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Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings: Blockchain´S Implications for Crowdfunding
Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings: Blockchain´s Implications for Crowdfunding by Laurin Arnold, Martin Brennecke, Patrick Camus, Gilbert Fridgen, Tobias Guggenberger, Sven Radszuwill, Alexander Rieger, Andre Schweizer, Nils Urbach December 2018 in: Business Transformation through Blockchain (Hrsg. Treiblmaier, H., Beck, R.) University of Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg Visitors: Universitätsstr. 12, 86159 Augsburg Phone: +49 821 598-4801 (Fax: -4899) 843 University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth - I Visitors: Wittelsbacherring 10, 95444 Bayreuth W Phone: +49 921 55-4710 (Fax: -844710) www.fim-rc.de Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings: Blockchain’s Implications for Crowdfunding Abstract Interest in Blockchain technology is growing rapidly and at a global scale. As scrutiny from practitioners and researchers intensifies, various industries and use cases are identified that may benefit from adopting Blockchain. In this context, peer-to-peer (P2P) funding through initial coin offerings (ICOs) is often singled out as one of the most visible and promising use cases. ICOs are novel forms of crowdfunding that collect funds in exchange for so-called Blockchain tokens. These tokens can represent any traditional form of underlying asset and have already been used, among others, to denote shares in a company, user reputations in online systems, deposits of fiat currencies, and balances in cryptocurrency systems. Importantly, ICOs allow for P2P investments without intermediaries. In this chapter, we explain the fundamentals of ICOs, highlight their differences to traditional financing, and analyze their potential impacts on crowdfunding. Keywords Blockchain, Initial Coin Offering, ICO, Distributed Ledger Technology, Crowdfunding, Cryptocurrency, Crypto-token, Use Case Analysis Table of Contents 1. Crowdfunding and Blockchain ....................................................................................................... -
Realising Blockchain's Surge in Mass Adoption with Unlimited Scaling, Speed and Cross-Chain Interope
THE NuGENESIS REVOLUTION: REALISING BLOCKCHAIN’S SURGE IN MASS ADOPTION WITH UNLIMITED SCALING, SPEED AND CROSS-CHAIN INTEROPERABILITY; and, BRIDGING WITH LEGAL AND MAINSTEAM ECONOMIC SUPPORT PART A INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY INTRODUCTION NuGenesis is a fully completed native blockchain originally built for Government and transnational corporate applications. In the context of building a blockchain for Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC’s), and an exchange clearing house for settlement, limitations to scaling and speed, latency and reliance on human miners and validators had to be eliminated. Security had to be enhanced, its integrity underscored by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and carbon neutral in its efficiency. We have now made the NuGenesis gasless network of cross-chain blockchains available for commercial and social application for use by modifying it to maximise its efficacy for the up-coming tidal wave of mass adoption. This has meant not only the most advanced next-generation layer 1 multi-chain blockchain configuration system that is cross-chain interoperable, but which it easy and cost effective for developers to customise their own version which can run as a parallel network and accessing explosive new potential capabilities for Smart Contracts, NFTs, virtual reality innovation. The NuGenesis multi-cross chain network provides: 1. The Most Advanced Tech The NuGenesis blockchain network currently consists of a quad cross chain configuration interoperability: (a) The NuGenesis Main blockchain, built on Substrate; (b) The Ledger X (Exchange) chain based on C++ that is itself a parallel processing chain made of a tri blockchain configuration; (c) The Ethereum chain; and, (d) The Bitcoin Chain NuGenesis achieves unlimited scalability and speed through eliminating the validation bottleneck to data flow, uses consensus before packing and, currently implementing load balancers, with their own blockchain, to maximise block data, creation and speed. -
Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token
Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales Sabrina T. Howell, Marina Niessner, and David Yermack⇤ June 21, 2018 Abstract Initial coin offerings (ICOs) are sales of blockchain-based digital tokens associated with specific platforms or assets. Since 2014 ICOs have emerged as a new financing instrument, with some parallels to IPOs, venture capital, and pre-sale crowdfunding. We examine the relationship between issuer characteristics and measures of success, with a focus on liquidity, using 453 ICOs that collectively raise $5.7 billion. We also employ propriety transaction data in a case study of Filecoin, one of the most successful ICOs. We find that liquidity and trading volume are higher when issuers offer voluntary disclosure, credibly commit to the project, and signal quality. s s ss s ss ss ss s ⇤NYU Stern and NBER; Yale SOM; NYU Stern, ECGI and NBER. Email: [email protected]. For helpful comments, we are grateful to Bruno Biais, Darrell Duffie, seminar participants at the OECD Paris Workshop on Digital Financial Assets, Erasmus University, and the Swedish House of Finance. We thank Protocol Labs and particularly Evan Miyazono and Juan Benet for providing data. Sabrina Howell thanks the Kauffman Foundation for financial support. We are also grateful to all of our research assistants, especially Jae Hyung (Fred) Kim. Part of this paper was written while David Yermack was a visiting professor at Erasmus University Rotterdam. 1Introduction Initial coin offerings (ICOs) may be a significant innovation in entrepreneurial finance. In an ICO, a blockchain-based venture raises capital by selling cryptographically secured digital assets, usually called “tokens.” These ventures often resemble the startups that conventionally finance themselves with angel or venture capital (VC) investment, though there are many scams, jokes, and tokens that have nothing to do with a new product or business. -
Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation
Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation Third Edition Contributing Editor: Josias N. Dewey Global Legal Insights Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2021, Third Edition Contributing Editor: Josias N. Dewey Published by Global Legal Group GLOBAL LEGAL INSIGHTS – BLOCKCHAIN & CRYPTOCURRENCY REGULATION 2021, THIRD EDITION Contributing Editor Josias N. Dewey, Holland & Knight LLP Head of Production Suzie Levy Senior Editor Sam Friend Sub Editor Megan Hylton Consulting Group Publisher Rory Smith Chief Media Officer Fraser Allan We are extremely grateful for all contributions to this edition. Special thanks are reserved for Josias N. Dewey of Holland & Knight LLP for all of his assistance. Published by Global Legal Group Ltd. 59 Tanner Street, London SE1 3PL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 207 367 0720 / URL: www.glgroup.co.uk Copyright © 2020 Global Legal Group Ltd. All rights reserved No photocopying ISBN 978-1-83918-077-4 ISSN 2631-2999 This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. The information contained herein is accurate as of the date of publication. Printed and bound by TJ International, Trecerus Industrial Estate, Padstow, Cornwall, PL28 8RW October 2020 PREFACE nother year has passed and virtual currency and other blockchain-based digital assets continue to attract the attention of policymakers across the globe. -
(AAVE), Bancor (BNT) and Synthetix (SNX) Are Launching on Coinbase Pro | by Coinbase | Dec, 2020 | the Coinbase Blog
12/15/2020 Aave (AAVE), Bancor (BNT) and Synthetix (SNX) are launching on Coinbase Pro | by Coinbase | Dec, 2020 | The Coinbase Blog Aave (AAVE), Bancor (BNT) and Synthetix (SNX) are launching on Coinbase Pro Coinbase Follow Dec 15 · 3 min read Starting Today Monday December 14, transfer AAVE, BNT and SNX into your Coinbase Pro account ahead of trading. Support for AAVE, BNT and SNX will be available in all Coinbase’s supported jurisdictions, with the exception of New York State. Trading will begin on or after 9AM Pacific Time (PT) Tuesday December 15, if liquidity conditions are met. One of the most common requests we receive from customers is to be able to trade more assets on our platform. Per the terms of our listing process, we anticipate supporting https://blog.coinbase.com/aave-aave-bancor-bnt-and-synthetix-snx-are-launching-on-coinbase-pro-67278bcd8192 1/3 12/15/2020 Aave (AAVE), Bancor (BNT) and Synthetix (SNX) are launching on Coinbase Pro | by Coinbase | Dec, 2020 | The Coinbase Blog more assets that meet our standards over time. Most recently we have added trading support for Filecoin (FIL), NuCypher (NU), Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC), Balancer (BAL), Ren (REN), Uniswap (UNI), yearn.finance (YFI), Loopring (LRC), UMA (UMA) Celo (CGLD), Numeraire (NMR), Band (BAND), Compound (COMP), Maker (MKR) and OmiseGo (OMG), along with supporting additional European and UK order books. Coinbase continues to explore support for new digital assets. Starting immediately, we will begin accepting inbound transfers of AAVE, BNT and SNX to Coinbase Pro. Trading will begin on or after 9AM Pacific Time (PT) Tuesday December 15, if liquidity conditions are met. -
