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Ethno Medicinal Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Rheumatism in Kajuru Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria

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Ethno Medicinal Survey of Plants Used for the Treatment of Rheumatism in Kajuru Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 80 (2017) 43-56 EISSN 2392-2192 Ethno medicinal survey of plants used for the treatment of rheumatism in Kajuru Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria O. A. Ogunkalu1,*, A. I. Sodimu1, R. A. Suleiman2, B. O. Oni3, G. I. Otiwa2 1Department of Forestry Technology, Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Nigeria 2Trial Afforestation Research Station, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria 3Department of National Innovation Technology, Federal College of Forestry Mechanisation, Afaka Kaduna State, Nigeria *E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The study ethno- medicinal survey of plants used for the treatment of Rheumatism was carried out in Kajuru Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Multi-stage random sampling was employed the groups of respondents in this study. Primary and secondary data was used for the study; a total of fifty (50) questionnaires were randomly distributed among ten (10) herbal medicine practitioners from each of the five (5) selected wards selected within the Local Government. Data obtained was also supported with personal interviews. Result revealed that majority of the respondents were male (70.2%), while 29.8% of the population were female, the age group with the highest percentage (40.4%) of the respondents was between 41-50years, 55.3% of the respondents do not have opportunity to attend formal education. The highest percentage of the respondents (53.2%) identified bone ache as the commonest symptom of this disease, is closely followed by 44% of the respondents that identified muscle pull as sign of Rheumatism in the study area. (74.5%) of the respondents specified that the disease is predominant during the raining season, but the effect can also be prolonged to dry season. 72.3% of the respondent identified that Rheumatism is a disease normally affect adult category. According to the respondents, the plant parts normally used are arranged in descending order of their percentage as follows: 44.2% identified roots as the plants part normally used for the treatment of Rheumatism > 18.6% who identified leaves and back respectively > 7.0% of them that chose fruit. Methods of preparation of phyto-remediation of Rheumatism are arranged in World Scientific News 80 (2017) 43-56 decreasing order according to the view of the herbal practitioners; Boiling 34.9% > Soaking in water 27.9% > Pounding in moulter 18.6%, Grinding 14.09% > Squeezing and Soaking in alcohol 2.3% respectively, boiling was seen the method mostly used in extraction of the active ingredient of the plant root and other plant/parts. Problems faced in administering herbal medicine and they include: Graduation and dosage (63.4%), Problem of scientific backing (24.4%), Marketing/Patronage problem and law enforcement agent with 4.9% respectively. It was recommended that, research be intensified upon in terms of corresponding dosage of phyto-remedy to different ailment including rheumatism, depending on the gravity of the ailment and the age group of the affected individuals. Keywords: Ethno medicinal, survey, plants, Treatment, Rheumatism 1. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are those plants that are commonly used in treating and preventing specific ailments and diseases and that are generally considered to be harmful to humans (Anselem, 2004).Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 of such compound have been isolated so far, a number estimated to be less than ten percent of the total (Tapsell, et., al 2006). According to (Lai and Roy, 2004) chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus, herbal medicine does not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of their functions. Traditional medicine has been used for centuries by herbalists, healers, spiritualists, hunters and farmers as means of primary health care at community level. Herbalist, healers, spiritualists, hunters and farmers use indigenous plants for treating and averting illnesses and are believed to be the basis for primary health care provision. Traditional medicine has been shown to be effective and about 60% of rural population depend on it for their primary health care (WHO 1978, Akinyemi et.al., 2003). Traditional medicines apply the familiarity, experience and practices based on the ideas and beliefs to its culture, for preservation of well-being. In Nigeria, traditional medicine is used in the treatments of almost all diseases including “stubborn” illness as the land is blessed with not only different varieties of plants but also the wisdom of the traditional