rights Group International (MRG) – Africa Office. She has previously worked in Northern Uganda and Eastern DRC on conflict prevention and resilience programmes with internally displaced communities. MRG works to secure rights for ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous people around the world.

Abstract: Although restorative justice in African states has gained a significant profile in responding to structural violence, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples (MIP) find themselves at the fringe of its practices. The mainstream practice in criminal justice systems represented here by ICC has also had its shortcomings in addressing issues of MIP. While proponents of MIP rights advocate for appropriate and restorative justice systems, it’s important not to idealize them as they also come with a fair share of challenges. The main purpose of this article is to provide an insight into understanding the role Minority and indigenous peoples’ rights play in articulating claims for transitional justice. The article also recognizes the fact that the use of both transitional non-judicial methods and criminal prosecutions can help to build peace based on the accommodation of diversity if appropriately employed. The material in this paper is intended to be selective and suggestive, but does not pretend to be complete or authoritative. Keywords: international criminal court, structural violence, ethnic minorities, Indigenous peoples, transitional justice, restorative justice, minority and indigenous peoples’ rights.

Ousmane Khouma, ‘La conception de la justice pénale “classique” contre la violation des droits humains’ Bio : Ousmane Khouma, de nationalité sénégalaise est Directeur des études de l’Institut des droits de l’homme et de la Paix (IDHP), Maitre- Assistant à la faculté des sciences juridiques et politiquesà l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, et Docteur en Droit public de l’Université de Toulouse 1 (France)et également diplomé de l’institut d’Etudes Politiques de Toulouse

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Résumé : La justice pénale donne l’impression de reposer tout entier sur « l’Apologie de la punition ».Et puisque « punir » n’est pas une mince affaire : qu’un pénologue s’en charge nous décharge d’y penser. L’ idée de « lutte contre l’impunité » mériterait pourtant une pensée plus approfondie. Autrement, en dépit de son évidence, a priori apparente, elle risquerait de devenir, comme tant d’autres formules contemporaines, « un prêt-à-penser idéologique ». Si le « malaise dans la civilisation » (Freud) persiste, que dire alors de celui qu’éprouve aujourd’hui tout juriste africain face à cet « enjeu de civilisation » : la lutte contre l’impunité pour réconcilier par la paix. Au-delà, « l’enjeu de civilisation » demeure la conciliation des branches de la même alternative : lutter contre l’impunité dans le but de réconcilier, de restaurer l’harmonie sociale par une paix retrouvée.

Tiyanjana Maluwa, Penn State University

Andre Mbata Mangu, ‘The International Court of Justice and the Democratic Republic of Congo’

Bio: Andre Mbata Mangu is a national of the Democratic Republic of Congo. He holds a doctoral (LLD) and a Master (LLM)’s degrees in constitutional, public and international law from the University of South Africa (UNISA) as well as a Honours Bachelor degree in law (LLB) from the University of Kinshasa (UNIKIN). Prof Mangu has taught at several universities. He is currently a Research Professor in the College of Law at UNISA, Ordinary Professor at the Faculty of Law of UNIKIN, and Professeur invite (Guest Professor) at the Faculty Jean Monnet at the University of Paris Sud. Prof Mangu has been the co-ordinator of several research projects. He has published many books, chapters in books, and journal articles. He has delivered papers at numerous international conferences. He seats on the editorial boards of several international journals. Member of CODESRIA and the African Network of Constitutional Law, he recently received the Chancellor Award for Excellence in Research and the Barney Pityana Award for Research in African Law and Human Rights Law at UNISA. His research focuses on constitutionalism, democracy, elections, human rights and the rule of law with specific reference to the African continent.

Abstract: The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established by the Rome Statute, which has been signed and ratified by many African countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Arguably, this is a court for Africa, especially for the DRC. African states were instrumental in its creation and are the only ones where the ICC has opened its investigations.

All the persons who have been indicted or arrested are African nationals, as though the crimes for which the ICC was established were committed in Africa and by Africans only. Following the indictment of the Sudanese President Bashir, the African Union (AU) resolved to stop cooperating with the ICC and reaffirmed this decision when it welcomed President Uhuru Kenyatta who had also been indicted prior to his election. Ironically, there seems to be more concern with these changing perceptions of the ICC in Africa than with the attitude of some of the world most powerful countries such as China, Russia, and the US that have consistently refused to become parties while using their position in the Security Council to refer nationals of other states to the ICC. The US even succeeded in convincing some African governments to grant American citizens total immunity before the ICC.

