Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles Gunnii

Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii

Key Findings

The mainland subspecies of Eastern Barred Bandicoot faced near- extinction in the late 1980s due to predation by foxes and feral cats, habitat loss, and impacts from livestock grazing. A captive breeding program commenced in 1991, providing Eastern Barred Bandicoots to 11 different translocation sites. Where successful, the new sites have significantly improved recovery prospects. Photo: Victorian DELWP Significant trajectory change from 2005-15 to 2015-18? No significant change. Population recovering in 2005-15, with continuing recovery over the period 2015-18.

Priority future actions

• Continue captive breeding to provide insurance against extinction in the wild, and to provide animals for translocations. • Maintain biosecurity of fenced exclosures and island release sites, expand translocation sites. • Develop conservation strategies to allow coexistence with low levels of feral cats and foxes

Full assessment information Background information 2018 population trajectory assessment

1. Conservation status and taxonomy 8. Expert elicitation for population trends 2. Conservation history and prospects 9. Immediate priorities from 2019 3. Past and current trends 10. Contributors 4. Key threats 11. Legislative documents 5. Past and current management 12. References 6. Support from the Australian Government 13. Citation 7. Measuring progress towards conservation

The primary purpose of this scorecard is to assess progress against achieving the year three targets outlined in the Australian Government’s Threatened Species Strategy, including estimating the change in population trajectory of 20 mammal species. It has been prepared by experts from the National Environmental Science Program’s Threatened Species Recovery Hub, with input from a number of taxon experts, a range of stakeholders and staff from the Office of the Threatened Species Commissioner, for the information of the Australian Government and is non-statutory. It has been informed by statutory planning documents that guide recovery of the species, such as Recovery Plans and/or Conservation Advices (see Section 11). The descriptive information in the scorecard is drawn from the summaries of (Mallick et al. 1997; DEWHA 2008; Winnard and Coulson 2008; Hill et al. 2010; Woinarski et al. 2014; Woinarski and Burbidge 2016; Parrott et al. 2017) and references therein; unless otherwise noted by additional citations.

The background information aims to provide context for estimation of progress in research and management (Section 7) and estimation of population size and trajectories (Section 8).

1 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

1. Conservation status and taxonomy

Conservation status Whole Tasmanian subspecies Victorian subspecies (2018)

EPBC Not listed Vulnerable Endangered

VIC n/a n/a Extinct in the wild

SA Endangered n/a Not listed

TAS Not listed Not listed n/a

Taxonomy: A genetic distinction between Eastern Barred Bandicoots from the Australian mainland and Tasmania has been reported (Robinson et al. 1993; Robinson 1995). This was stated to be ‘at least the level commonly ascribed to subspecies’ (Maxwell et al. 1996), and this informal treatment is generally accepted and supported by some morphological differentiation. There has not yet been a formal subspecific description and name applied to the mainland population.

2. Conservation history and prospects The pre-European distribution of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (EBB) included most of Tasmania (except high altitude areas and highest rainfall areas), and the southern part of south-east Australia, from the south-eastern corner of SA, eastwards through Victoria to near Melbourne. The mainland and Tasmanian populations are genetically and morphologically differentiated. Although they have not been formally described as separate subspecies, the mainland and Tasmanian populations are treated separately in this assessment, as per the EBPC Act, which recognises P. gunnii gunnii from Tasmania, and P. gunnii (Victorian subspecies) from the mainland. Eastern Barred Bandicoots mainly inhabit grasslands and grassy woodlands, preferring areas with moist soils. They are capable of living in highly modified habitats such as plantations, gardens, parkland and farmlands. Although they often forage in open areas, they usually nest in thick cover. They eat a variety of invertebrates, fungi, seeds, bulbs and fruit. On the mainland, Eastern Barred Bandicoots have undergone a severe reduction in range and abundance. The last record from SA was in the late 1800s; the last wild population (near Hamilton) was extirpated from Victoria around 2002. Declines were caused by predation by foxes and cats, habitat loss and the transformation of native grasslands by livestock grazing, seeding of exotic pasture, the spread of weeds, and the use of fertiliser and insecticides. A captive population of Eastern Barred Bandicoots was established in 1989 using 40 animals from Hamilton, taken initially to a semi-captive situation at Woodlands Historic Park, and then transferred to a more intensive breeding program at Zoos Victoria in 1991. Only 19-23 of these 40 captive individuals bred successfully, becoming the founders for the entire wild and captive populations of the mainland