knowledge to cure, treat and heal sickness. Several thousand people in Nigeria with partial access to systematized contemporary health support centers’ still depend on traditional systems of medicine to cater for their primary health care needs. The use of herbal medicine is well established and widely acknowledged to be safe and effective (Farnsworth, 1998) Herbalist, healers, spiritualist, hunters and farmers in Nigeria use many different species of plants as a usual source of medicine. Ethno botany is the study of traditional human uses of plants. It is recognized as an effective way to discover future medicines. In 2001 researchers identified 122 compounds used in modern medicine which were derived from "ethno medical" plants sources. 80% of these have had an ethno medical use, identical or related to the current use of the active elements of the plants (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001). The use of herbs to treat disease is -44- World Scientific News 80 (2017) 43-56 almost universal among non-industrialized societies and is often more affordable than purchasing modern pharmaceuticals. Rheumatism is an acute illness in human body, it is characterized by pain and swelling of the muscles, ligaments and tendons or the joints. Jain (1991). Rheumatism commonly known as ‘Vat’, ‘Gathia’, ‘Ardhang Vat’ in Hindi as well as in Odiya. He said in general, rheumatism refers to various painful medical conditions, discomfort and disability, which affects bones, joints, muscles, tendons, nerves etc. Rheumatism is a sickness associated with the people that engage in hard labour, common during the raining season, and is yet to be accorded the required attention. It is therefore imperative for this study to create the required information on the herbal approach to the treatment of this ailment. Hence the quest to doing this necessitates the following objectives: to identify the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, to identify the medicinal plants used in the treatment of rheumatism and classify them into families, identify the plant part use, methods of preparation and utilization. 2. METHODOLOGY Study Area Kajuru is a local government area in Kaduna state, Nigeria. It headquarter is in the town of Kajuru. Kajuru local government area is located on longitude 9°59' N and, 10°55' N and latitude 7°34' E and 8°13' E with an area of 2,464 km square. It has an estimated population of 110,868 people according to (2006 census). It shares boundaries with Igabi local government area to the north, Chikun local government to the west, Kaura local government to the east, Zangon Kataf local government area and Kachia local government to the South-west and South respectively. Sampling Techniques Multi-stage random sampling was employed for this study. The first stage involved the purposive selection of five (5) wards among the ten (10) Wards in Kajuru local government. The second stage was the random selection of ten (10) herbal medicine practitioners from each of the five (5) wards making a total of fifty (50) questionnaires. The data was also supported with personal interview. Data Collection Primary data and Secondary data were used for this study; primary data was generated through the use of structured questionnaire, while secondary data was sourced from journals, text books and book of proceedings. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency distribution table was used to achieving objective (i), (ii) and (iii). -45- World Scientific News 80 (2017) 43-56 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Socio Economic Characteristics of the Respondents The Socio economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using the following variables such as; Gender, Age groups, Educational status and the Occupation of all the respondents in the study area. Table 1. Socio-economic characteristic of the respondent S/N Variable Frequency Percentage 1 Gender Male 33 70.2 Female 14 29.8 Total 47 100.0 2 Age 20-30 7 14.9 31-40 8 17.0 41-50 19 40.4 51-60 13 27.7 Total 47 100.0 3 Educational status Non formal Education 26 55.3 Primary Education 5 10.6 Secondary Education 3 6.4 Tertiary Education 3 6.4 Quranic Education 10 21.3 Total 47 100.0 4 Major occupation Civil servant 2 4.3 Artesian 1 2.1 Trader 10 21.3 Farmers 15 31.9 Others 19 40.4 Total 47 100.0 Gender: This was used to examine the participation of males and female in the ethno- botanical treatment of Rheumatism in the study area. From this study, it was revealed that male respondent represented 70.2% of population, while 29.8% of the population was female. It was observed that male respondents dominated this population; this might be due to the fact -46- World Scientific News 80 (2017) 43-56 that male respondents are always very good at care giving like their female counterpart and this cannot be over emphasized in the treatment of bone related diseases (Rheumatism).
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