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No country has been so much in “love” with the ICC as the DRC despite this country not having any single national on its bench. Most of the persons indicted and arrested have been so far Congolese nationals. The DRC has also proved the best playing field for the ICC since all the four crimes under its jurisdiction, namely genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and aggression, were committed or are still being committed in this country which has been for long plagued with armed conflicts. The government adopted an ambiguous attitude towards the ICC, cooperating when opponents were prosecuted and refusing to do so in the case of its members or allies. On the other hand, many Congolese citizens who were enthusiastic about ICC ended up being disappointed by its achievements and called for the establishment of a special tribunal for the DRC. Unfortunately, despite the seriousness of the crimes committed on its territory, the DRC is neither former Yugoslavia nor Rwanda.

Against this background, the paper will reflect on the relationship between the ICC and Africa. It will revisit the objectives of the ICC and its contribution to solving problems of impunity in Africa. Focussing on the DRC, the paper will critically assess the work the ICC has done thus in and for this country where some of the world worst violations of international criminal and human rights law crimes have been and are still being committed, its relationship with the DRC government and the perceptions of the Congolese people since the ICC was established in 2002.

Tim Murithi, ‘Ensuring Peace and Reconciliation while holding Leaders Accountable: The Politics of ICC Cases in Kenya and Sudan’

Tim Murithi is Head of the Justice and Reconciliation in Africa Programme at the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, in Cape Town, and a Research Fellow with the African Gender Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa. From 2009 to 2010 he was Head of the Peace and Security Council Report Programme, Institute for Security Studies, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Between 2008 and 2009 he was a Senior Research Fellow, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, in the United Kingdom; from 2005 to 2007 he was a Senior Researcher, Centre for Conflict Resolution, University of Cape Town, South Africa; and from 1999 to 2005 he was a Programme Officer, Programme in Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy, United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), in Geneva, Switzerland. From 1995 to 1998 he taught at the Department for International Relations, Keele University, England, where he also obtained his PhD in International Relations.

He has served as an Adviser to the African Union (AU); UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Sierra Leone; Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), in Helsinki; UN-Affiliated University for Peace (UPEACE) in Addis Ababa; Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD) in Geneva, UK Department for International Development (DFID), in London; and World Vision in Nairobi on peace and security issues. He is a Visiting Professor of International Relations, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University. He is on the International Advisory Boards of the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development; the African Peace and Conflict Journal; the African Journal of Conflict Resolution and the journal Peacebuilding. He is the author of over 75 publications,

42 including 2 authored books and 5 edited books. He has authored: The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and Development (Ashgate, 2005); and The Ethics of Peacebuilding (Edinburgh University Press, 2009). He is Editor of the Routledge Handbook of Africa’s International Relations (Routledge, 2014). He is co-editor of three books: The African Union Peace and Security Council: A Five Year Appraisal (ISS, 2012); Zimbabwe in Transition: A View from Within (Jacana, 2011); and The African Union and its Institutions (Jacana, 2008). He is editor of Towards a Union Government of Africa: Challenges and Opportunities (ISS, 2008).

Abstract: The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established as a permanent independent institution to prosecute individuals who have orchestrated and implemented the most serious crimes of international concern including genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. This study will assess the challenge of ensuring peace and reconciliation while holding leaders accountable, with specific reference to the politics of the ICC cases in Sudan (Darfur) and Kenya. In particular, the study will argue that for the cases that the ICC is currently engaged in, such as Sudan and Kenya, the issue of prosecuting alleged perpetrators is problematic. It is evident in practice that the individuals who have been subject to the jurisdiction of the Court are also key interlocutors in ongoing peace processes with all the complexities that this entails. Therefore, the study will argue that since the ICC has become implicated in peace, reconciliation and political processes, it also has the potential to disrupt such initiatives if its interventions are not appropriately sequenced. While African countries were initially supportive of the International Criminal Court the relationship degenerated in 2008 when President Omar Al Bashir of Sudan was indicted by the Court. Following this move the African Union, which is representative of virtually all countries on the continent, adopted a hostile posture towards the International Criminal Court. The African Union called for its member states to implement a policy of non-cooperation with the Court, which remains the stated position of the continental body. This study will argue that both President Omar Al Bashir, of Sudan, and subsequently President Uhuru Kenyatta, of Kenya, managed to politicize the ICC interventions in their country. Furthermore, Al Bashir and Kenyatta were able to Pan- Africanize their criticisms and contestations against the ICC, through the African Union (AU) which was pre-disposed to challenging the Court’s interventions on the continent.