2 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018) subspecies. By 2018, the captive-breeding program had produced over 960 offspring, 577 of which were released to 11 translocation sites (Parrott et al. 2017). Five translocations to unfenced sites all failed, due to combinations of fox predation, overgrazing by rabbits and kangaroos, and drought. Early translocations to two fenced sites also eventually failed, again mainly due to fox predation, as a consequence of ineffective fencing. Following fence upgrades, later translocations to these same sites were successful. A third fenced site (Mt Rothwell) was successful from the start, and now contains the majority of the entire population of the mainland subspecies of Eastern Barred Bandicoots. More recently, a trial introduction was carried out to French Island, and (to date) successful translocations have occurred to two other islands (Churchill and Phillip). Currently, 780-1115 individuals persist in three fenced mainland exclosures (Mt Rothwell, Hamilton Community Parkland, Woodlands Historic Park), one island from which cats and foxes are absent (Churchill), and another island from which foxes are absent and cats are intensively controlled (Phillip). The captive insurance program currently houses an additional ~60 animals per year, including 30 breeding animals, plus young for release, and animals for research and display. Future reintroductions are planned at Tiverton (a 950 ha fenced exclosure) and French Island. Trial releases at three unfenced mainland sites to test the effectiveness of guardian dogs to product EBBs from fox predation are also imminent. Genetic diversity within the mainland population of Eastern Barred Bandicoots over the past 30 years has diminished (Weeks et al. 2013), and genetic conservation is a high priority objective in the recovery plan. A gene-pool mixing program with the Tasmanian EBB has confirmed that outcrossed animals have markedly higher genetic diversity with no negative fitness issues. These outcrossed animals will be used to increase the genetic diversity of mainland EBB populations. In Tasmania, the Eastern Barred Bandicoot was distributed across much of central, eastern and northern parts of the island. It has declined, especially in the Midlands which has experienced high clearing rates of the bandicoot’s favoured habitat (grasslands and grass woodlands), and especially between the 1950s and 1990s. It also occurs on Bruny Island, and was introduced to Maria Island. Subfossil evidence indicates that Eastern Barred Bandicoots also occurred on islands in the Bass Strait during the Pleistocene, when these islands were linked to the mainland. Although there are no reliable estimates for population size or trends, data from long-term spotlighting transects, carried out annually, do indicate population decline from the mid-1980s, but with considerable inter-annual variability.

3. Past and current trends Since European settlement the mainland subspecies of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot has declined catastrophically in distribution and abundance. The last record from SA was in the late 1800s. In Victoria, it persisted and was even common in some areas up to 1930; after this, records became sparser and more localised. By 1972, the bandicoot survived only in Hamilton in western Victoria, in an area of about 3,000 ha, and with a population size of about 1000. The area occupied and the population size halved by the mid-1980s. By 1991, this last wild population was nearing extinction; the last confirmed record was in 2002. In 1988, a captive population had been established by taking 40 animals from the Hamilton population. The captive population has never housed fewer than 30 animals and generally houses ~60 animals per year. The captive population became the source for a series of future reintroduction attempts. Translocations to 11 sites have occurred since 1989, comprising:

3 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

• translocations to five unfenced sites which failed due to combinations of predation and periods of low rainfall; • translocations to three fenced areas with mixed success:  The fences at Hamilton Community Parkland and Woodlands Historic Park were not effective at excluding foxes, eventually leading to the failure of the bandicoot populations; there were also issues of overgrazing (rabbits and kangaroos) at Woodlands. At both sites, the fences were rebuilt in 2007 and 2010 respectively. Bandicoots were again reintroduced, and are still extant at both sites.  Translocations to Mt Rothwell, beginning in 2004, have been successful.  A trial introduction to French Island took place in 2012; the trial suggested French island could be a suitable translocation site, although mortality from cat predation and toxoplasmosis did occur (Groenewegen et al. 2018).  A translocation to Churchill Island (cat and fox free) has successfully established a population there (Rendall et al. 2018).  A recent translocation to Phillip Island (fox-free, and cats intensively managed) appears promising.

