ISSN 1997-9347
Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL JOURNAL
№ 1(27) 2016
Paphos, Cyprus, 2016 № 1(27) 2016
ADVISORY COUNCIL Journal “Components of Scientific and Technological Tyutyunnik V.M. – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Professor, Director of Tambov branch Progress” of Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, President is published 4 times a year of the International Information Center for Nobel Prize, Academy of Natural Sciences, tel.: 8(4752)504600, E-mail: [email protected], Tambov Founder (Russia) Development Fund for Science and Culture Bednarzhevsky S.S. – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head Scientific news of Cyprus LTD of Department of Safety, Surgut State University, laureate of State Prize in Science and Technology, Academy of Natural Sciences and the Chief editor International Energy Academy, tel.: 8(3462)762812, E-mail: Vyacheslav Tyutyunnik [email protected], Russia Voronkova O.V. – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Corresponding Page planner: Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, tel: 8(981)9720993, E-mail: Marina Karina [email protected], St. Petersburg (Russia) Copy editor: Omar Larouk – PhD, Associate Professor, National School of Information Science and Libraries University of Lyon, Natalia Gunina tel.: +0472444374, E-mail: [email protected], Lyon (France) Director of public relations: Wu Songjie – PhD in Economics, Shandong Normal University, tel.: Ellada Karakasidou +86(130)21696101; E-mail: [email protected], Shandong (China) Du Kun – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Postal address: Management and Agriculture, Institute of Cooperation of Qingdao Agrarian 1. In Cyprus: University, tel.: 8(960)6671587, E-mail: [email protected], China 8046 Atalanta court, 302 Papthos, Cyprus – Doctor of Philology, Doctor of Political Sciences, Head of Sanjay Yadav 2. In Russia: Department of English, Chairman St. Palus College Science, 70 Moskovskaya St, apt. 5, tel.: 8(964)1304135, Patna, Bihar (India) Tambov 392000, Russia Levanova E.A. – Ph.D., Professor, Department cosocial pedagogy and psychology, Dean of the Faculty of retraining for Applied Psychology, Contact phone: Dean of the Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology of the Moscow Social (+357)99-740-463 and Pedagogical Institute; tel .: 8(495)6074186, 8(495)6074513; E-mail: 8(915)678-88-44 [email protected], Moscow (Russia) Petrenko S.V. – PhD in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head E-mail: of Department “Mathematical Methods in Economics”, Lipetsk State [email protected] Pedagogical University, tel.: 8(4742)328436, 8(4742)221983, E-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], Lipetsk (Russia) Subscription index of Agency Tarando E.E. – Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of ‘‘Rospechat’’ No 70728 for Economic Sociology, St. Petersburg State University, tel .: periodicals. 8(812)2749706, E-mail: [email protected], St. Petersburg (Russia) Pushkareva T.V. – Doctor of Education, Professor, Department of Social Information about published Pedagogy and Psychology, Moscow Social and Pedagogical Institute, tel.: articles is regularly provided to 8(495)6074186, 8(495)6074513; E-mail: [email protected], Moscow Russian Science Citation Index (Russia) (Contract No 124-04/2011R). Kochetkova A.I. – Doctor of Philosophy and Cultural Studies (degree in organizational development and organizational behavior), Ph.D., Website: Professor, Department of General and Strategic Management Institute of http://moofrnk.com/ Business Administration of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Editorial opinion may be different E-mail: [email protected], Moscow (Russia) from the views of the authors. Please, request the editors’ Bolshakov S.N. – Doctor of Political Sciences, Doctor of Economics, permission to reproduce the Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs, Professor, Syktyvkar State University content published in the journal. named after Pitirim Sorokin, tel.: 8921633 48 32, E-mail: [email protected], Syktyvkar (Russia) Ellada Karakasidou – A&G, Kotanides LTD, Logistic, tel.: +99346270, E-mail: [email protected], Paphos (Cyprus) Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 CONTENTS
IX International Extramural Scientific-Practical Conference “Millennium Science”
Biological Sciences
Earl Lewis Biological Assessment of the Karaninsky Stream, Ulyanovsk District,
Russia...... 6
Architecture and Construction
Lyzina A.G., Khokhlushina E.D. Features of Orthodox Temple Complexes in the Penza
Region and Their Placement in a Functional-Planning Structure of Settlements...... 12
The World Economy and Political Science
Chernova Zh.B. The Flagship Project of Creating Cognitive Clusters in Russia...... 16
Chernikov S.Yu., Degtereva E.A. The Current State of Russia – EU Energy
Relations...... 20
Economic Sciences
Simon I.A. Modern Shapes and Elements of Innovative Infrastructure in Russia...... 24
Machine Building and Engineering
Arunyants G.G., Ayrapetov S.A., Voronin T.A. Tariff Regulation of Electricity Supply in
the Kaliningrad Region and Ways of Its Automation...... 28
Birulya V.B. Calculation of Recirculation of Combustion Products in Tunnel Kilns...... 34
Simak R.S. Optimization of Operating Costs of Railway Transport Using Information
Systems for Monitoring the Efficiency of the Transportation Process...... 39
3 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Материалы IX международной заочной научно-практической конференции «Наука на рубеже тысячелетия»
Биологические науки
Эрл Льюис Биологическая оценка Каранинского ручья, Ульяновская область, Россия...... 6
Архитектура и строительство
Лызина А.Г., Хохлушина Е.Д. Особенности православных храмовых комплексов Пензенской области и их размещение в функционально-планировочной структуре поселений...... 12
Мировая экономика и политология
Чернова Ж.Б. Флагманский проект создания когнитивных кластеров в России...... 16 Черников С.Ю., Дегтерева Е.А. Современное состояние России: отношения с ЕС в области энергетики...... 20
Экономические науки
Симон И.А. Современные формы и элементы инновационной инфраструктуры России...... 24
Машиностроение и машиноведение
Арунянц Г.Г., Айрапетов С.А., Воронин Т.А. Тарифное регулирование деятельности субъектов электроснабжающего комплекса Калининградской области и пути его автоматизации...... 28 Бируля В.Б. Расчет рециркуляции продуктов сгорания в туннельных печах...... 34 Симак Р.С. Оптимизация эксплуатационных расходов железнодорожного транспорта на основе применения информационных систем мониторинга энергоэффективности перевозочного процесса...... 39
4 IX International Extramural Scientific-Practical Conference “Millennium Science” (Pattaya, Thailand, March 30–31, 2016)
Материалы IX международной заочной научно-практической конференции «Наука на рубеже тысячелетия» (Паттайя, Тайланд, 30–31 марта 2016 г.)
Organising Committee: Организационный комитет: Parts of Conference: Разделы конференции: Voronkova O.V. Воронкова О.В. Tyutyunnik V.M. – Biological Sciences Тютюнник В.М. – Биологические науки Omar Larouk Омар Ларук Sanjay Yadav – Architecture and Construction Санджай Ядав – Архитектура и строительство Bednarzhevskij S.S. Беднаржевский С.С. Petrenko S.V. – The World Economy and Political Science Петренко С.В. – Мировая экономика и политология Nadtochy I.O. Надточий И.О. Kharroubi Naoufel – Economic Sciences Харуби Науфел – Экономические науки Chamsutdinov N.U. Чамсутдинов Н.У. Savchenko E.V. – Machine Building and Engineering Савченко Е.В. – Машиностроение и машиноведение Amanbayev M.N. Аманбаев М.Н. Polukoshko S.N. Полукошко С.Н. Du Kun Ду Кунь № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 574.587
Biological Assessment of the Karaninsky Stream, Ulyanovsk District, Russia
Earl Lewis
University of Namibia, Windhoek (Namibia)
Key words and phrases: biological indicators; ecological status; Karaninsky stream; macroinvertebrates; Sengiley Mountains. Abstract: This article investigates the current ecological status of the Karaninsky stream, situated in the National Park, Sengiley Mountains, Russia. Macroinvertebrates were used as biological indicators. The indices used in the study to describe the invertebrate community species diversity were the Shannon-Weaver index and a density index (dominance). To assess the ecological status of the Karaninsky stream we used a biological and a saprobic index. Halesus digitata (Trichoptera) is the most dominant species. The values obtained from the biodiversity index were characterized as low. The biological and saprobic index classified the ecological status of the stream as moderately polluted.
Introduction
In the XXI century, environmental protection continues to be one of the most controversial problems of mankind. People have access to all natural resources, often by using these resources we cause unwanted negative changes to the environment. Globally the number of environmentally protected areas are constantly growing. Ulyanovsk region is no exception. In 2008 in the Ulyanovsk region a state natural reserve, Sengiley Mountains, was established by the Russian government to protect the landscape and to conserve the biodiversity of flora and fauna in the region (Kalacheva, 2001). The National Park is home to a number of endangered fauna and flora which are documented in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (RDBRF) (Danilov, 2001). Sengiley Mountains has a well-developed hydrological network. There are many small rivers and streams, the so-called mountain streams type. The water bodies are used by the people living along the rivers for a wide range of activities such as; for drinking, grazing cattle, creating ponds and fish farms, irrigation of crops and for recreation. These water reserves feed the majority of settlements in the district and therefore the rivers are influenced by human activities (Yakovleva, 2001). These rivers also act as the life source for the fauna and flora in Sengiley Mountains. It is against this background that we found it relevant to assess the health of rivers in
6 Biological Sciences Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Fig. 1. Map of Karaninskiy stream with seven sample points. Stream runs through the town of Karanino
Sengiley Mountains. These rivers are under tremendous pressure from human impacts such as, industrialization and population growth. These factors contribute to pollution and demand more water usage which can result in the degradation of water quality. Biological assessment was conducted using macroinvertebrates. This group of organisms live in a very narrow range of environmental factors (water flow, temperature, rocky substrates) (Zhadin, 1949; Konstantinov, 1972) Macroinvertebrates are sensitive to changes in their environment and therefore these species can give a clear assessment of the water quality (Kozhova, 1987).
Study Area
Karaninsky stream is mainly used for crop irrigation by residents living along the stream. The stream is 10 km long, the width of the river ranges from 0.15 m to 1 m, depth from 0.05 m to 0.6 m. Part of the Karaninsky stream runs along a small settlement, Karanino. The settlements main activity is cattle farming, and the farms are situated along the bank of the stream. The bank of the stream is eroded due to cattle continuously walking along the banks (Kalacheva, 2001).
Materials and Methods
The material for this work was collected in the Karaninsky River on the territory of National Park, Sengiley Mountains. Research materials were collected in summer and autumn of 2012. A total of seven river sites were sampled: 1 – km from the source of the river; 2 – 1,5 km from the first farm situated near the stream; 3 – 1 km downstream from the first farm; 4–1km from the town Karanino; 5 – sample taken in Karanino; 6 – 1 km from Karanino, 7 – 3 km from Karanino. Samples were collected using a single pole rectangular style kick-net, equipped with a frame
Biological Sciences 7 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
and a 500-micron mesh netting. All samples were taken from depths of less than 1 m. (Barton, Metcalfe-Smith, 1992). Organisms were selected and placed in glass containers and preserved in 96 % ethanol. Identification was to the lowest practical taxonomic level. Sample processing was carried out in a laboratory. Abundance of animal species was calculated using the formula:
P = (m / n) * 100 %.