Cointelegraph Security Token Report
The Security Token Report 2021 Research Partners We thank our research partners for their support of this report. Authors Demelza Hays, Ph.D. Demelza Hays is the director of research at Cointelegraph, and formerly was a Forbes 30 Under 30, U.S. Department of State Fulbright Scholar, and fund manager of two regulated crypto funds. Katharina Gehra Katharina Gehra is the CEO & Co-Founder of Immutable Insight GmbH and the fund manager of the first German crypto hedge fund, a 3-times Capital Top 40 under 40 and a supervisory board member at Fürstlich Castell’sche Bank. She is the co-host of the blockchain pod- cast Block52. Silvan Thoma and Martin Liebi Silvan Thoma ([email protected]) / Martin Liebi ([email protected]) both PwC Legal, Switzerland advise and have advised multiple digital assets operators in the legal aspects of the issuance of digital assets and the set-up and licensing process of the operation of mul- tilateral trading facilities. Urszula McCormack Partner, Cross-Border Finance and Technology, King & Wood Mallesons. Urszula McCormack is one of Asia’s leading regulatory and digital economy lawyers, with a focus on emerging technologies. Urszula advises global banks, payment institutions, large technology com- panies, virtual asset issuers and innovators on new products, compliance and financial services licensing. She also advises on privacy regulation, digital transformation and algorith- mic design. Urszula is a member of multiple advisory bodies and is regularly invited to brief governments, regulators and transnational policymakers. Urszula is admitted to practice law in Hong Kong, Australia and England & Wales. © Crypto Research Report, © Cointelegraph Research, Security Token Report, 2021 3 Rika Khurdayan and Lee Schneider Rika Khurdayan is a lawyer and strategist, with a particular focus on blockchain and DLT. -
Detecting and Quantifying Wash Trading on Decentralized Cryptocurrency Exchanges
Detecting and Quantifying Wash Trading on Decentralized Cryptocurrency Exchanges Friedhelm Victor Andrea Marie Weintraud Technische Universität Berlin Technische Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany Berlin, Germany [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT the umbrella term Decentralized Finance (DeFi) are establishing Cryptoassets such as cryptocurrencies and tokens are increasingly themselves as a key use case for distributed ledger technologies traded on decentralized exchanges. The advantage for users is that (DLTs) in general. The aim is to design financial products, that are the funds are not in custody of a centralized external entity. How- partly based on services from the traditional financial world yet ever, these exchanges are prone to manipulative behavior. In this completely new in other areas. The appeal lies in offering these paper, we illustrate how wash trading activity can be identified financial products in a decentralized way, excluding middlemen as on two of the first popular limit order book-based decentralized far as possible. exchanges on the Ethereum blockchain, IDEX and EtherDelta. We While the field now encompasses a multitude of services suchas identify a lower bound of accounts and trading structures that meet lending protocols, derivatives and insurances, so-called decentral- the legal definitions of wash trading, discovering that they arere- ized exchanges (DEX) were among the early drivers of the ecosys- sponsible for a wash trading volume in equivalent of 159 million tem. They allow for the exchange of virtual assets without having to U.S. Dollars. While self-trades and two-account structures are pre- rely on externally-controlled services such as centralized exchanges, dominant, complex forms also occur. -
Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase Spoke to Asset Manager Blackrock About Creating a Crypto ETF, Business Insider Reports