Currently, 780-1115 Eastern Barred Bandicoots live in three fenced exclosures (Mt Rothwell, Hamilton Community Parkland, Woodlands Historic Park, totalling 785 ha), and two islands (Churchill Island 52 ha; Phillip Island 10,000 ha, following release on the Summerland Peninsula 400 ha). The captive population also houses around 60 bandicoots at any given time, including 30 breeding animals. Future reintroductions are planned at Tiverton (950 ha, fenced exclosure) and French Island (18,000 ha, with 9000 ha suitable habitat). Trial releases at three unfenced mainland sites to test the effectiveness of guardian dogs to protect EBBs from fox predation are also imminent.

The Tasmanian subspecies is still widely distributed although it has declined in distribution and abundance, mainly through loss of habitat (especially in the Midlands between the 1950s and 1990s), and is still declining in some areas. For example, spotlighting data from a series of sites suggest that abundance declined by over 50% in the period 1985-2005; the decline may be partly due to a period of low rainfall. There is no reliable estimate of the population size. Eastern Barred Bandicoots also occur on Bruny Island, and they were introduced to Maria Island. A new Tasmanian captive breeding program was established in 2018 and currently houses 9 animals.

Monitoring (existing programs): Table 1 summarises monitoring activity; the information in this table was provided by many of the contributors listed at the end of the document.

4 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Table 1. Summary of Eastern Barred Bandicoot monitoring activity.

Method Undertaken by Year/s Location Funding source

VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES

2015 – Phillip Island Nature Parks; EBB trapping Phillip Island Nature Parks Churchill Island 2018 Zoos Victoria, DELWP

2017 – Phillip Island Nature Parks; EBB trapping Phillip Island Nature Parks Phillip Island 2018 DELWP

2015 – Camera trapping Phillip Island Nature Parks Churchill Island Phillip Island Nature Parks 2018

2015 – Camera trapping Phillip Island Nature Parks Phillip Island Phillip Island Nature Parks 2018

Phillip Island Nature Parks, Zoos Phillip Island Nature Parks; Radiotracking EBBs 2015 Churchill Island Victoria Zoos Victoria

Phillip Island Nature Parks, Zoos 2017 – Phillip Island Nature Parks; Radiotracking EBBs Phillip Island Victoria 2018 Zoos Victoria

Toxoplasmosis Phillip Island Nature Parks, Zoos Phillip, Phillip Island Nature Parks; 2017 – screening (feral cats, Victoria, University of Churchill and Zoos Victoria; University of 2018 EBBs, rabbits, soils) Melbourne French Islands Melbourne

Habitat change Phillip Island Nature Parks, Zoos 2015 – Churchill Island Phillip Island Nature Parks assessment Victoria, Deakin University 2018

Habitat change Phillip Island Nature Parks, Zoos 2017 – Phillip Island Phillip Island Nature Parks assessment Victoria 2018

Phillip and Phillip Island Nature Parks, 2015- Phillip Island Nature Parks, EBB diet Churchill Deakin University, Zoos Victoria 2018 Deakin University Islands

EBB trapping DELWP, Uni Melbourne 2007 - Hamilton DELWP/Commonwealth

Mt Rothwell, Zoos Victoria, 2015 - Zoos Victoria, Mt Rothwell, Distance sampling Mt Rothwell PINP, DELWP current DELWP

2013- CVA, Zoos Victoria, Parks EBB trapping Zoos Victoria, CVA Woodlands current Victoria

2015 - Distance sampling Zoos Victoria Woodlands Zoos Victoria current

2015 - Distance sampling Phillip Island Nature Parks Churchill Island Phillip Island Nature Parks current

TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES

At c 150 sites Spotlight counts DPIPWE 1985- across DPIPWE Tasmania

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Population trends:

Tables 2, 3 and 4 summarise the overall trend and status of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot. The information provided in these tables is derived from the recovery plan and conservation advices with some amendments made by contributing experts based on new information. Table 2. Summary of the available information on the mainland (Victorian) subspecies of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot distribution and population size, and (where possible) trend estimates between 2015 and 2018 for each parameter.