For the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of waterways and to identify benthic biocenosis the density index (dominance), a modified version was used by Mordechai-Boltovsky (Mordechai, 1975). The diversity index proposed by Shannon and Weaver (1963) was used to measure how many different types of species were found in the dataset. To assess the ecological status of the river we used the Trent Biotic Index (Woodiwiss, 1964). Saprobity was assessed using the Saprobic Index suggested by Pantle and Buck (1955).
Results
Eight taxonomic groups were collected in the Karaninsky stream. The taxa belonged to Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Amphipoda, Oligochaeta and Nematomorpha. The number of individuals ranged from 2 – 111 ind./m2. The species with the highest number of individuals were Nemoura Flexuosa (Plecoptera) (111) and Amphipoda (102). Biomass of the macroinvertebrates ranged from 22.2 – 15,122.2 mg/m2. The four species with the largest biomass were Halesus digitata (Trichoptera) (15,122.2 mg/m2), Tipulidae (Diptera) (4,644.4 mg/m2), Amphipoda (3,266.7 mg/m2) and Nemoura flexuosa (Plecoptera) (3,077.8 mg/m2). The percentage for species occurrence ranged from 14.3–71.4 %. The species with the highest occurrence were Plectrocnemia conspersa (Trichoptera), Nemoura flexuosa (Plecoptera) and Limoniidae (Diptera) – all having 71.4 % occurrence for the seven sample sites. Halesus digitata, according to the findings, is the most dominant species. Halesus digitata dominates in biomass and has an almost 60 % occurrence. Table 1 shows taxa, number of individuals, biomass and occurrence of macroinvertebrates found in the Karaninsky stream. The biodiversity index at the seven sample sites ranges from 1.55 to 1.92. The average value is 1.7. The values obtained from the Shannon-Weaver index characterize the biodiversity of Karaninsky stream as low.
Biological and Saprobic assessment
The ecological status of the Karaninsky stream was assessed using the Biological Index proposed by Woodiwiss (1964) and the Saprobic Index suggested by Pantle and Buck (1955).
Conclusions
The eight taxonomic groups were collected in the Karaninsky stream. The taxa belonged to Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Amphipoda, Oligochaeta and Nematomorpha. Macroinvertebrates mainly represented in the Karaninsky stream are from the
8 Biological Sciences Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Table 1. Taxa, number of individuals, biomass and occurrence of macroinvertebrates found in the Karaninsky stream
Numbers of individuals, Taxonomic group Biomass, mg/m2 Species occurrence, % ind./m2 Trichoptera Halesus digitata 16 15,122.2 57.1 Plectrocnemia conspersa 24 2,877.8 71.4 Plecoptera Nemoura flexuosa 111 3,077.8 71.4 Amphinemoura sulcicollis 11 111 28.6 Amphinemoura standfussi 6 33.3 14.3 Leuctra digitata 41 33.3 28.6 Ephemeroptera Baetis vernus 37 977 57.1 Baetis fuscatus 73 1,555.6 42.9 Diptera Chironomidae 3 77.8 28.6 Limoniidae 8 622.2 71.4 Simuliidae 36 966.7 57.1 Tipulidae 3 4,644.4 14.3 Ceratopogonidae 2 22.2 14.3 Coleoptera 6 577.8 14.3 Amphipoda 102 3,266.7 14.3 Oligochaeta 8 1,988.9 57.1 Nematomorpha Gordius 2 155.6 14.3
Table 2. Distribution of the biodiversity index by Shannon-Weaver at the seven sample sites
Sample site 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Value of Index 1.65 1.55 1.92 1.43 1.56 1.37 1.63
Table 3. Shows values of biological and saprobic index. Gives class type
Biological Index (BI) Class type Saprobic Index Class type 5 moderately polluted 2.39 moderately polluted
Biological Sciences 9 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
taxa Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Diptera. Trichoptera and Plecoptera are sensitive to changes in their environment and are generally sensitive to pollutants and are therefore associated with clean water. On the other hand, the species of Diptera are more tolerant to pollutants and the presence of Diptera species is an indication that the water is polluted (Capinera, 2008). The values obtained from the biodiversity index were characterized as low. The biological and saprobic index classified the ecological status of the stream as moderately polluted. In the light of this, we can observe that anthropogenic factors such as population growth, industrialization, farming and irrigation are deteriorating the quality of the Karaninsky stream.
References
1. Barton, D.R. A comparison of sampling techniques and summary indices for assess- ment of water quality in the Yamaska River, Québec, based on benthic macroinvertebrates / D.R. Barton, J.L. Metcalfe-smith // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. – 1992. – No 1(21). – P. 225–244 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FB F00399689#page-2. 2. Capinera, J.L. Encyclopedia of Entomology / J.L. Capinera. – 2008. – Vol. 4. Springer Science and Business Media B.V. – P. 224–227. 3. Danilov, D. Red Data Book of the Russian Federation: Animals / D. Danilov. – Moscow : AST & Astrel Publishers, 2001. 4. Kalacheva, P.D. Travel Ulyanovsk Region : Almanac / P.D. Kalacheva. – Moscow, 2001. – P. 13–16. 5. Konstantinov, A.S. General Hydrobiology : Textbook for universities. – Moscow, 1972 – 139 p. 6. Kozhova, M. Introduction to hydrobiology : Textbook / M. Kozhova. – Krasnoyarsk : Pub- lishing house of Krasnoyarsk University Press, 1987. – 184 p. 7. Mordukhai, F.D. Methods of studying ecosystems inland waters / F.D. Mordukhai. – Mos- cow : Nauka, 1975. – 240 p. 8. Pantle, R. Die biologishe Uberwachung der Gewasser und Darstellung der Ergebnisse / R. Pantle, H. Buck. – Cas. und Wassertach, 1955. – 118 p. 9. Shannon, C.E. ZoologicalThe Mathimatical Theory of Communication excursions / C.E. Shannon, W. Weaver. – Illinois : Illinois Press, 1963. 10. Woodiwiss, F.S. The Biological System of Stream Classification Used by the Trent River Board / F.S. Woodiwiss // Chemical Industry. – 1964. – Vol. 11. – P. 443–447. 11. Yakovleva, Y. Assessment of the ecological state of the river Arbuga on hydrobiological and hydrochemical parameters / Y. Yakovleva // Proceedings of young scientists USU. – 2001. – No 5(2). – P. 129–130. 12. Zhadin, V.I. Life in Freshwater USSR / V.I. Zhadin. – Moscow : USSR Academy of Sci- ences. – 1949. – Vol. 2. – 537 p.
10 Biological Sciences Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Биологическая оценка Каранинского ручья, Ульяновская область, Россия
Эрл Льюис
Университет Намибии, г. Виндхук (Намибия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: биологические индексы; экологическое состояние; Кара- нинский ручей; макробеспозвоночные; Сенгилеевские горы. Аннотация: Рассмотрено экологическое состояние Каранинского ручья, расположен- ного в Национальном парке «Сенгилеевкие горы», Россия. В качестве биологических ин- дикаторов использованы макробеспозвоночные. Для описания видового разнообразия беспозвоночных были использованы индекс Шеннона-Уивера и индекс плотности (доми- нирующие виды). Оценка экологического состояния Каранинского ручья проводилась по биологическому и сапробиотическому индексам. Установлено, что ручейники являются наиболее доминирующим видом. Индекс биоразнообразия низкий. По биологическому и сапробиотеческому индексам экологическое состояние потока классифицируется как уме- ренно загрязненное.
© Earl Lewis, 2016
Biological Sciences 11 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 726.01
Features of Orthodox Temple Complexes in the Penza Region and Their Placement in a Functional-Planning Structure of Settlements
A.G. Lyzina, E.D. Khokhlushina
Penza State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Penza (Russia)
Key words and phrases: Penza orthodox temple complexes; towns; functional zoning; layout composition; urban classification. Abstract: The article analyzes the features and composite laws of temple complexes. The authors propose a classification of the temple complexes by their location in the planning structure of the settlements in the Penza region. We analyze the structure and functional zoning of the parish temples, their func-tions and the history of their formation.
The relevance of the study of temple complexes in the structure of the settlement plan is explained by the focus of modern science on the study of the culture of regions, including the characteristics of urban and rural settlements, their history, and architecture and planning. The study of temple complexes and their location in the planning structure of settlements is of interest in the functional and compositional aspects. The purpose of the study is to create the classification of temple complexes by functional zoning and planning features and their location in the settlement. The hypothesis of the study is that there are functional and compositional relations between the temple complexes and settlements, as well as the connection of individual elements of temple complexes with elements of urban planning of the settlement structure. The objects of the study were planning settlements in the Penza region at various levels - small towns, villages and their temple complexes. Sampling was based on the presence of the temple complex and varied population. To investigate the following locations were chosen: the towns of Vadinsk, Kamenka, Serdobsk, Spassk, urban and rural settlements of Mokshan, Narovchat, Pogranichnoye, Alekseevka, Bashmakovo, Valyaevka, Davydovka, Lapshovo, Kalinino, Maksimovka, Obval, Pestrovka, Skvorechnoe, Solovtsovka, Cherkassk, Sheino, Yaganovka. To achieve the study objectives we collected map data, studied the functional zoning of settlements and temples; studied the composition of each municipality and by the location of a temple complex. The settlements were classified by planning structure and location of the temple complex in relation to residential areas, community centers and boundaries of the settlement. The first step involved collecting information on the settlements, namely the functional zoning, the mutual arrangement of functional zones and the transport network. The next step was collecting information about the location of the temple complex, its borders and functional
12 ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 composition. To clarify the missing information we used the historical information about the village, its stages of development, the creation and evolution of the temple complex, the stages of its reconstruction. All complexes are divided into urban, rural and estate. Later it became clear that, depending on their urban planning classification, they had different architectural solutions. The next step was classification of the location of the settlement community center and the temple complex: а) the central location of the temple in the locality (the settlement develops from the temple): Kamenka, Spassk, Serdobsk, Mokshan, Yaganovka, Valyaevka, Davydovka, Kalinino, Lapshovo, Maksimovka, Obval, Pogranichnoye, Skvorechnoe, Solovtsovka, Poimp, Narovchat; b) the temple is located on the outskirts of the settlement: Vadinsk, Bashmakovo, Alekseevka, Sheino; c) the temple is located at a distance from the settlement: Cherkassk, Pestrovka. Settlements with several temple complexes were classified in a separate group. For the Penza region, the location of two or more of the temple complexes is typical of relatively large settlements, such as Poim, which until 1920 had four temples [2]. The next step involved studying functional composition and zoning within the temple complex, and its areas performing additional functions: educational, residential, memorial, the area with the holy spring. At the beginning of the 19th century, the parochial school becomes mandatory for everyone, and temple complexes took on the role of educational institutions of the first level [1]. Even in small villages, the temple had a primary school. Residential function was typical of a temple complex. According to the legislation of the Russian Empire, the parish priest had a house with a plot of land that was allocated to him from the community [1]. Residential buildings were located on the territory of the temple complex and at a distance from him. In some cases, it noted that the priest house was connected with the building of the parish school under one roof. Additional features also included economic zone and holy spring. Compositionally, they were located in the immediate vicinity of the temple complex (temple complex in Valyaevka). In some cases, it is explained by natural landscape features, the spring zone is located in a considerable distance from the temple complex (Trinity temple in Solovtsovka) (Fig. 1). The number of inhabitants of selected settlements was examined It is noted that the breadth of the range of functional areas of the temple complex is dependent on the number of inhabitants. The three main areas: residential, educational, economic zones are present in the temple complexes depend on the size of settlements. In the district towns and large villages, the parochial school was located in a separate building. The living area was located in the complex, as well as beyond its borders, small rural churches are characterized by the combination of the school and residential vicarage in the same building. Features such as a hotel, library, singing area, shelter for the poor or the sick are found only in the temple complexes of the provincial city of Penza [3]. At this stage of the study we concluded that the typical location of temple complexes of the Penza region was in the central part of the village with its inclusion in the social and administrative center. More than half of the studied examples included the temple complex in the center of the settlement. It was not typical to locate the temple at the entrance or behind the residential area of the village. The examples of farmstead temple complexes are not numerous, they include a memorial area in the form of detached family crypts, which were often located next to the temple and made a single ensemble (Lermontovo, Pestrovka, Ershovo). Some parish churches were at the
ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION 13 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
Rural temple complexes
Temple-only complexes temple + school complexes temple + spring complexes
Poim, Pokrovskaya Church, 1903
Yaganovka, Church of St. Nicholas, 1902 Solovtsovka, Church of Sergey Radonezhsky, 1896
Kalinino, Dormition Church, 1768
Sheino, Pokrovskaya Church, 1845 Valyaevka, Kazan Church, 1806 Notation: cultural zone educational zone Cherkassk, Church of the Virgin living sector cover, 1891 orchard administrative area cemetery economic zone spring entrance area
Skvorechnoe, Church of the Virgin Maksimovka, Trinity Church, 1892 of Kazan, 1828
Fig. 1. Examples of functional zoning of rural temple complexes
same time the cemetery. Compositions of most discussed settlements and temples are very closely linked. The temple complex is a visual dominant of the village, forms the center of the compositional and completes the street perspectives. We considered the layout patterns inside the temple complex. More than half of these examples have the church building located along the central axis of the complex. In Bashmakovo, the building of the Archangel Michael church is in the corner of the plot [1]. This arrangement forms a com-positional shift of the center of the complex, which is balanced by additional buildings and the area of heavy trees. In Valyaevka, the central zone is formed by several large buildings arranged symmetrically, the dominant cathedral, a longitudinally elongated building of the church and the centric chapel [5]. It is an outstanding example of a large rural temple complex.