Mshai Mwangola, African Leadership centre

S. Mshaï Mwangola is currently the Research and Communication Officer with the African Peacebuilding Hub (APN-Hub), a joint programme of the African Leadership Centre, Nairobi, and the African Peacebuilding Network of the Social Science Research Council, New York. In this position, she coordinates APN-Hub programmes, including the working group on Leadership and Peacebuilding and the establishment of database, networking and dissemination platforms for African peacebuilding research and researchers.

Mshaï holds a PhD in Performance Studies from Northwestern University (USA). at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. Her thesis on Kenya’s “Uhuru Generation”, titled ‘Performing Our Stories, Performing OurSelves’, approaches the idea of a generational historical mission through the re-creation, invocation and facilitation of performance as a site of individual and communal reflection. Prior to this, she obtained an

43 MCA (Masters of Creative Arts) from the School of Studies in the Creative Arts, University of Melbourne (Australia) and a Bachelor of Education (Hons) from Kenyatta University (Kenya).

Mshaï also pedagogy, research and creative work is grounded in understanding performance as both the process and product of meaning-making. In 2012 she presented a keynote performance-presentation at the Drama for Life Conference (University of Witswatersrand / University of Pretoria) on Drama in Conflict and Post-Conflict Contexts entitled “Mighty be our Powers: Oraturists as Facilitators of Peace in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations”. She also presented a keynote address ‘The Revolution will not be Televised” at the Webster University Media Trends 2012 conference on New Media Trends and Human Rights. Currently, she is beginning a project reflecting on Peacebuilding and Leadership from the perspective of African women

Dismas Nkunda, International Refugee Rights Initiative Dismas Nkunda is Director of the International Refugee Rights Initiative. Dismas serves as the chair of the board of Conscience International, Co- Chair of Sudan Consortium, Co-Chair of Citizenship Rights In Africa Initiative (CRAI), serves on the Governing Council of East Africa Civil Society Forum (EACSOF), on the board of Effective African Court on Human and Peoples Rights, on the board of Reproductive Health Network of Africa (RHANA), board member of Africa CSO Platform on Principled Partnership (ACP) and on International Coalition on Responsibility to Protect (IC R2P) as well as on the Peace and Security cluster of the Center for the Citizen Participation with the Africa Union (CCP-AU).

Dismas was previously Africa Coordinator of the International Refugee Program at Human Rights First (formerly the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights) where he was responsible for designing, coordinating and implementing advocacy strategies to enhance refugee protection in Africa. Before joining Human Rights First, Dismas worked as Programme Officer for Africa Humanitarian Action, an African NGO that provides relief to displaced populations across the continent. An award-winning journalist, Dismas worked as reporter for many years for newspapers in Uganda, where he covered politics and conflicts in the Great Lakes region, including the 1994 Rwanda genocide. Dismas graduated with an M.A. in Humanitarian Assistance from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University (2001). He also holds a B.A. in Mass Communication from Makerere University, Uganda (1992) and a Certificate in the Study of Refugees and Forced Migration from the University of Dar Es Salaam, Faculty of Law, Tanzania (2000).

Cyril Obi,

Bio: Cyril Obi is currently a Program Director at the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and leads the African Peacebuilding Network (APN) program, bringing his extensive research, networking and publishing experience on African peace, security and development to the Council. From January 2005-2011 he was a Senior Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) in Uppsala, Sweden. He has been on leave since 2005 from the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA) where he is an Associate Research Professor. In 2004 he was awarded the Claude Ake Visiting Chair at the Department of Peace and conflict Research at the University of Uppsala. Dr. Obi is also a Research Associate of the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa and a Visiting Scholar to the Institute of African Studies, Columbia University, New York. Obi serves on the editorial boards of some reputable journals: African Affairs, International Political Science Review, African Security Review,

