provide
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its
defining
strategists.
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metabolism
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sensitive
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application
on
Microorganisms
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of
environments
environment.
environment
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achieve
strategies. variable
environmental
microbial
growth
position
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general
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plate
Microbial
DNA
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in
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order
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toxins
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to
assumed
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environments for
microbes
agar
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be Course
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stable
fingerprint
it
tendency and
less
methods
the
the
genes
amount
as
may
found
resource
since
reflect
(Caidwell
plates
has
described times
availability
ubiquitous
environment
efficient
extreme
of
and
2004
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copy
that
be
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active was
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by
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a
multiple
numbers
select
et
determine
aquatic
complex
bacterial
cell
compared
by
most
environments
real-time
16S
have those
al.,
encoding
and
is
determined. Deift
environments
single
stability
De microbial
molecular
metabolism. not
(De
for
1997).
to
conditions diverse
complex
rRNA
reached
Leij
with
University
to
uncrowded,
copies limiting
microbial organisms
copy
leij
communities Real-time
in
PCR
the
determine
with
et
genes
just
bacterial
bacterial
et and
environments
community
(Andrews
genes
al.
gene
approach
their distribution
aquatic
like
of
al.,
The
and
(r-environments)
is
(K-environments).
a
one
They
(1993)
of
in
rRNA community
molececular
resource
described.
that
RNase
carrying
hot
Technology, 1993).
nutrient
compared
or
the traditional
present
the
from are
microbial
species
grow
two.
and
has
springs.
will
to
metagenome
distribution
genes
quantitative
also
P.
including
K-strategists
communities
of
characterize
been
rich
soil,
capacity Harris,
develop
fast
Environments
availability
one
r-
in
thought
with
with
the
approach
enable
environments
rhizosphere In
or
or
demonstrated
method under
communities
diverse
could
K-environments
Netherlands
organisms
1986).
K-strategists
this the
soil,
and
according
different
of
of
to
uncrowded
proportion bacteria
start
are
r-
their microbial air,
study
be
a
based
based
Hence,
aquatic
in
or
specific
can
more
more in
with
and
cell
and
K- that
PCR
that to
and
to
their
the
be
life
on
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on
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the
samples
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Sample
Materials
number
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observations.
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the
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sample.
(WWTF),
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of
In
community
gDNA
availability
(Venter
resource
If
al.
slower
constitutive
could
the
Kiappenbach
growth
significance
doubling
It
analyzed
of
surface copies 1996).
Gene
culturable
nonculturability
2000).
distribution
genomic seawater
this
rRNA
single
compared
1998,
relative
is
results total
Clostridiurn
sampling
capability
were
study
assumed
species.
collection
provide
amounts
growing redundancy
et
of
from
gDNA
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rates
water
Klappenbach
operon
copy
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a
&
have
times
a!.,
DNA
the
on
obtained
amount collected
in
environments
because
surface
the
The
Methods expression
of
by
three
sites
of et
an
that
Ribosomal 2004)
but
gene
of
of
either an
relative was
that
or
cells
than
al. the paradoxum
amounts
copy from
colony
r/K-gradient. real-time
numbers
an
bacteria
of
advantage
environment.
a
were rather
of
bacterial (2000)
is
they
water
extracted
seven
ubiquitous
multiple
with
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of
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al.
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or
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specific common
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this
sample rDNA
observed to
PCR rRNA up
multiple
with
portable
2000).
bacteria.
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16S in
lagoon
species
allow
revealed
from aquatic respond
under
copies
to
general
molecular
reflect
operon.
single
just
with
abundance operons.
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to
was
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7
operons
from of environment
requires
a
in
represent
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after
peristaltic are
of
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fluctuating
one
water with
environments
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of
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compared
rapid
bacterial
to
the
highly
the
the copy
and
et
mix
Sequence
to
commonly
a
the
rRNA
or
plating
resource
rRNA
relatively
approach
ecological
in
municipal al.,
stratified
the
presence
sample
genes RNase
of
two.
P)
gene respond
number growth
of
E.
adapted
diverse
of
pump
rRNA
overproduction
1997).
(Brown
gDNA
genomes,
might genes
coli
with encoding
conditions
the
r-strategists
Condon
on
allows
analysis
would
from
P
availability.
was
found,
high
of
total
solid
were lake
(Geopump TM ,
is
of
genes
encoding
and waste
the
aquatic
strategy to
to
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reflect
enable
extracted
not
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et 15
assessed
a
a
fluctuating
the
amount
confer
rDNA
et
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rDNA
waste
yet
DNA
medium
very
a!. can
compared
rRNA
of
present
so
water
method
but
(r-environments),
al.
positioning
the
environments.
1996,
they
are
the
of of
operon
much bacteria
genes
a
hence
specific
(1995)
Multiple
among
water -40%
operon
by
a amounts
ribosomes
marine
bacteria
cloned
from
of
operons treatment
more
stability
Geotech
metabolic in
often
(Salvesen
real-time
Hsieh
DNA
is
to
in growth
the with
copies
treatment
be
suggested
three
based
of the
environment.
to
the
support
likely
copy
16S
water contain
mixed
of
rRNA
in
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encoding
the
et
achieve (Rainey
and
total
plate
metagenome
Inc.)
(Fegatella facility
a
Two response
is low
rRNA
a!.
PCR.
conditions.
&
burden
on
numbers
microbial
organisms
to
while
related
resource
the
column
maximal
amount
gDNA
facility
2004).
Vadstein,
operons
from
count
multiple
that
the
copy
liter be
by
total
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et
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genes
for
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the
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V.
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relatively fluctuating
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25
conditions.
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Quantitation
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organisms
copies,
different
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parameters
operon.
probably
environmental
where
the
be
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more
30 was
plate
alaskensis
for
The
adapted
resources
slow
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the of
each count r-selective.
due
to
growth
16S
7
resource
growers
identify
higher
strain.
to
to
rRNA
assay
DNA
are low
rate
les
than
The of
Bacteriol multiplicity
Condon vol.
communities
Caidwell
93:3001-3006
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Comparative
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be normalized
highly to
Considering
evaluate
Although
the often
would
Venter
rate The
growth. that
nutrient
should
information
However,
should
the
15.
be
accurate
species
gene
and
growth
this
Plenum
opportunity
optimized overestimated
like
J.W.,
C., recommendable.
177:4152-4156
of
et
populations
D.E., be
this
be
rRNA
of richness
environment
would
in this
al the
(Turner
1
Liveris
transcend for
6S
exploring diversity
considered
noticed
it
Biotechnology
(2004) curve Escherichia analysis
the
enough.
Nolan method
Press,
about complete
study
must
rRNA
each
Wolfaardt
operon
Real-time
be
in
to
of
D.,
BioSystems) assay
order
learn
favorable.
obtained
New was J.M., sample,
due nutrient
that
this
the
be
in
in reveals
genes Darwinism?
Instead
of
Squires
staff is
copy that
seawater
further
deepest
to noted The
unable seems
so
environment. relatively
coli
ribonuclease
the
York, to
group
Haas
G.M.,
PCR
the
of
the
much.
within numbers
apply
although
that
tertiary
total availability
and
high
the
the
C.,
varying
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