Conclusion
The arrangement of the temple complex in the planning of settlements suggest that the
14 ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 temple complexes of the Penza region are of particular interest as important elements of planning structure of settlements and community centers. The temple complexes have a wide range of functional and compositional typologies, which depend on the population size. Such features of the temple complexes as functional zoning, planning composition are in a relationship with the external urban development situation.
References
1. Suhova, O.A. Penzenskij kraj v istorii i kul’ture Rossii : monografija [Penza Region in the history and culture of Russia: monograph] / pod red. O.A. Suhovoj [ed. by O.A. Sukhova]. – Penza : Izd-vo PGU, 2014. – 526 p. (Rus). 2. Popov, A.E. Cerkvi, prichty i prihody Penzenskoj eparhii [Churches, the clergy and parishes of the Penza Diocese] / A.E. Popov. – Penza, 1896. – 278 p. (Rus). 3. Dvorzhanskij, A.I. Toponimika Penzy. Istorija penzenskih ulic. Kn. 2: Ulica Moskovskaja [Toponymy of Penza. History of Penza streets. Vol. 2: Moskovskaya Street] / A.I. Dvorzhanskij, I.S. Shishkin. – Penza : Ajsberg, 2012. – 496 p. (Rus). 4. Sosnovskij, V.A. Pasport na cerkov’ Mihaila Arhangela v sele Bashmakovo, Bashmakovskogo rajona, Penzenskoj oblasti [The passport of the Church of the Archangel Michael in the village Bashmakovo, Bashmakovsky District, Penza Region] / sost. V.A. Sosnovskij. – Departament kul’tury administracii Penzenskoj oblasti, 1984 (Rus). 5. Troskina, N.D. Pasport na arhitekturnyj ansambl’ hramovogo kompleksa s. Bol’shaja Valjaevka, Penzenskogo rajona, Penzenskoj oblasti [The passport of the architectural ensemble of the temple complex of Valyaevka, Penza district, Penza region] / sost. N.D. Troskina. – Departament kul’tury administracii Penzenskoj oblasti, 1982 (Rus).
Особенности православных храмовых комплексов Пензенской области и их размещение в функционально-планировочной структуре поселений
А.Г. Лызина, Е.Д. Хохлушина
ФГБОУ ВО «Пензенский государственный университет архитектуры и строительства», г. Пенза (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: пензенские православные храмовые комплексы; малые города; функциональное зонирование; композиция планировки; градостроительная классификация. Аннотация: В статье анализируются функциональные особенности и композиционные закономерности планировки храмовых комплексов. Проводится классификация храмовых комплексов по местоположению в планировочной структуре поселений, определяются характерные для Пензенской области ситуации. Анализируется функциональный состав и зонирование приходских храмовых комплексов, рассматриваются отдельные функции, история их формирования.
© A.G. Lyzina, E.D. Khokhlushina, 2016
ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION 15 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 338.2
The Flagship Project of Creating Cognitive Clusters in Russia
Zh.B. Chernova
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow (Russia)
Key words and phrases: flagship project; cognitive cluster; modernization. Abstract: The paper discusses the ways of developing cognitive clusters in the most important interindustry complexes of Russia according to the specifics of branch directions and economic potential of their modernization.
The creation of “cognitive clusters” is a promising direction of modernization of the existing clusters in Russia [1]. These clusters will eliminate the errors of the existing clusters, adapt easily to the developed economy and demand, enhance inner demand for domestic product, increase production among all the categories of farms and increase the investment appeal of the Russian products. The human potential is going to be right in the heart of these clusters, which means becoming the productive force which science was in its time [2]. The paper focuses on the directions of creating “cognitive clusters” in the most important interindustry complexes of Russia: social infrastructure, fuel and energy, military, industrial, agro-industrial complexes, services sector and health care. The creation of “cognitive clusters” through development of modern enterprises and projects using a combination of essentially new technologies (the sixth and seventh technological ways) is the cornerstone of ideology of the flagship project. As a result, six “cognitive clusters” will be created through the convergence of technologies and products of modern economic complexes, which have potential to come to a new level of development by means of synergetic effect in the course of cluster activation and become fundamentals of modern intellectual economy. 1. “Cognitive medicine” cluster. The creation of the multipurpose inter-territorial integrated medical rehabilitation clusters operated according to the best world practices and supported by modern logistic and transport systems providing the services of excellent health system available to participants of a cluster and the population of the region and being attractive to inhabitants of other regions. 2. “Cognitive education” cluster. The creation of a system of flexible training in the interactive educational environment using content from around the world, which is in free access, and development, introduction and rendering of educational services in close cooperation with the key organizations of a cluster in science and education. Adaptation of educational programs of all levels to the requirements of modern economy developed together with employers. An increase in the availability of educational programs through "open universities" staffed by Russian and international experts. 3. “Cognitive infrastructure” cluster. The creation of new hi-tech ICT-based solutions for
16 The World Economy and Political Science Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 ) ( IoT materials and biotechnologies and - Key innovations Key Key technologies Key Internet of Things of Internet Composite technologies Additive Nano generation Clever networks Clever accumulation Energy sources combined The Superwires power Alternative Biofuel • • • • • • • • • • etc.) sun, (wind, engineering • - - IT - robots) tool construction - tool and biotechnologies and nano - Key innovations Key Key technologies Key nanotechnologies and and nanotechnologies New materials New New chemistry and biology biology and chemistry New technologies Additive Nano composites. and Plasticity power gas, service, Oilfield Machine flying, (handling, Robotics Electric equipment: clever clever equipment: Electric • • – biotechnologies. • • • Scope: mechanical electronics, engineering, smart biopolymers, power, smart textiles, • equipment • • mobile, • and devices systems; of systems sensors; management, visualization, safety and control pure dietary dietary pure – farma and nanotechnologies. and Key innovations Key Key technologies Key industrial products - industrial - nanotechnologies and and nanotechnologies Biotechnologies in health health in Biotechnologies the in Biotechnologies in Biotechnologies Clever agriculture and and agriculture Clever friendly Environmentally Clear water Green New chemistry and biology biology and chemistry New Green agrarian and Bio supplements • (diagnostics, care treatment) and prevention • industry • agriculture • processing • agro • • • – biotechnologies • complex industrial • , car, vessels, car, , avia intelligence nano , electro)- , gelio Key innovations Key Key technologies Key - , Intellectual transport transport Intellectual Artificial - , bio (hybrid, Engines Cognitive technologies Cognitive Software services Cloud systems Control Mobility of efforts efforts of Mobility knowledge of Coherence information of Digitization on the technologies ICT house Clever region Clever and (piloted transport The • systems • micro, • gazo • • • • • • • • platform general • • • pilotless): ) ( IoT Fig. 1. Fig. The flagship project of development of "cognitive clusters" in Russia and biotechnologies and - Key innovations Key Key technologies Key Internet of Things of Internet education (new (new - education - socio and Cognitive IT/ Nano development Creativity education Continuous education Dual E improvement Professional convergence Scientific security Information • technologies humanistic • • • • • • interfaces, new infrastructure) • • • ) ( IoT and and modeling and and modeling - Key innovations Key Key technologies Key - - medicine Nuclear medicine Nuclear E Telemedicine Prevention Rehabilitation Biomedicine Gerontology computer Brain Biot Things of Internet - socio and Cognitive 3D prosthetics • • • • • • • • • nanotechnologies. • • technologies humanistic •
The World Economy and Political Science 17 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
rural and urban technologies on the general platform, which will become a link between the economic growth and growth of employment. The cluster is based on the principles of the eco- friendly and energy-effective way of the organization of life (mobility of efforts and coherence of knowledge, digitization of information, etc.). 4. “Cognitive biosystems in agrarian and industrial complex” cluster. The creation of high- quality organic production using the production standards for organic goods and application of new environmentally friendly production and processing technologies in combination with bio - and nanotechnologies in health care, industry and agriculture. 5. “Cognitive equipment” cluster. The creation of interactive, eco-friendly processing equipment using composite materials and renewable energy sources (solar energy, wind power and waters, biomass, atomic energy and household waste), including oil, gas, energy, electronics, food equipment, machine tool construction, robotics (handling, flying, mobile, nano- and androids, smart-services), projects on creation, development and use of technologies, including strategic objectives of military industrial complex. 6. “Cognitive cars” cluster. Creation of eco-cars (piloted and pilotless transport: aircraft, cars, vessels, as well as small, micro and nano-pilotless transport), eco-engines (hybrid, power-, bio-, gas-, electric motors) and other intellectual transport systems on the basis of artificial intelligence (Internet of Things, IoT), cloud services, control systems and information security. The influence of each of the described reference point on development of the major interindustry complexes is presented in the form of median points of a square noted by black points, the marking occurs by initialization of angular points and giving of values of heights by it depending on a reference point. Finding a median point happens on the basis of an average from angular, plus influence of spheres of indirect impact on an interindustry complex (fig. 1). The main ideology of the proposed flagship project is the need for cooperation and innovative projects at the regional level in which the enterprises, research organizations and higher education institutions can participate. The "cognitive cluster", which is actively developed, receives financial support; it has to generate big projects of 3–5 billion rubles essentially important for development of the country. Also, the marketing group monitors federal programs and looks for niches to be realized through the cluster potential, generates projects and “pushes” them to the federal level. The cluster policy of the regional development is a promising direction of the economic development.