Crypto Week in Review (9/1-9/7) Goldman Sachs CFO Denies Crypto Strategy Shift (9/6) GS CFO Marty Chavez addressed claims from an unsubstantiated report earlier this week that the firm may be delaying previous plans to open a crypto trading desk, calling the report “fake news”. Coinbase Explores Crypto ETF (9/6) Coinbase spoke to asset manager BlackRock about creating a crypto ETF, Business Insider reports. While the current status of the discussions is unclear, BlackRock is said to have “no interest in being a crypto fund issuer,” and SEC approval in the near term remains uncertain. Looking ahead, the Wednesday confirmation of Trump nominee Elad Roisman has the potential to tip the scales towards a more favorable cryptoasset approach. Twitter CEO Comments on Blockchain (9/5) Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, speaking in a congressional hearing, indicated that blockchain technology could prove useful for “distributed trust and distributed enforcement.” The platform, given its struggles with how best to address fraud, harassment, and other misuse, could be a prime testing ground for decentralized identity solutions. Ripio Facilitates Peer-to-Peer Loans (9/5) Ripio began to facilitate blockchain powered peer-to-peer loans, available to wallet users in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil. The loans, which utilize the Ripple Credit Network (RCN) token, are funded in RCN and dispensed to users in fiat through a network of local partners. Since all details of the loan and payments are recorded on the Ethereum blockchain, the solution could contribute to wider access to credit for the unbanked. IBM’s Payment Protocol Out of Beta (9/4) Blockchain World Wire, a global blockchain based payments network by IBM, is out of beta, CoinDesk reports. -
Decentralized Exchanges
DECONSTRUCTING DECENTRALIZED EXCHANGES Lindsay X. Lin* INTRODUCTION Decentralized exchanges are becoming a critical tool for purchasing and selling an increasing percentage of cryptocurrencies. The term “decentralized exchange” generally refers to distributed ledger protocols and applications that enable users to transact cryptocurrencies without the need to trust a centralized entity to be an intermediary for the trade or a custodian for their cryptocurrencies. Decentralized exchanges provide a number of important benefits, including (1) lower counterparty risk (i.e., no need to trust a centralized exchange to secure and manage private keys),1 (2) the potential for lower transaction fees, and (3) a more diverse array of trading pairs that can unlock access to riskier or less liquid cryptocurrencies.2 As demand for these features increases, decentralized exchange technology may witness tremendous growth in usage, development, and adoption within the next couple of years. Additionally, decentralized exchange usage is being fueled by concurrent regulatory and industry trends, including (1) a surge in the quantity of distinct cryptocurrencies that makes comprehensive listing impractical,3 (2) regulatory risks of listing cryptocurrencies on centralized * Lindsay Lin is Legal Counsel at Interstellar and Stellar Development Foundation. This writing is not legal advice and is unaffiliated with Interstellar and Stellar Development Foundation. 1 Centralized exchanges have a history of significant security breaches, with many incidents resulting in tens or hundreds of millions of USD value of cryptocurrency stolen. See Julia Magas, Crypto Exchange Hacks in Review: Proactive Steps and Expert Advice, COINTELEGRAPH (Aug. 31, 2018), https://cointelegraph.com/news/crypto-exchange-hacks-in- review-proactive-steps-and-expert-advice. -
Mobile Decentralized Exchange
Alttex D X Mobile Decentralized Exchange Elky Bachtiar February 22, 2018 [email protected] ABSTRACT Trading cryptocurrencies on centralized exchanges, where funds are stored on centralized servers, exposes users to hackers and regulatory risks. To date, decentralized exchanges are desktop oriented and difficult to use. While mobile usage has worked its way into daily life, blockchain companies mainly focus to advance blockchain users. However, decentralized exchanges focus only on one blockchain, such as Ethereum or NEO. This paper describes the technical side of the Alttex Decentralized Exchange (AltDEX), a brand new decentralized exchange that focus mainly on mobile users. AltDEX uses the latest technology such as Atomic swaps, the Ethereum blockchain, the open source decentralized platform of 0x Protocol, Dogethereum technology of Truebit, and Non-Interactive Proofs of Proof-of-Work (NIPOPOW), to allow the interchangeability between various blockchain tokens. ¹ Atomic swap is a proposed feature in cryptocurrencies, that allows for the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another cryptocurrency without the need for a trusted third party. ² Ethereum is an open software platform based on blockchain technology that enables developers to build and deploy decentralized applications. ³ 0x protocol is 0x is a protocol using Etheereum smart contracts for anyone in the world to operate a decentralized exchange. 