44 African Journal of International Affairs, Governance in Africa, Strategic Review for Southern Africaand the Review of Leadership in Africa. He is also an international contributing editor to the Review of African Political Economy. His publications include (edited with Fantu Cheru), The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, London, 2010; (edited with Siri Aas Rustad), Oil and Insurgency in the Niger Delta: Managing the Complex Politics of Petro-Violence, London: Zed Books, 2011. He has also recently contributed chapters to the following books: “Oil as the ‘Curse’ of Conflict in Africa: Peering through the Smoke and Mirrors”, in Rita Abrahamsen (ed.), Conflict and Security in Africa, Suffolk and New York: James Currey, 2013; “Africa’s International Relations beyond the State: Insights from Nigeria’s Niger Delta”, in Tim Murithi (ed.), Handbook of Africa’s International Relations, Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2013, and “ECOWAS-AU Security Relations”, in James Hentz (ed.), Handbook of African Security, Oxford and New York: Routledge, 2013.

Ottilia Anna Maunganidze

Bio: Ottilia Anna Maunganidze is a researcher in the office of the Managing Director. She explores new areas of work for the ISS with a focus on emerging threats, and helps to inform institutional strategy. Ottilia also undertakes research and provides technical assistance support to the Transnational Threats and International Crime (TTIC) division at the ISS where she worked from 2009 until early 2014. Her areas of interest are international criminal justice, international human rights law, and criminal justice responses to complex crimes and transnational threats. Before joining the ISS, Ottilia was a junior legal advisor and human rights education officer.

She has a Master of Laws (LLM) in Fundamental Rights Litigation and International Human Rights Law from the University of South Africa (UNISA). Ottilia also holds a post-graduate Diploma in International Studies (Peace and Conflict in Africa) with specialisations in the sociology of gender, development, African international relations and peacekeeping, and a Bachelor of Laws (LLB), both from Rhodes University, South Africa.

“Peacebuilding” and “international criminal justice,” while often treated as separate are inextricably linked. An understanding of their interconnectedness can help inform ways of engaging going forward. In this regard, it is essential to examine how justice can contribute and/or already contributes to peace. While it is appreciated that justice is not limited solely to international criminal justice, this paper will be limited to the role of international criminal justice. Specifically, the role international criminal tribunals (in their various forms) play in contributing to building sustainable peace in post-conflict societies that experienced mass atrocities. In so doing, the paper will posit that peacebuilding is not in the shadow of international criminal justice, but rather that, in contexts where it is necessary, the two serve to ensure long term peace.

45 Makua Wa Mutua,’ International Criminal Justice: African Critiques and the Logic of Alternatives’

Bio: Makau Mutua is dean, SUNY Distinguished Professor and the Floyd H. and Hilda L. Hurst Faculty Scholar at SUNY Buffalo Law School.

Siba N. Grovogui, ‘The Tragedy of the ICC: Imperial Ambition, Miscast Gaze, and the Illusion ‘

Bio: Siba N. Grovogui is originally from Guinea, where he served as a law clerk then assistant judge on to the court of appeals of Boké and, later, as legal counsel for the National Commission on Trade, Agreements, and Protocols. Grovogui received a Ph.D. in political science and international law, from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1988. Between 1995 and 2013, he taught international relations theory and international law at Johns Hopkins University, after holding the DuBois-Mandela postdoctoral fellowship of the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor in 1989-90.He is the author of Sovereigns, Quasi-Sovereigns, and Africans: Race and Self-determination in International Law (University of Minnesota Press, 1996) and Beyond Eurocentrism and Anarchy: Memories of International Institutions and Order (Palgrave, April 2006). Grovogui is currently complementing a manuscript on the meaning of the “human” in contemporary humanitarian traditions under the rubric of Rightwise Wrong: The Dissipation of the Human in Discourses of Humanitarian intervention. He also recently completed a ten-year long study of the rule of law under the Chad Pipeline Project. The study was partly funded by the US National Science Foundation.

Abstracts:The problems of international justice have seldom been ones of legislation and implementation alone. To the extent that they do, the problems are internal to the law itself (or the extent to which the law is viewed as legitimate); existing legal systems or regimes (particularly in regard to the relation between law and justice); and the operations of the international order (or how enforcing authorities interpret the purpose of the law, apply jurisprudential predicates in addressing the essential moral question of justice). From this perspective, the notion of justice extends beyond the ability of courts to specify the legal, material, and moral dimensions of non-normative behaviors and, correspondingly, adjudicate or apply abstract rules. Further, ‘justice’ is not served when accused entities attempt to delegitimize judicial institutions on the grounds of their lack of sensibility to other equally important international norms, including but not limited to sovereignty. In this regard, denunciations of the present attitude of the AU toward the ICC have missed important facts. African states are not alone in wanting to preserve, as a matter of international justice and political inherency, the sovereign spaces of legal, ethical, and moral jurisdiction. Nor are African states alone in their timidity to generate the will to prosecute ‘international criminals’ and, correspondingly, in reneging on their obligation to actually deliver justice to victims.