References
1. Chernova, Zh.B. Otraslevoj potencial klasterov Rossii [Industry potential of clusters of Russia] / Zh.B. Chernova // Perspektivy nauki [Science Prospects]. – 2016. – № 2(77). 2. Jenergoinform – al’ternativnaja jenergetika, jenergosberezhenie, informacionno- komp’juternye tehnologii. – 5 Fevralja, 2015. [Energoinform – alternative power engineering, energy saving, information and computer technologies. – February 5, 2015.]. – [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://ww.energoinform.org/pointofview/prohorov/7–tech– structure.aspx.
18 The World Economy and Political Science Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Флагманский проект создания когнитивных кластеров в России
Ж.Б. Чернова
ФГБОУ ВО “Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова”, г. Москва (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: проект; когнитивный кластер; модернизация. Аннотация: В статье разработан флагманский проект путей развития кластеров в важнейших межотраслевых комплексах России с учетом специфики отраслевых направлений и экономического потенциала их модернизации.
© Zh.B. Chernova, 2016
The World Economy and Political Science 19 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 339.92
The Current State of Russia – EU Energy Relations
S.Yu. Chernikov, E.A. Degtereva
Russian Peoples’ Friendship University, Moscow (Russia)
Key words and phrases: EU oil and natural gas imports; EU-Russia Energy dialogue; EU investments in Russia energy production. Abstract: The article considers the problems of cooperation between Russia and the EU in the energy field. The authors review the status of the energy dialogue between the EU and Russia in the context of the current economic factors. Despite the widespread discussion of the need to diversify energy product supplies in both the EU and in Russia, investment cooperation between these countries in this area continues to be the only opportunity for interaction, paving the way for improving the investment climate and innovative collaboration.
Currently, the energy relations between Russia and EU are going through a period of political turbulence and uncertainty. The Energy Dialogue that has formally started in 2000 remains one of the most important aspects of cooperation between two countries in this field. Its present structure ensures close involvement of the member countries of the EU, representatives of the energy industry of Europe, and international financial institutions. The institution aids the discussion on difficult issues related to investments, infrastructures, trade and energy efficiency, as well as the preparation of further proposals in the framework of the energy dialogue. Experts stress the importance of continuing convergence of regulatory frameworks between the EU and Russia, continued to create attractive, stable and predictable investment climate that allows foreign investors to exercise the activities of improving the infrastructure the oil and gas industry, as well as integration of electricity markets [1]. Despite all the negative media background and political tensions, both Russia and the European Union seek to ensure the stability of energy markets and reliable import and exports. Both sides would like to see improved energy efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas emissions from energy production and use in their economies. It is noteworthy that the overall objective of the Energy Dialogue is to strengthen the energy security of the European continent through the establishment of closer relations between Russia and the EU on all issues in the energy sector. This position is pragmatic and stems from the fact of deep interrelation between the energy sectors of two countries. The European Union does not possess any significant reserves of oil and gas. Gas field is expected to be exhausted in the next two to three decades, and so will the oil. The latter is extracted primarily by Denmark and the UK, while the natural gas is mined by the Netherlands and in smaller volumes by Italy, Germany and Denmark. The EU enlargement has not change the situation. Coal reserves are relatively small, and its production is rather
20 The World Economy and Political Science Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 expensive. The price of coal in the European Union is 3–4 times higher than the price of the imported one. It is a large difference in price that resulted in an almost cessation of coal mining in Belgium, France and Portugal and drastically cutting the production in Germany and Spain. The competitive position of the coal industry in the EU slightly increased after the EU accession of countries with extensive coal mining like Poland and the Czech Republic. However, the overall situation has not significantly changed. At the same time, the share of the EU in global energy consumption is quite large (over 15 %). The import share accounts for approximately 80 % of the consumed oil, over 50 % of natural gas and almost 60 % of coal. The import is coming mainly from countries of Middle East, some African countries and Russia. Total actual demand in oil imports for all countries (EU-28) in 2015 amounted to 3.82 billion barrels (10.5 million barrels a day). The energy deficit in oil and petroleum products is estimated at 86 % (100 % means all oil consumed is imported). According to calculations based on the data and sources from the Euro Commission, Russia provided 30 % of the total oil supply in 2015 (about 3.1 million barrels) a day, which is almost 250 % higher than Norway, the second largest supplier. All Middle East countries provide 1.8 million barrels a day, which is slightly less than 18 % of the total supply, while African countries provide almost 2.6 million barrels [2]. The natural gas picture is slightly different. If we consider aggregate demand for gas as 100 %, then Germany imports 80 % of its total gas consumption (imports from all sources, not only from Russia), France – 96 %, Italy – over 90 %, Austria – 86 %, Poland – 70 %, Czech Republic – 100 %. These are the largest gas consumers in Europe, and Russia’s share in selected countries gas supplies ranges from 20 % to 85 % [3]. As the discussion between the USA and the EU about the creation of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) goes on, there has been a large speculation about the ability of the United States to decrease the dependence of the EU on Russian energy imports with its own liquefied natural gas LNG( ). However, these hopes seem to be rather optimistic. Presently, the USA has only launched the first department of their LNG terminal Sabine with a capacity of 4.5 million tons per year (which makes approximately 6 billion cubic meters). Not this entire amount goes to Europe. A larger part is shipped to the markets of Asia and Latin America. It is planned that in 2016 three other departments of “Sabine” will be launched and the total terminal capacity will increase to 18 million tonnes (about 24.5 billion cubic meters). For comparison, “Gazprom” delivered 158.6 billion cubic meters to Europe in 2015, thus increasing the volume of deliveries by 8.2 % in comparison to 2014. Therefore, the share of the Russian monopoly gas exporter in the European market over the past year has increased from 30.2 to 31 %, which is a record in last ten years [4]. There are great doubts as to the fact that even in 5 years period the USA will be able to reach this benchmark. This does not even mention the second problem, which is the costs of LNG. Presently the effectiveness of pipeline transportation is at least 10–15 % higher than the LNG [5], and this does not even account for the necessary investments costs that the EU will have to bear in order to receive the needed imported amounts. Currently, it is expected that in the long term the energy consumption in the EU will show a slow growth. The energy consumption structure will probably increase the share of gas and renewable energy while reducing the share of coal and nuclear energy. A large emphasis is put on the development of innovative renewable energy production. The EU has been investing into this sector of energy industry for decades and has been able to achieve some significant results so far – 24.3 % share of the total EU primary energy production [6]. The most interesting innovation in this area is the floating wind farms, introduced not long ago by Statoil Company and hasty development of solar energy technologies. European Wind
The World Economy and Political Science 21 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
Energy Association (EWEA) has published a forecast of the development of wind energy resource for the next 15 years [7]. According to the analysis of the Association, while maintaining the present rate of installation of wind power plants, by 2030 a quarter of all electricity in the EU will be produced through wind energy. Currently, this figure reaches 10 % of the entire European electricity market. The projection takes into account the plans of individual EU-countries, and orders of the governmental authorities of the European Commission and the general dynamics of the installation of wind power plants. According to the forecast, the wind power generation will soon overtake the popularity of solar energy production due to higher efficiency in the Northern regions. The solar energy will also be a significant energy producer, generating between 9–12 % of the total electricity produced in the EU by 2030. The prerequisites for this is an expected decline in solar panel costs, and their extensive installation on the buildings’ roofs. In particular, in Germany the cost per kWh has dropped to 17 cents below the average price. It is also reported that by 2025 the production capacity of solar energy in Greece, Italy and Germany will be able to provide the base electrical load of up to 50 % of peak demand. Some EU experts even believe that the impact of solar energy on industry can be comparable with the extraction of shale gas. The development of solar energy will radically change existing business models and public utilities, bringing new opportunities and technologies. However, all the optimists seem to evade the fact that current model of the EU renewable energy system is only possible due to massive subsidizing by the government, which is steadily declining due to economic stagnation in the region. The large progress in renewable energy is unquestionable, but the fall in prices for gas and oil has drastically prolonged the period of the needed subsidies in the alternative energy sector. And finally, even if all the forecasts become true and renewable energy generates more than 30 % of demand by 2030, the other 70 % will have to be imported (both now and in the future). It seems that in the coming decade, Russia will remain the largest energy supplier to the EU market. The sales of Russian energy supplies to the EU have the advantage of the geographical proximity and well-developed supply infrastructure. Another important factor of the reliable partnership is relative political stability in the country unlike the majority of other countries and regions – suppliers of energy to the EU, especially in the Middle East. This leads to the understanding of the need for further investments of the EU governments and companies into the Russian energy sector. The FDI into the capital of Russian Energy companies will greatly contribute to the protection of the EU energy security through gaining control and insider information on foreign energy sectors. At the same time, attracting foreign capital to the national energy market remains an important objective for the Russian government. Finally, such investments from the EU side will contribute to the further development of stable multilateral legal framework and offer enforceable common rules of investment protection, and at the same time, it will preserve state sovereignty over natural resources. This mutual need will serve as a strong foundation for a long partnership between Russia and the EU despite the current political turbulence in the global economy.
This article was prepared with the financial support of the Commission in the framework of the project Jean-Monnet Programme, Jean Monnet project “Good governance, strong democratic institutions, rule of law: prerequisites for investing in innovation”, the project № 2013-3252.
References
1. Degtereva, E.A. The order of decision making in EU external economic sphere: tradi-
22 The World Economy and Political Science Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 tional and mathematics interpretation / E.A. Degtereva // PFUR journal, International Relations series. – 2007. – № 2. – P. 10–17. 2. EuroStat data [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statis- tics-explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports. 3. Eurocomission, Quarterly report on European gas markets [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/quarterly_report_on_eu- ropean_gas_markets_q2_2015.pdf. 4. Gazprom, “GazProm Investor day” Report, 2016 [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://gazprom15.downstream.ru. 5. Saleem Ali, “Greening Natural Gas Delivery – LNG versus Pipelines” [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/13/greening-natural- gas-delivery. 6. Eurocomission, Renewable energy statistics [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics. 7. EWEA, “Rewarding Ambition in Wind Energy” report [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://www.ewea.org/publications/reports/aiming-high.
Современное состояние России: отношения с ЕС в области энергетики
С.Ю. Черников, Е.А. Дегтерева
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», г. Москва (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: импорт нефти и газа ЕС; энергодиалог России и ЕС; ин- вестиции ЕС в энергетику РФ. Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются проблемы сотрудничества России и ЕС в об- ласти энергетики. Авторы рассматривают состояние энергодиалога между странами ЕС и Россией в разрезе текущих экономических факторов. Несмотря на широкое обсуждение необходимости диверсификации поставок энергопродуктов как в ЕС так и в России, инве- стиционное сотрудничество стран Европы с РФ в данной области продолжает оставаться единственной возможностью взаимодействия, открывающего путь к улучшению инвести- ционного климата и совместного поощрения инноваций.