4 Dogethereum will be a first-of-its-kind "bridge" between the Dogecoin and Ethereum blockchains. Once constructed, shibes will be able to send doge back-and-forth to Ethereum without using an exchange. This will allow shibes to trade dogecoin for other Ethereum-based tokens and use doge in smart contracts 5 Non-Interactive Proofs of Proof-of-Work: the ability to save and check the proof of work of an blockchain and put it to another blockchain CHAIN RELAY The first chainrelay, BTCRelay of Ethereum, was developed by Joseph Chow. -
Electronic Cash, Decentralized Exchange, and the Constitution
Electronic Cash, Decentralized Exchange, and the Constitution Peter Van Valkenburgh March 2019 coincenter.org Peter Van Valkenburgh, Electronic Cash, Decentralized Exchange, and the Constitution, Coin Center Report, Mar. 2019, available at https://coincenter.org/entry/e-cash-dex-constitution Abstract Regulators, law enforcement, and the general public have come to expect that cryptocurrency transactions will leave a public record on a blockchain, and that most cryptocurrency exchanges will take place using centralized businesses that are regulated and surveilled through the Bank Secrecy Act. The emergence of electronic cash and decentralized exchange software challenges these expectations. Transactions need not leave any public record and exchanges can be accomplished peer to peer without using a regulated third party in between. Faced with diminished visibility into cryptocurrency transactions, policymakers may propose new approaches to financial surveillance. Regulating cryptocurrency software developers and individual users of that software under the Bank Secrecy Act would be unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment because it would be a warrantless search and seizure of information private to cryptocurrency users. Furthermore, any law or regulation attempting to ban, require licensing for, or compel the altered publication (e.g. backdoors) of cryptocurrency software would be unconstitutional under First Amendment protections for speech. Author Peter Van Valkenburgh Coin Center [email protected] About Coin Center Coin Center is a non-profit research and advocacy center focused on the public policy issues facing open blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin. Our mission is to build a better understanding of these technologies and to promote a regulatory climate that preserves the freedom to innovate using blockchain technologies. -
Recent Topics About Cryptocurrency
Recent Topics about Cryptocurrency Kyoto University School of Government - graduate program for public policy studies Naoyuki Iwashita Agenda 1. Overview of cryptocurrency market in 2017 2. ICOs' impact on the price of cryptocurrency 3. Cybersecurity issues of cryptocurrency exchange 4. Central Bank Digital Currency 2 1. Overview of cryptocurrency market in 2017 3 GLOBAL BITCOIN NODES DISTRIBUTION 1. United States (2691) 2. China (2047) 3. Germany (1949) 4. France (697) 5. Netherlands (515) 6. United Kingdom (421) 7. Canada (390) 8. Russian Federation (380) 9. n/a (315) 10. Singapore (227) 11. Japan (212) 12. Hong Kong (183) (source)bitnodes.earn.com/ 4 THE BITCOIN BIG BANG A demonstration of our ability to track transactions through entities on the blockchain; the Big Bang shows the emergence of the largest 250 entities on the blockchain, their identity, and interconnectivity. (source)www.elliptic.co 5 Role of Bitcoin nodes 鷲見 拓哉「Bitcoinについて」 https://www.slideshare.net/takuya_sumi/bitcoin-v5 6 7 M. Iwamura et al.,“Can We Stabilize the Price of a Cryptocurrency?: Understanding the Design of Bitcoin and Its Potential to Compete with Central Bank Money”, 2014 8 1,000 1,200 1,400 200 400 600 800 0 ( 2012/11/1 USD 2012/12/1 ( ) source 2013/1/1 2013/2/1 2013/3/1 2013/4/1 キプロス危機 交換価値 利用者数 ) 2013/5/1 blockchain.info 2013/6/1 2013/7/1 2013/8/1 (USD) ( Price Price 万人 2013/9/1 中国人民銀行が金融機関のビットコインの取扱いを禁止 2013/10/1 2013/11/1 ) 2013/12/1 2014/1/1 2014/2/1 2014/3/1 Mt.Gox 2014/4/1 of 2014/5/1 2014/6/1 の破たん 2014/7/1 Bitcoin (2013 2014/8/1 2014/9/1 2014/10/1