The purpose of this essay is to build a strong case for a new jurisprudence of international justice in light criticisms of the modes of delivery of international justice by the ICC. It tends to the (sovereign) internalities of justice while sacralizing the right to justice of victims of international crimes – crime of war, war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity –

46 whether victims are individualized or collectivized as subjects of justice. The proposed jurisprudence depends on a re-examination of political, moral, and ethical questions that lay at the edges or external walls of sovereignty in psychic, symbolic, and cultural spaces beyond state control. It is my contention that the regulation of the relevant belongs properly to legitimately and adequately constituted bodies of the international community and must necessarily correspond to the wishes and interests of victims of international crimes. Illustrations are taken from events in Libya, Guinea, and Mali.

Obiora Chinedu Okafor, ‘Between Tunnel Vision and a Sliding Scale: Power, Normativity and Justice in the Praxis of the International Criminal Court’

Bio: Obiora Chinedu Okafor is Professor of International law at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, Toronto, Canada; and an Expert Member of the United Nations Human Rights Council Advisory Committee. He has served as an expert panelist for the United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent and as a Consultant for UNDP, the British Department for International Development, ECOWAS, and other organizations. A recipient of the Governor-General of Canada’s Academic Gold Medal, he won the Academic Excellence Award of the Canadian Association of Law Teachers for 2010, was conferred with the Gold Medal for Exceptional Contributions to Jurisprudence of the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, and has twice been conferred with the Teaching Excellence Award of the Osgoode Hall Law School in 2002 and 2007.

Abstract: The paper argues, inter alia, that although there are pros and cons to the deployment of the ICC to play a central role in the effort to redress gross human rights abuses in Africa and achieve healing and a sustainable/just peace in every relevant situation on the continent, the frequency and near tunnel vision with which that court is being deployed in almost every possible situation on the continent, as if it that were the only possible posture to take or stance to adopt, is fraught. Secondly, the paper suggests that the nature of the choice before us is clearly not a case of the ICC or nothing at all. A range of other reasonable options exist to be selected from in the repertoire of international criminal law and policy. In the living international criminal law, the choice to deploy one or more of the available remedial options (be it the ICC, truth and reconciliation, an amnesty, or something else) tends to be adjusted to the peculiarities of each country or situation at issue. Thus, in spite of the tunnel vision with which the ICC option now tends to be selected, actual international criminal justice praxis is in fact defined by a particular, more or less two-dimensional, kind of sliding scale. The most pivotal explanation (among many possibilities) for this type of tunnel vision (i.e. the ICC-heavy form that international criminal justice praxis tends to take in its encounters with gross human rights abuses in Africa), and the partial eclipsing over only African skies of the sliding scale that otherwise defines international criminal justice, is the interplay of domestic and global power matrices (where power is understood not merely in military, economic, and political terms, but also in social and ideational senses).

47

Benson Olugbo,’ The Justice vs Reconciliation Dichotomy in the Struggle Against Gross Human Rights Abuses: The Nigerian Experience’

Bio: Benson Olugbo is a Research Associate and PhD student, Public Law Department, University of Cape Town,

Chidi Odinkalu

Bio: Chidi Odinkalu is senior legal officer for the Africa Program of the Open Society Justice Initiative. Based in the Abuja office, Odinkalu is a lawyer and advocate from Nigeria and currently also Chairs the Governing Council of Nigeria’s National Human Rights Commission. Odinkalu received his Ph.D. in law from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Prior to joining the staff of Open Society Justice Initiative, Odinkalu was senior legal officer responsible for Africa and Middle East at the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights in London, Human Rights Advisor to the United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone, and Brandeis International Fellow at the Centre for Ethics, Justice and Public Life of the Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.