© S.Yu. Chernikov, E.A. Degtereva, 2016
The World Economy and Political Science 23 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 338.2
Modern Shapes and Elements of Innovative Infrastructure in Russia
I.A. Simon
St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg (Russia)
Key words and phrases: innovation infrastructure; innovation activity; innovation system; innovation structure. Abstract: The article discusses each of the types of innovation infrastructure, describes the scope and goals of their application. The main elements included in each type of innovation infrastructure are briefly described; their ultimate use in practice is analyzed. Conclusions about the practical applicability of the existing innovation infrastructure are made; recommendations on improving the application of elements of innovation infrastructure are given.
Currently, one of the most promising types of business activities is innovation, which is associated with the development of new solutions in the organization of production, application of modern technologies, diversification and improvement of quality of products. However, for the implementation of effective innovation, it is necessary to have an advanced, competitive and practical innovative infrastructure. The innovation infrastructure is commonly understood as the totality of all the subsystems that provide access to resources and / or provide certain services to participants of innovative activity. Innovation infrastructure is divided into the following types: production, technology, finance, information, personnel, consulting and sales [1]. The main element of innovation infrastructure is invariably industrial and technological innovative infrastructure aimed to provide access to production resources and create the conditions for the implementation of innovation. It includes such basic elements as technology parks, business incubators, innovation and technology centers, innovative-industrial complexes, shared knowledge centers. One of the first elements of the innovation infrastructure is a technology park. Technology Park is a set of objects whose purpose is to provide high-quality areas and services to companies focused on the creation of innovation. The parks are research institutes, various educational institutions, exhibition centers, business centers, service facilities, such as residential settlements, security points, vehicles, entrance ways. Technology parks provide innovative companies with a range of services, including renting, production facilities, communication services such as fax, telephone, internet access, photocopying, secretarial, accounting and legal services, and other services on preferential terms. Business incubators followed the technology parks. Business Incubator is an organization that offers support to small, newly established enterprises and start-up entrepreneurs, who want
24 ECONOMIC SCIENCES Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 to, but do not have the opportunity to start a business [3]. Business incubators provide a number of basic services such as: 1. Leasing (subleasing) of non-residential premises to small business; 2. Technical maintenance of the building (part of the building) of a business incubator; 3. Postal and secretarial services; 4. Advisory services on taxation, accounting, crediting, legal protection, business planning and more; 5. Access to information databases [4]. Innovation and technology centers, shared knowledge centers and innovative-industrial complexes are less common elements of the innovation infrastructure, they are mainly used for the provision of assistance to existing innovative enterprises. Funding is of great importance for innovation infrastructure. Financial innovation infrastructure provides access for innovative enterprises to a variety of financial resources. The Russian financial infrastructure consists of state-financed organizations, off-budget funds, venture capital funds and various financial institutions. One of the major sources of funding for large-scale innovative projects are the government budget. In Russia, there is a number of financial organizations that have been created with the participation of the government. These include the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (founded in 1992), the Industrial Development Fund (founded in 1992), the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises in the scientific and technical sphere and Assistance Foundation (founded in 1994), the Federal fund product innovation (founded in 1995), Venture innovation Fund (founded in 2000), the Russian Venture company (founded in 2006). The Russian Foundation for Basic Research helps research organizations and small teams to develop fundamental scientific research and improve the skills of scientists. The Federal Fund of production innovations provides state support for major innovative projects in priority directions of scientific and technological progress, the introduction of competitive technologies and products, and activities on the development of new products. The Venture Innovation Fund is a non-profit organization, forming regional and sector venture capital funds, with equity funding from the state. Venture capital funds invest in various securities, as well as in the proportion of enterprises with a high degree of risk, and expect at the same time a very high profit. The Russian Venture Company (OJSC “RVC”) is one of the main instruments of government in the construction of the current competitive national innovation system. The company aims to balance the sentence structure of venture capital money and level of market imbalances by creating sets of venture capital funds. For various kinds of expert advice, the consulting infrastructure was created for innovation and the provision of a number of services in certification, standardization, accreditation, supervision and examination of new innovative products. Expert and consulting infrastructure is designed to provide management consulting on a wide range of issues in the field of expert, technical, technological, financial and legal activities, as well as provide services for certification, standardization, accreditation, supervision and examination of new innovative products, technologies and services. Expert and consulting infrastructure includes technology transfer centers, standardization centers, monitoring, verification, certification centers, patent offices, and accreditation organizations. Innovation centers assist in creating favorable conditions to entrepreneurs, scientists and inventors in innovation development and commercialization of the results of research and development, coordinate the work of organizations in the promotion of innovative products,
ECONOMIC SCIENCES 25 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
technologies and services. Technology transfer centers are organizations or subdivisions of universities designed to provide the range of services on structuring and commercialization of technological knowledge acquired through research and innovation activities of enterprises. After an innovative product is designed and tested, there is a necessity of its introduction, to this end market research is carried out for its sales. Marketing innovation infrastructure is one of the important elements of the innovation infrastructure. Sales infrastructure is one of the most important systems for the implementation of innovative products, technologies and services. Marketing innovation infrastructure includes technology transfer centers, brokerage firms, trading houses, foreign trade and consulting firms. Foreign trade companies, trading houses and brokerage firms are designed to provide brokerage services to promote innovative products, technologies and services in the Russian and international markets. The creation and implementation of innovative activity is impossible without prompt and accurate information about enhanced innovation infrastructure elements, innovative products, various competitions, grants and financing of innovation. Information-based innovation infrastructure was created for this purpose. Information innovation infrastructure is a system of interconnected and constantly interacting organizations, resources and tools, and other elements to provide the information services to innovation enterprises. Nowadays, the basic element of information infrastructure is the Internet. There is a myriad of online resources that provide information support for innovative enterprises: 1. Federal portal for research and innovation www.sci-innov.ru. 2. Portal informational support innovation and business “Innovations and Entrepreneurship” www.innovbusiness.ru. 3. Information Internet channel “Science and Innovation” www.rsci.ru. 4. Science and technology http://www.strf.ru. 5. Information Portal InfoNTR www.infontr.ru. 6. Portal “Russian Innovation Competition” www.inno.ru. 7. Science and innovations in the regions of Russia http://regions.extech.ru/ [2]. In Russia, there is a fairly extensive network of organizations providing information support to innovative enterprises, which includes regional information networks, the regional state system of scientific and technical information centers, organizations supporting small businesses. Of course, for the development of all elements of the innovation infrastructure, professional participation in the innovation activities of enterprises is impossible without highly qualified staff. HR innovation infrastructure has been created for this purpose. HR innovation infrastructure includes training of specialists in the field of technical and scientific management system and advanced training of personnel in the field of innovation, namely, higher education institutions, public and private educational institutions. All forms of innovation infrastructure are interrelated and cannot properly function without active interaction with each other. After examining all of the elements of the innovation infrastructure, we can conclude that today the Russian innovation infrastructure meets all the international standards; it is fully developed and competitive. However, not all of its elements are used in their intended purpose. In this regard, there is a need to improve legislation concerning construction and application of innovative infrastructure, as well as the development of regulated instructions on the individual elements of innovation infrastructure and supervised work on their implementation and use.
26 ECONOMIC SCIENCES Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
References
1. Emel’janov, S.G. Teoreticheskie osnovy i instrumenty upravlenija innovacijami : monografija [Theoretical foundations and tools of innovation management: monograph] / S.G. Emel’janov, V.A. Kabanov, S.S. Kuzhel’, I.A. Korol’kov. – Staryj Oskol : TNT, 2010. – 184 s. 2. Lebedeva, N.N. Innovacionnaja aktivnost’ predprijatij kak uslovie ih konkurentosposobnosti [Innovation activity of enterprises as a condition of their competitiveness] / N.N. Lebedeva // Zhurnal institucional’nyh issledovanij. – 2010. – № 4. – Vol. 2. 3. Postanovlenie ot 20 dekabrja 2007 g. № 104 «Ob utverzhdenii statisticheskogo instrumentarija dlja organizacii MINOBRNAUKI Rossii statisticheskogo nabljudenija za organizacijami nauchno-tehnicheskogo kompleksa» [The decree of 20 December 2007 №104 “On approval of statistical tools for the organization of the Ministry of education for statistical observation of organizations of scientific-technical complex”]. 4. Vikipedija. Svobodnaja jenciklopedija [Wikipedia Free encyclopedia] [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/.
Современные формы и элементы инновационной инфраструктуры России
И.А. Симон
ФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики», г. Санкт-Петербург (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: инновационная инфраструктура; инновационная дея- тельность; инновационная система; инновационная структура. Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются в отдельности каждый из видов инноваци- онной инфраструктуры, приводится описание области и целей их применения. Дается краткая характеристика основных элементов, входящих в каждый вид инновационной ин- фраструктуры, и анализируется их конечное использование на практике. В заключении делаются выводы о практической применимости существующей инновационной инфра- структуры, даются рекомендации по совершенствованию области применения элементов инновационной инфраструктуры.
© I.A. Simon, 2016
ECONOMIC SCIENCES 27 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 621.311:004 (470.26)(06)
Tariff Regulation of Electricity Supply in the Kaliningrad Region and Ways of Its Automation
G.G. Arunyants, S.A. Ayrapetov, T.A. Voronin
Kaliningrad State Technical University, Kaliningrad (Russia)
Key words and phrases: electric power; power supply; electric networks; consumers; tariff; method of calculation of tariffs; tariff regulation; automated information system; program complex; algorithm; information support; software. Abstract: The paper describes the results of the analysis of the problems of regulation of electricity supply in the Kaliningrad region and the main ways of increasing its efficiency, including the issues of automated accounting, forming and analyzing tariffs for production and supply of electric energy taking into account losses of energy in distributive power supply networks.
The Kaliningrad region’s consumers are supplied by the Kaliningrad power system, which is a part of the United Energy System of Northwest. The total number of territorial electric network organizations includes 32 companies. Power lines with a nominal voltage of 60–110– 330 kW form the energy system network of the Kaliningrad region [1]. More than two thousand kilometers of overhead lines with voltage 60–330 kV is in operation. The dynamics of electricity consumption by consumer groups is shown in Fig. 1. Attention is drawn to the high level of losses of electricity, which is a feature of the current stage of development of the national power industry, based on the operation of the wholesale and retail electricity markets. In some electric network companies they reach 40–50 %. This problem acquires particular relevance for the electricity distribution grid companies (DGC). This is due to the fact that DGCs have networks with voltage of 110 kV or lower. It is known that the lower is the network voltage, the higher is the percentage of losses. Given the importance of electricity supply as part of the regional economy, the main purpose of managing the electric power complex is to create conditions that ensure its reliable and secure operation. It is known that the majority of companies operating in the electricity sector are monopolies in relation to services (electricity supply) and products ( electric energy) they provide. To restrict monopolies in obtaining superprofits it is necessary to have an effective management system (tariff regulation), which can offer optimal solutions for two quite contradictory objectives. On the one hand, it is important to take into account the consumers’ interests and supply electricity at acceptable prices, but on the other hand, it is necessary to meet the interests of electrical energy producers, ensuring compensation for incurred costs, and creating conditions for making normalized profits from their activities. All this determined the importance and necessity of deep reflection and generalization
28 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
ths. KWh
TPP’s own needs
Losses
Energy supply companies
Inhabited localities – total
Population – total
Agricultural consumers
Non-industrial consumers
Electrified urban transport
Electrified railway transport
Industrial consumers up to 670 KWh
Industrial consumers over 670 KWh years
Fig. 1. The dynamics of electricity consumption by consumer groups of existing approaches in this area, as well as the development of new methodologies for calculation of tariffs and tariff regulation as an effective way of coordinating the activities of the monopolies of regional power supply systems. Therefore, these processes become objects of systematic research in the context of economic reforms of the region. The top priority is to ensure a sustainable balance between the interests of producers and consumers while respecting the interests of the state, whose task in these conditions is determined by the need to ensure coordination of the electricity market participants on the basis of the technical supervision of the results and analysis of the development of the situation. Over the past 10 years, tariff regulation has accumulated experience of multi-level management of the electricity system entities through interaction of Federal Energy Commission (FEC) and Regional Energy Commission (REC) [2]. At that time, quite a stable tariff structure was used; it didn’t take into account some aspects of facilities producing and distributing electricity in conditions of complexly structured regional electric networks. Regulation was reduced to a simplified analysis of the costs incurred by power supply companies, and formation of tariffs without using special economic mechanisms, which can create conditions for increasing motivation and improving their efficiency. Today, the main body establishing state-regulated prices (tariffs) in electricity supply in the Kaliningrad region is “Service of government regulation of prices and tariffs of the Kaliningrad region” (hereinafter SGRTST). It offers preferential tariffs to individual consumers by shifting the burden of expenses on other players, and thus maintaining a balance of interests of all participants of the power supply system.
Machine Building and Engineering 29 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
Unfortunately, there is still an increase in electricity tariffs. This is explained by the objective reasons associated with certain difficulties of the economic analysis of power supply systems, cost accounting difficulties in the production and consumption of electricity, effective analysis of which is related to the specifics of production and consumption of electricity. The analysis of the main approaches to government regulation of regional electric power system has revealed the three key issues, which require urgent solution: 1) the effective monitoring of the activities of electric power companies in the region; 2) operational analysis (including pricing analysis of products and services markets) of the costs included in the tariff structure; 3) systematic training of the staff in electricity tariff regulation using modern software, hardware and information technologies. Effective regulation requires revision of electricity tariffs 3–4 times a year [3], the analysis of a large amount of electric power system companies using specially developed for this purpose algorithms implemented within the framework of automated information systems (AIS). Despite the high level of computer equipment used in modern power systems, the issue of AIS introduction in electric power tariff regulation remains relevant and requires further research. According to a modern concept, the effective regulation of electricity market participants is impossible without the implementation of regional automated information systems (RAIS), providing automated data collection, storage and processing of information about financial and economic activities, exchange of data, objective analysis and decision-making. In developing the universal software package TEE-1 for automated generation and analysis of electricity tariffs it was assumed that its use would make it possible to establish uniform rules for all control subjects in terms of methods of calculating the cost of power generation and supply. The system is expected to improve operational effectiveness of the regulatory authorities regarding monitoring and analysis of the region’s electricity supply system and the development strategy of the regional power system. As a basic methodological basis adopted in the design of machine algorithms implemented in the TEE-1 software, guidelines for regulators and regulated entities regarding the calculation of tariffs (prices) for electric energy (power) were adopted [4]. Tariffs for electric energy (power) are formed by the regional regulatory body in 3 options: 1) one-part price includes the cost of 1 kilowatt-hour of supplied electric energy (power); 2) two-part tariff includes the rate of 1 kilowatt-hour of electrical energy and the rate of 1 kW of electric power; 3) one- (two-part) tariffs are differentiated by zones (hours). Consumers can select the desired tariff option on their own. The main feature of the adopted procedure is the preliminary formation of 4 groups of consumers (tariff group), each of which has its own specific set of computational algorithms. Producers, in turn, must meet the requirements and specified criteria [5]. In accordance with the procedure [4], tariffs for electricity are differentiated by voltage levels: high (110 kV and above); average the first (35 kW); average the second (20–1 kV); low (below 0.4 kV). It is important to note the complexity of this procedure [4] without using specialized automated systems, primarily due to hierarchy and multiplicity of the indexing system when selecting accounting elements, the complexity of the formation of the necessary input data and, in fact, the implementation of computational procedures. In accordance with the procedure [4], tariffs for electric energy are determined by summing up the various cost parameters defined by: the weighted average unit cost of produced and (or) purchased electric energy in the electricity markets (wholesale or retail); incurred costs to
30 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Table 1. The list of subsystems (modules) of software package TEE-1
abbreviation # Description listing Subsystem TEE-1 for calculating tariffs for electric energy (power) Calculation of tariff for the bus bar electric energy of the energy-supplying organization - 1 RТ.SE-1 the subject of the retail market 2 RТ.UP-1 Calculation of tariff for electric energy transmission on regional power grids Calculation of tariff for electric power transmission services (voltage level) (for consumers 3 RТ.UPK-1 calculated by one-part boiler tariff) 4 RТ.UPI-1 Calculation of individual tariffs for services on electric power transmission 5 RТ.GP-1 Calculation of tariffs by groups of electric power consumers Subsystem PEE-1 for calculation of process consumption (losses) of electricity energy transmission through electric networks of regional energy systems Loss calculation of open-loop networks of 6-150 kV (mean voltage (MV) and high volt- 6 RP.СВН-1 age (HV)) 7 RP.СНН-1 Loss calculation of open networks 0.38 kV. (low voltage (LV)) 8 RP.ХХТ-1 Calculation of load losses in transformers 9 RP.К-1 Loss calculation to the crown on lines of 220 kV and above 10 RO.IТН-1 Losses in voltage measuring transformers (VT) and current measuring transformers (TC) 11 С.UPP-1 Calculation of normative value of total conditional constant losses of electric power 12 С.UPP-1 Calculation of normative value of total variable electric power losses in electric networks 13 С.ОP-1 Calculation of the total amount of electric energy losses
existing services, including services on electric power supply; marketing premium of the supplier; the cost of compensation of technological losses of electricity in the networks. The biggest problem is accounting of electricity losses, including the following: load losses in lines, power transformers and autotransformers; load losses of transformers and autotransformers; corona losses in the transmission line; power consumption in compensating devices - capacitor banks (SBR), a synchronous compensator (SC), static thyristor compensators (STC), reactors, substation etc.; losses in measuring current and voltage transformers and secondary circuits. Evaluation of the actual and planned status of all types of substations and associated installations (as of a certain period), as well as transmission lines under the control of the regional power grid is needed. All this creates the necessary preconditions for effective analysis in general. The list of software package modules is given in Table 1. Module names correspond to procedures described in the existing Guidelines [4] and in [6]. The necessary input data are formed using the existing accounting tools, structured and stored in databases (DB) of the TEE-1 subsystems. The main objective of the development of algorithms for automated formation of tariffs for electric energy (power) was transforming and structuring of mathematical expressions and rules for calculating different indicators and parameters into machine algorithms for their subsequent use in creating customized software package TEE-1.
Machine Building and Engineering 31 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
The complexity of the regional network characterized by a series of parallel connections must be taken into consideration. This necessitates the creation of the information database of technical and technological characteristics of individual sections of the regional power grid. The proposed structural organization of the TEE-1 package provides effective functioning of its separate modules (subsystems) in accordance with the implemented algorithms and taking into account their interrelationships in the process of solving the problems in terms of changing the original data.
References
1. Prikaz Ministerstva razvitija infrastruktury Kaliningradskoj oblasti ot 30 aprelja 2013 g. «O sheme i programme razvitija jelektrojenergetiki Kaliningradskoj oblasti na 2013–2018 gody» [The Order of the Ministry of Infrastructure Development of the Kaliningrad region of April 30, 2013 “On the directions and program of electric power system development in the Kaliningrad region for 2013–2018”]. 2. Arunjanc, G.G. Ob jeffektivnom regulirovanii dejatel’nosti estestvennyh monopolij v teplojenergetike [On effective regulation of natural monopolies in power industry] / G.G. Arunjanc, I.K. Huzmiev, A.Ju. Kalinkin // Trudy mezhdunarodnoj konferencii «Informacionnye tehnologii i sistemy: nauka i praktika». – Vladikavkaz : Izd-vo VNC RAN, 2002. – S. 345–349. 3. Arunjanc, G.G. Koncepcija i osobennosti postroenija programmnogo kompleksa RT-Q-1 avtomatizirovannogo formirovanija tarifov v sfere teplosnabzhenija [The concept and design features of software package RT-Q-1 for automated formation of tariffs in heat supply] / G.G. Arunjanc, T.A. Voronin, S.A. Ajrapetov // Nauka i biznes: puti razvitija. – M. : TMBprint. – 2016. – № 3(57). – S. 66–75. 4. Metodicheskie ukazanija po raschetu reguliruemyh tarifov i cen na jelektricheskuju (teplovuju) jenergiju na roznichnom (potrebitel’skom) rynke. Prilozhenie k prikazu Federal’noj sluzhby po tarifam ot 6 avgusta 2004 g. № 20-je/2 (s izmenenijami na 14 aprelja 2014 g.) [Guidelines for the calculation of regulated tariffs and prices for electric (thermal) energy in the retail (consumer) market / Annex to the Order of the Federal Tariff Service of 6 August 2004 of da N 20-e / 2 (as amended on April 14, 2014 of the year)]. 5. Arunjanc, G.G. Avtomatizacija processov regulirovanija dejatel’nosti estestvennyh monopolij v sfere jenergetiki [Automating of regulation of natural monopolies in the energy sector] / G.G. Arunjanc, I.K. Huzmiev // Jekonomika i finansy jelektrojenergetiki. – M. – 2005. – № 11. 6. Arunjanc, G.G. Osobennosti postroenija programmnogo kompleksa rascheta i analiza poter’ v jelektricheskih setjah [Features of designing software for calculation and analysis of losses in electric networks] / G.G. Arunjanc, I.K. Huzmiev, A.Ju. Kalinkin // Vestnik FJeK RF. – M. – 2005. – № 4. – S. 47–54.
32 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Тарифное регулирование деятельности субъектов электроснабжающего комплекса Калининградской области и пути его автоматизации
Г.Г. Арунянц, С.А. Айрапетов, Т.А. Воронин
ФГБОУ ВПО «Калининградский государственный технический университет», г. Калининград (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: электроэнергия; электроснабжение; электрические сети; потребители; тариф; методика расчета тарифов, тарифное регулирование, автоматизи- рованная информационная система, программный комплекс, алгоритм, информационное обеспечение, программное обеспечение. Аннотация: Приводятся результаты анализа состояния проблем регулирования дея- тельности субъектов электроснабжающего комплекса Калининградской области и основ- ных путей повышения эффективности его функционирования, включая вопросы автомати- зированного учета, формирования и анализа тарифов на выработку и передачу электри- ческой энергии с учетом потерь энергии в распределительных электросетях.