Odinkalu is widely published on diverse subjects of international law, international economic and human rights law, public policy, and political economy affecting African countries. He is frequently called upon to advise multilateral and bilateral institutions on Africa-related policy, including the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, and the World Economic Forum.

Odinkalu has extensive networks across Africa built up over several years of working for human rights and social justice on the continent. He is associated with several non- governmental and academic institutions within and outside Africa. Among other affiliations, Odinkalu is a member of the Human Rights Advisory Council of the Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs, of the Boards of the Fund for Global Human Rights and of the International Refugee Rights Initiative. He is also the founder of the Section on Public Interest and Development Law (SPIDEL) at the Nigerian Bar and member of the Executive Committee of the Nigerian Bar Association.

Betty Okero, CSO Network, Kenya

Aliro Joel Omara

Bio: Aliro Joel Omara is a founding member and the Chairperson - Board of Director of the Human Rights Centre Uganda. He is also a former Commissioner at the Uganda Human Rights Commission where he served for 12 years. He is currently a member of the Governing Council of the African Peer Review Mechanism as chair of the thematic Area of Human Rights Democracy and Good Governance. He holds an LLB (Hon) degree from Makerere University

48 and a Diploma in Legal Practice, LDC (Makerere). He has been an advocate of the High Court since 1976, worked as a State Attorney, Magistrate, and Senior Lecturer in Law at Moshi Co- operative College- Tanzania, Member of Parliament and Government Minister of Uganda and he participated in the drawing of a Draft Bill of Rights for the East African Community. He helped in setting up human rights Commissions in various countries and has undertaken several consultancies in various fields of human rights.

Ato Kwamena Onoma

Bio: Ato Kwamena Onoma is a program officer in the Research Department of CODESRIA. He is the author of The politics of property rights institutions in Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009) and Anti-refugee violence and African politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013). He holds a bachelor’s degree in Philosophy from the University of Ghana, Legon and a doctorate in Political Science from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Michael Otim, “Alternative Criminal Justice Approaches to Gross Human Rights Violations [Case of northern Uganda)”

Bio: Michael Otim works as Head of Office for the International Centre for Transitional Justice in Uganda. Mr. Otim is a prominent civil society activist and a key player in the Transitional Justice process in Uganda where he advises as well as provides technical assistance and support to both civil society and government led initiatives in transitional justice. He has over 15 years practical experience in the protection of the rights of people caught in a brutal 22 year conflict in northern Uganda exploring issues and difficulties of reintegration of former combatants, investigating the moral and judicial complexities of abductees who are both victims and perpetrators. He also undertook many efforts to raise national, regional and international attention to the plight of those affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) conflict and the Ugandan army.

Ebrima Sall

Bio: Ebrima Sall is the Executive Secretary of the Council for the Development of Social science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). He holds a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. His publications include: State and Society in Gambia Since Independence 1965-2012 (co-edited with A. Saine & E. Ceesay; Africa World Press 2013); Africa: Reaffirming Our Commitments (co-edited with A. Olukoshi & J.-B. Ouedraogo; CODESRIA 2010); Frontières de la citoyenneté et violence politique en Cote d’Ivoire;co- edited with J.-B. Ouedraogo; CODESRIA 2008).

49 Alioune Sall

Bio : Titulaire de droit public et de science politique à l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, juge a la Cour de justice de la CEDEAO.

Matiangai Sirleaf

Bio: Matiangai Sirleaf is a Visiting Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Her scholarly work asks how institutions can more systematically address the challenges of providing redress for survivors of mass violence in resource- constrained contexts. Her work draws on insights from the fields of comparative, international, and human rights law, as well as criminal law. She is a graduate of Yale Law School. Prior to law school, she earned an M.A. in International Affairs, from the University of Ghana-Legon while on a Fulbright Fellowship. Matiangai's practice experience includes serving as counsel in the International Human Rights Practice Group at Cohen Milstein, where she assisted with numerous cutting-edge international human rights cases, representing victims of human trafficking and forced labor, torture, enforced disappearance, extrajudicial killing, and arbitrary detention. Prior to this, she worked in South Africa clerking on the Constitutional Court for South Africa for former Chief Justice Sandile Ngcobo, teaching a course on civic engagement with human rights for the International Human Rights Exchange Programme at the University of Witwatersrand and working at the International Center for Transitional Justice in Cape Town, South Africa. Her publications include: The Truth About Truth Commissions: Why They Do Not Function Optimally in Post-Conflict Societies 35 Cardozo L. Rev. (forthcoming Aug. 2014), Beyond Truth & Punishment 54 Va. J. Int’l L. (forthcoming Jan. 2014), and Regional Approach to Transitional Justice? Examining the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Liberia, 21 Fl. J. Int’l L. 209 (2009).