© G.G. Arunyants, S.A. Ayrapetov, T.A. Voronin, 2016
Machine Building and Engineering 33 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
UDK 66.041.55
Calculation of Recirculation of Combustion Products in Tunnel Kilns
V.B. Birulya
St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, St. Petersburg (Russia)
Key words and phrases: tunnel kiln; recirculation of combustion products; energy efficiency. Abstract: The article examines the results of implementation of the system of gas supply. The proposed technologies, including the system of internal recirculation of combustion products are described.
In construction ceramics industry, production processes are based on heat treatment of raw materials, which requires a large amount of fuel. The calcination process requires the highest amount of heat, which accounts for 70 % of fuel consumption. On the other hand, the complexity of determining the optimum natural gas costs is associated with large temperature differences along the length of the firing kiln and the task of uniform distribution burning zone. The research work has resulted in the development and introduction of innovative technology for effective utilization of natural gas. The essence of the technology is the comprehensive modernization of assembly line for the production of floor tiles. Fig. 1 shows graphs describing the operation of the tunnel kiln. The required mode, which provides heat treatment of products, is given by the graph of the temperature distribution required for ceramic production technology. The exhaust gases move from a high-temperature zone of the furnace directly inside its volume to the low-temperature zones. Due to rarefaction the heated secondary air enters the firing zone from the cooling zone. During recirculation of gases, the temperature reduces. This leads to saving of fuel gas, as well as reducing the amount of gas bled and their temperature. All sections of the conveyor line are divided into 15 control loops (see the example in Fig. 2), each loop consists of a single-turn connected mechanically with an adjustable damper KR-160 (ZMS analogue) directly controlling the gas pressure in front of a burner loop and PID controller. Control loops are intervals of successive physical and chemical processes of ceramic firing. At each interval the maximum allowable temperature gradient υ [3], °С/h is determined:
υ = dt/dτ=(t’ – t’’)/τ, (1)
where t’, t’’ are temperature at the end and beginning of the interval, °С; τ is the time period of the product stay in the area, h. It is extremely important to provide the maximum gradient at each interval. The larger the gradient (without losing quality), the more intensely the furnace operates, and the lower production costs are, the more products are made from 1 m3 of the working volume of the
34 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 of gases Exhaustion
──── discharge graph, Pa ─ • ─ • ─ temperature graph, °С Temperature graph of a modernized furnace Temperature 1. Fig. Reserve exhaustion of gases from sectio ns 25–32 Supply of cooling air to sectio ns 25–32 intensive cool ing zone Supply of cooling air to the
product Finished Removal of hot air
Machine Building and Engineering 35 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
Section number Natural gas consumption Actual consumption of exhaust gases in the section, m3/h in the section, m3/s Gas rate in the section, m/s
Fig. 2. Functional diagram of the automatic adjustment of drying and firing processes
furnace. The length of adjustment section can be determined by the formula
li = (t’ – t’’)/(υτ). (2)
Knowing the temperature at the beginning and at the end section and the maximum gradient of the heating the duration heating can be determined. In the heating section
τ = (t’ – t’’)k/υ. (3)
In the soak section
τ = 0,08δ2k, (4)
where δ is the thickness of the product; k – conversion factor from the experimental data to the industrial furnace (for tunnel furnace k = 4).
36 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
The main parameter of receiving a high quality product is to control the heat flow [1]. Control of heat flow is carried out with respect to temperature. The relationship between temperature and heat generated in the volume of the furnace section is calculated from the heat balance equation.
р Vcitccci + αVciVвtвcв + Q нVciηboil + Vcp(i–1)trg(i–1)crg(i–1) + Gmtmi+1cmi+1 = = Q5i + Gmtmicmi + Vcp(i–1)tsmicrgi + Vcpitsmiccpi, (5)
р 3 where Q н is net calorific value of gas combustion, kJ/m ; Q5i is heat loss through the outer shell, kW; ti is temperature of combustion products according to the manufacturing process, °C, where i is an ordinal number of section in the direction of movement of gases; cp is average volumetric 3 heat capacity of gases, kJ/(m ·°С); rg is recirculated gases; cp is combustion products; V0 is 3 theoretical volume of gases, m ; αп is average excess of air in the furnace volume. The required temperature condition is created by controlling the gas flow. Moreover, the gas flow rate is pre-determined by the equation (5) to further regulate the burners. The injection burners automatically maintain a predetermined ratio between gas and air during different modes of operation without the use of automatic proportioning. Using the equation for the heat-transfer environment received A.A. Nestruve [3] and taking into account the boundary conditions ranging from tfur = t’ to tfur = t’’ and x = 0 to x = l we obtain the temperature difference:
∆tfur = t’ – t’’ = qclFcl / (csmVг) + qmFm/(csmVг). (6)
2 Δtfur = Δtkl + Δtm, heat flux qm(∆tm), i.e. is determined by criterion Fourier F0 = ατ / S and the multiplicity of the recirculation n = Vsm / Vc, ie, how many times the amount of gases involved in heat exchange greater amounts of gases coming from the combustion in the furnace section, we obtain.
Thus, given that the temperature difference ∆tfur = ∆tcl + ∆tm, heat flux density qm(∆tm), i.e. is 2 determined by the Fourier criterion F0 = ατ / S and the multiplicity of the recirculation n = Vsm / Vc, i.e. how many times the amount of gases involved in heat exchange is greater than the amount of gases coming from the combustion in the furnace section, we obtain
∆tfur ≈ ∆tfur х ≈ qclFcl/(csmVc). (7)
Relative temperature difference
θfur = ∆tfur/∆tfur х = (1 + qmFm/(qclFcl))/n. (8)
The resulting dependence θfur(n) indicates that the optimal multiplicity of recirculation which is achieved with isothermal heating gases and therefore the minimum fuel consumption can be found for each furnace section. Fig. 2 shows calculated graphs of optimal fuel consumption by sections of tunnel furnace. The study showed the advantage of upgrading the CL. As a result, the actual specific fuel consumption reduction was 33 % with respect to the design solution (PKB “NIIstroykeramika”),
Machine Building and Engineering 37 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
resulting in savings of natural gas to 393 thousand m3/year.
References
1. Birulja, V.B. Rol’ kompleksnoj avtomatizacii v povyshenii jenergojeffektivnosti tunnel’nyh pechej po proizvodstvu strojkeramiki [The role of integrated automation in improving the energy efficiency of tunnel furnaces for the production of building ceramic] / V.B. Birulja, A.N. Volikov // Gaz-inform. – SPb. – 2009. – № 2(12). – S. 92–96. 2. Volikov, A.N. Jenergojeffektivnost’ modul’noj konstrukcii rolikovoj pechi dlja proizvodstva keramicheskoj plitki [Energy efficiency of modular design roller furnace for the production of ceramic tiles] / A.N. Volikov, V.B. Birulja // Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov [Bulletin of Civil Engineers]. – SPb. : SPbGASU. – 2012. – № 5(34). – S. 155–158. 3. Nestruev, A.A. Opredelenie prodolzhitel’nosti nagreva dlinnomernyh detalej v konvekcionnyh pechah [Determination of heating time for long parts in convection ovens] / A.A. Nestruev // Zhurnal tehnicheskoj himii [Technical Chemistry Journal]. – 1956. – Vyp. 7. – S. 1556–1559.
Расчет рециркуляции продуктов сгорания в туннельных печах
В.Б. Бируля
ФГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет», г. Санкт-Петербург (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: туннельная печь; рециркуляции газов; энергоэф- фективность. Аннотация: В работе рассматриваются результаты внедрения системы газоснабжения конвейерных линий по производству керамической плитки. Представлены разработанные технологии, включающие организацию системы внутренней рециркуляции продуктов сгорания.
© V.B. Birulya, 2016
38 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
UDK 620.9
Optimization of Operating Costs of Railway Transport Using Information Systems for Monitoring the Efficiency of the Transportation Process
R.S. Simak
Omsk State Transport University, Omsk (Russia)
Key words and phrases: rolling stock; energy efficiency; operating costs; fuel and energy resources. Abstract: The paper analyzes the efficiency of the Russian Railways, including the key element in their structure – locomotive facilities, which are the basis of the transportation process. Russian railways are one of the main consumers of fuel and energy resources in railway transport, spending about 86 % of the total amount spent by the Railways, which in monetary terms is about 167 billion rubles per year or 14 % of the operating costs of the railway network.
Russian Railways are the largest holding structure, which is among the five largest railway companies in the world. At the end of 2014 JSC “Russian Railways” took the third place in terms of turnover, after the US and China, by doing more than 2 trillion ton-kilometers, and in terms of passenger traffic it had the 5th place, after India, China, the EU, Japan, by doing the work in the amount of more than 130 billion pass.-km. The achievement of these indicators is impossible without effective interaction between all organizations included in the JSC “Russian Railways” structure. Modern information technology is an integral part of the system of measures aimed at energy conservation and energy efficiency of rail transport, which is not possible without effective coordination of all the structural units of JSC “Russian Railways”. According to the Russian Energy Strategy [1] for the period until 2030, it is determined that the energy sector should contribute to the reproduction of the human capital (via energy infrastructure development and the provision of energy products and services for socially affordable prices, sustainable reproduction of highly qualified personnel and improvement of the quality of life of citizens countries, including those employed in the energy and related sectors), as well as facilitate the transition to a new model of spatial development, which is based on the balanced development of energy and transport infrastructure. Of key importance for the development of the Russian economy is the concept of the transport infrastructure, which includes as an integral part the railway transport, which is a major transport system in our country, and in some cases the only means of transport engaged in the carriage of goods and passengers on the territory of Russia. Russian Railways is organically integrated into a single transport system of the Russian Federation. In conjunction with other means of transport they meet the needs of the population in transportation, economy and the state as a whole [2]. Of the total traffic turnover in Russia, about 40.4 % is done by the railway
Machine Building and Engineering 39 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
% 70
60
50
40
30 The starting point of the increase 20 in the share of freight turnover after the RF Government reform of 10 the railway transport
0
1970 1975 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
ЖелезнодорожныйRailway ТрубопроводныйPipeline МорскойSea ВнутреннийInland water водный АвтомобильныйAutomobile ВоздушныйAir
Fig. 1. Dynamics of changes in the structure of freight turnover by types of transport
transport [3], although in the past, this share was significantly higher (Fig. 1). In Russia, 98.4 % of all railway transportation is done by JSC “Russian Railways”, 1.6 % is the carriage of goods by rail industry [3]. In the passenger public transport (27.2 %), OJSC “Russian Railways” is second on-ly to air transport (36.8 %) [3]. In general, for the volume of electricity production in Russia in the amount of about 1.0548 trillion KWh [4; 5], the railway transport spends 40.7 billion KWh only on hauling, which is about 4 % of total electricity production in the country. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of railway transport is one of the priorities of the industry, the solution of which will enhance the competitiveness of the industry, compared to other means of transport, and, consequently, get a certain socio-economic effect from decreasing tariffs for passenger transportation [6–8] . In accordance with the Decree of the RF Government of 03.04.2013 # 512-p “On approval of the state program “Energy efficiency and energy development” [7], it is proposed to define the long-term policy in terms of transport costs and ensure timely delivery of freight wagons for coal export, provide the possibility of establishing of long-term railway tariffs for a period of at least 3–5 years for individual export destinations. It is impossible to fulfil this order without the optimization of operating costs (Table 1),a significant share of which is the costs of fuel and energy resources FER( ) [9]. In accordance with the current regulations [10], the term energy efficiency has the following definitions. Energy efficiency is an efficient (rational) utilization of energy resources. Using less energy to provide the same level of energy support of buildings or industrial processes. Achievement of economically justified efficient use of energy resources at the existing level of engineering and technology, and compliance with the requirements of environmental protection. In contrast, energy conservation is mainly aimed at reducing energy consumption, while energy efficiency (power utility) is useful (effective) expenditure of energy, which is expressed not only in the
40 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
Main computer center Servers of DON CNC workstation of The application and applications and administrator and users database server of AIS
databases Energy efficiency Central level Central ОS – MS Windows ОS – MS Windows XP; Server 2008 Antivirus software
Municipal Information Centre CNC workstation of regional users Servers of DON applications and databases
Regional level ОS – MS Windows Server 2008* ОS – MS Windows XP/7; Antivirus software
CNC workstation of linear users
Line level ОС – MS Windows XP; Antivirus software
Fig. 2. The architecture of the AIS "Energy Efficiency"
economy of energy resources, but also reduction in the operating costs, increase in productivity and competitiveness of enterprises, decrease in emissions in an atmosphere, etc. The creation of the management system of energy efficient locomotive facilities of JSC “Russian Railways” is an urgent problem, solution of which in the long term can reduce the cost of fuel and energy resources in the frame of the optimization program. The greatest effect was achieved in 2014 by implementing the major activities aimed at improving the energy efficiency of branches and structural subdivisions of JSC “Russian Railways”. Monitoring of the effectiveness of cost optimization in general requires an appropriate information system of the Russian railway network. Therefore, in accordance with the order of JSC “Russian Railways” of 29.12.2011 # 2828p “On improving the system for recording the results of the implementation of energy conservation programs and energy efficiency of JSC “Russian Railways” [11], the energy-saving automated information system of JSC “Russian Railways” (AIS “Energy Efficiency”, Fig. 2) has been developed.
Machine Building and Engineering 41 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
This system is designed to automate the process: – Preparation and approval of plans of organizational and technical measures (hereinafter – OTM) branches of JSC “Russian Railways”, regional and basic structural units of the branches of JSC “Russian Railways”; – Generalization of OTM plans of OJSC “Russian Railways” for the purpose of automated formation of consolidated OTM plan for energy conservation programs and energy efficiency of JSC “Russian Railways”; – Monitoring of the implementation and effectiveness of the implementation of the OTM for achieving the targets of energy saving and energy efficiency set by the Program; – Keeping a balance between planned and actual costs for the implementation of activities, the amount of savings for each type of fuel and energy resources in volume and value terms conditional achieved during the implementation of the energy-saving activities; – Summarizing of the results of the implementation of energy-saving measures at the level of regional divisions of the branches of JSC “Russian Railways”, the branches of JSC “Russian Railways” with the automated generation of tabular and graphical reports on the results achieved by category and group activities, railways and branches of “Russian Railways” functionality customers FER types, time slots, etc. The system refers to management systems of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting of information. The system consists of the following hardware components: an application server, combined with a database server; User workstation; Administrator’s workstation. According to AIS “Energy Efficiency”, in 2014 JSC “Russian Railways” saved energy resources owing to the measures of energy conservation programs. The company’s energy efficiency amounted to 411.7 thousand conventional tons (4.1 billion rubles) with the largest savings obtained in the locomotive sector in the amount of 169 thousand conventional tons.
References
1. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel’stva RF ot 13.11.2009 № 1715-r «Ob Jenergeticheskoj strategii Rossii na period do 2030 goda» [The decree of the RF Government dated 13.11.2009 1715 N-R “On the Energy strategy of Russia for the period till 2030”] // Sobranie zakonodatel’stva RF. – 30.11.2009. – № 48. – St. 5836. 2. Gapanovich, V.A. Jenergeticheskaja strategija i jelektrifikacija rossijskih zheleznyh dorog [Energy strategy and electrification Russian Railways] / V.A. Gapanovich, S.N. Enifancev, V.A. Ovsejchuk; pod red. G.P. Kutovogo. – M. : Jeko-Press, 2012. – 196 s. 3. Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik. 2012 : stat. sb. [Russian statistical Yearbook. 2012] // Rosstat. – M., 2012. – 786 s. 4. Promyshlennost’ Rossii. 2012 : Stat. sb. [Industry of Russia. 2012] // Rosstat. – M., 2012. – 445 c. 5. Godovoj otchet OAO «Rossijskie zheleznye dorogi» za 2014 god [Annual report JSC “Russian Railways” for 2014] [Electronic resource]. – Access mode : http://ir.rzd.ru/static/public/ ru?STRUCTURE_ID=32. 6. Federal’nyj zakon ot 23.11.2009 № 261-FZ «Ob jenergosberezhenii i o povyshenii jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii» [Federal law of 23.11.2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and on increasing energy ef- ficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federa-tion”] // Sobranie zakonodatel’stva RF. – 30.11.2009. – № 48. – St. 5711. 7. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel’stva RF ot 03.04.2013 № 512-r «Ob utverzhdenii
42 Machine Building and Engineering Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016 gosudarstvennoj programmy «Jenergojeffektivnost’ i razvitie jenergetiki» [The decree of the RF Government of 03.04.2013 N 512-R “On approval of the state program “Energy efficiency and energy devel-opment”] // Sobranie zakonodatel’stva RF. – 08.04.2013. – № 14. – St. 1739. 8. Gapanovich, V.A. Jenergojeffektivnost’ – put’ k snizheniju zatrat i k jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti [Energy efficiency – the path to cost reduc-tion and environmental safety] / V.A. Gapanovich // Zheleznodorozhnyj transport. – 2014. – № 8. – S. 22–25. 9. Jenergeticheskaja strategija holdinga Rossijskie zheleznye dorogi na period do 2015 goda i na perspektivu do 2030 goda [Energy strategy of the Russian Railways holding for the period up to 2015 and outlook up to 2030]. Utv. rasporjazheniem OAO «RZhD» ot 15.12.2011 g. № 2718r. 10. Jenergeticheskaja jeffektivnost’. Sostav pokazatelej. Obshhie polozhenija. GOST R 51541-99 [Energy efficiency. Composition of indicators. General provisions. GOST R 51541-99]. 11. Rasporjazhenie OAO «RZhD» ot 29.12.2011 № 2828r «O sovershenstvovanii sistemy ucheta rezul’tatov vypolnenija Programmy jenergosberezhenija i povyshenija jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti OAO «RZhD» [The order of JSC “RZD” of 29.12.2011 No. 2828r “On improving the sys-tem for recording results of executing the program of energy saving and en-ergy efficiency of JSC “RZD”].
Оптимизация эксплуатационных расходов железнодорожного транспорта на основе применения информационных систем мониторинга энергоэффективности перевозочного процесса
Р.С. Симак
ФГБОУ ВО “Омский государственный университет путей сообщения”, г. Омск (Россия)
Ключевые слова и фразы: подвижной состав; энергоэффективность; эксплуа- тационные расходы; топливно-энергетические ресурсы. Аннотация: В работе проводится анализ энергоэффективности Российских железных дорог, в т.ч. ключевого элемента в их структуре – локомотивного хозяйства, которое является основой обеспечения перевозочного процесса и одним из основных потребителей топливно-энергетических ресурсов на железнодорожном транспорте. Рассматривается автоматизированная информационная система «Энергоэффективность», которая является неотъемлемой частью системы мер, направленных на энергосбережение и повышение энергетической эффективности железнодорожного транспорта.
© R.S. Simak, 2016
Machine Building and Engineering 43 № 1(27) 2016 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress
List of Authors
Earl Lewis – PhD in Biological Sciences, Researcher, University of Namibia, e-mail: elewis@ unam.na, Windhoek (Namibia) Эрл Льюис – кандидат биологических наук, соискатель Университета Намибии, e-mail: [email protected], Виндхук (Намибия)
A.G. Lyzina – Senior Lecturer, Department of Design and Interior Design, Penza State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, e-mail: [email protected], Penza (Russia) А.Г. Лызина – старший преподаватель кафедры дизайна и художественного проектирова- ния интерьеров Пензенского государственного университета архитектуры и строитель- ства, e-mail: [email protected], г. Пенза (Россия)
E.D. Khokhlushina – Undergraduate, Penza State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, e-mail: [email protected], Penza (Russia) Е.Д. Хохлушина – студент Пензенского государственного университета архитектуры и строительства, e-mail: [email protected], г. Пенза (Россия)
Zh.B. Chernova – Postgraduate, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, e-mail: [email protected], Moscow (Russia) Ж.Б. Чернова – аспирант Российского экономического университета имени Г.В. Плехано- ва, e-mail: [email protected], г. Москва (Россия)
S.Yu. Chernikov – PhD in Economic Sciences, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University, e-mail: [email protected], Moscow (Russia) С.Ю. Черников – кандидат экономических наук, Российский университет дружбы наро- дов, е-mail: [email protected], г. Москва (Россия)
E.A. Degtereva – PhD in Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Russian Peoples’ Friendship University, e-mail: [email protected], Moscow (Russia) Е.А. Дегтерева – кандидат экономических наук, доцент Российского университета дружбы народов, е-mail: [email protected], г. Москва (Россия)
I.A. Simon – Postgraduate, St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, e-mail: [email protected], St. Petersburg (Russia) И.А. Симон – аспирант Санкт-Петербургского национального исследовательского уни- верситета информационных технологий, механики и оптики», e-mail: [email protected], г. Санкт-Петербург (Россия)
G.G. Arunyants – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Control Systems and Computer Engineering, Kaliningrad State Technical University, e-mail: [email protected], Kaliningrad (Russia) Г.Г. Арунянц – доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры систем управления и вы- числительной техники Калининградского государственного технического университета, e-mail: [email protected], г. Калининград (Россия)
44 Components of Scientific and Technological Progress № 1(27) 2016
S.A. Ayrapetov – Postgraduate, Kaliningrad State Technical University, e-mail: sergey@ kit39.com, Kaliningrad (Russia) С.А. Айрапетов – аспирант Калининградского государственного технического университе- та, e-mail: [email protected], г. Калининград (Россия)
T.A. Voronin – Postgraduate, Kaliningrad State Technical University, e-mail: voronin.timofey@ gmail.com, Kaliningrad (Russia) Т.А. Воронин – аспирант Калининградского государственного технического университета, e-mail: [email protected], г. Калининград (Россия)
Birulya V.B. – Postgraduate, Senior Lecturer, Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation, St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, e-mail: [email protected], St. Petersburg (Russia) Бируля В.Б. – аспирант, старший преподаватель кафедры теплогазоснабжения и вентиляции Санкт-Петербургского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, e-mail: [email protected], г. Санкт-Петербург (Россия)
R.S. Simak – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of Transport Economics, Logistics and Quality Control, Omsk State Transport University, e-mail: [email protected], Omsk (Russia) Р.С. Симак – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры экономики транспорта, логи- стики и управления качеством Омского государственного университета путей сообще- ния, e-mail: [email protected], г. Омск (Россия)
45 COMPONENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS № 1(27) 2016 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL JOURNAL
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