Yasmin Sooka, ‘ The peace and reconciliation alternative to addressing human rights and ensuring peace and reconciliation: lessons from South Africa’

Yasmin Sooka is the Executive Director at the Foundation for Human Rights South Africa

Lyal S. Sunga

Bio: Lyanl S. Sunga is an RWI Visiting Professor, since January 2010. He was the Institute's first Director of Research and served as Senior Lecturer (January 2005 - December 2009). A specialist on international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law, Sunga was Director of the LLM programme in Human Rights at the University of Hong Kong (2001-2005) and Human Rights Officer at the UNOHCHR in Geneva (1994-2001). In 2007, he was Coordinator for the UN Human Rights Council's Group of Experts on Darfur.

50 Over the last 20 years, he has worked or consulted with the UN Security Council, UNOHCHR, UNDP, UNDEF, UNU, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNODC, the ILO, EU and IDLO and he has given conference presentations, lectures or training in more than 45 countries.

William Smith

Bio: William Smith, worked as a trial attorney, legal advisor and analyst at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia for 10 years before joining the ECCC. Previously he was a police prosecutor in the South Australian Police Force for 7 years. He graduated from Adelaide University in 1993 whilst working at the South Australian Director of Public Prosecutions. He then worked as a criminal law barrister and solicitor in Adelaide. In 1999, Mr. Smith received a Masters in International Law at Leiden University. In 2000, he was seconded to the UN in East Timor as a human rights officer and Acting District Administrator.

Mohamed Suma, ‘The Role of Criminal Accountability for Peace-building in West Africa – The Case of the ICC”

Bio: Mohamed Suma is the Head of the Cote d’Ivoire Program for the International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) after working for same in Liberia and Sierra Leone. He was also the Executive Director of the Centre for Accountability and the Rule of Law, and Outreach Associate for the UN backed Special Court for Sierra Leone. He served as independent consultant for a number of panels and missions including National Assessment Mission for the Uganda War Crimes Division in 2010 and the assessment mission on human rights defenders in The Gambia in 2009. He has worked extensively on various transitional justice mechanisms including criminal justice, truth seeking, and reparative justice. Mohamed Suma was a Fellow of the Open Society Justice Initiative/Central European University (2004-2006) where he obtained an MA in Human Rights. He also has a BA in History and Sociology from Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone.

Abstract: Increasing number of peace processes today place accountability for past violations at the heart of the negotiations. Equally, criminal justice has faced growing criticism for being oblivious of the realities of power distributions and politics and its implication to ending violent conflict. Therefore, this paper contributes to the on-going debate as it recognizes that criminal accountability has a certain function within the peace-building process and its purpose varies according to the circumstances. It discusses the critical role of accountability for past violations in peace processes and in particular focuses on the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its contribution to ending conflicts. Over a decade since its establishment, ICC being one of the most important independent courts with pledges to respect the “highest standards of fairness and due process” has come under serious criticism, not least because of its alleged over–involvement with the African continent. Seemingly, its reluctance to engage with perpetrators of mass crimes from other regions has raised a debate concerning the court’s actual independence and fairness.

51 Therefore, this paper delves into role of the ICC in peace-building initiatives and questions whether there is a direct link between criminal accountability in post-conflict environments and peace-building. Parallel to this, the paper focuses more specifically on the Court’s recent criminal accountability initiatives in West Africa while evaluating its potential role as a successful peace bringing organ and conflict mediator. Finally, this paper presents some evidence from inside the ‘field’ by introducing two West African case studies, Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire. In both cases the ICC has taken an interest in holding perpetrators accountable for alleged mass crimes that were committed during the countries’ recent conflicts. Drawing on the evidence presented before, the paper concludes on a critical note by asking to what extent the debate about the ICC’s emphasis on African cases undermines its legitimacy as a justice bringing organ that renders the court’s ability to deliver peace to the West African region as ineffective and possibly detrimental to other peace and reconciliation efforts.

Djacoba Tehindrazanarivelo, is Lecturer in Law and International Relations at the Boston University

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