Population Confidence in Published baseline 2015 Estimate 2018 Estimate parameters estimates

WILD* - VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES Extent of Occurrence 8368 km2 8368 km2 8368 km2 High Area of Occupancy 5.5 km2 12 km2 20 km2 High 2015 estimate plus Churchill Is (52 ha), Woodlands 235 ha; Phillip Is Dates of records and As per Mammal Mt Rothwell 450 ha; (Summerland methods used Action Plan Hamilton 100 ha Peninsula 400 ha) makes negligible differene to EoO 920 No. mature individuals 350 820 High (780-1115) 1

No. of subpopulations 2 1 All locations High managed as 1 metapop No. of locations 2 2 5 High Medium-High (as in Generation time 1-2 years n/a n/a MAP) CAPTIVE BREEDING - VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES No. mature individuals 60 63 59 High No. locations 6 6 9 High *Including translocations

6 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Table 3. Summary of the available information on the Tasmanian subspecies of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot distribution and population size, and (where possible) trend estimates between 2015 and 2018 for each parameter.

Population Confidence in Published baseline 2015 Estimate 2018 Estimate parameters estimates

WILD* - TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES Extent of Occurrence 35,000 km2 35,000 km2 35,000 km2 Low Area of Occupancy 15,000 km2 15,000 km2 <15,000 km2 Low Dates of records and As per Mammal Action Plan methods used No. mature individuals 20,000 20,000 <20,000 Low No. of subpopulations >10 >10 >10 Low No. of locations >10 >10 >10 Low Medium-High (as in Generation time 1-2 years n/a n/a MAP) CAPTIVE BREEDING - TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES No. mature individuals 0 0 9 High No. locations 0 0 1 High

Table 4. Estimated recent (2005-2015) and current (2015-2018) population trends for the Eastern Barred Bandicoot.

Est. % Confidence Confidence Sub- Est. % of total 2005- in 2015- in population of total popn 2015 2005- 2018 2015- Details (within sub- popn (pre- trend 2015 trend 2018 species) (2018) 2015) trend trend

VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES

> 120 bandicoots released 1989-2003; peaked in 1993, but then declined to extirpation in 2005. The fence did not successfully exclude foxes, and cats Hamilton were deliberately introduced by vandals; Community in 2005 fence was improved and foxes Parklands <1 High High 10 removed. 30 bandicoots released in

(100 ha 2007; population in 2010 was 60-80 fenced area) animals; in 2012 was 120. Foxes gaining regular access again 2013-15, EBB popn functionally extinct, prompting fence repairs. 20 bandicoots reintroduced in 2016. Popn in 2018 was c. 80-100.

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Twenty six bandicoots released 2004. Mt Rothwell Popn estimated to be 100 - 200 (450 ha 60 High High 65 individuals in 2010; 400 bandicoots in fenced area) 2014; 600 in 2016. Current estimate 469-704.

174 animals released 1989- 2004. By 1995 there was 600. By 1998, popn declined due to fox predation, drought, overgrazing by kangaroos and rabbits. Over 100 bandicoots were harvested Woodlands 1994-96 to translocate elsewhere. Last Historic (400 capture in 2005 but some diggings seen ha area in 2006-07; popn extirpated by 2010. initially; 38 High High 5 realigned New fencing completed in 2012. and rebuilt Bandicoots (45) reintroduced again in to be 235 ha 2013, with top-up in 2014 from captive fenced area) breeding program and Mt Rothwell. 200 bandicoots present in 2014; 500 by 2016. Overgrazing by kangaroos and rabbits has caused collapse in habitat condition. At least 50 EBBs known to be alive in October 2018.

20 bandicoots released 2015 (in two Churchill releases). By late 2016 popn numbered Island (52 over 70; by 2017 c 120. In 2017 40 2 n/a High High 15 ha; fox and animals transferred to Phillip Is. Popn cat-free) still high in 2018 (probably around 110- 180).

67 bandicoots released during 2017, at Phillip Is Summerland Peninsula. The most recent (10,000 ha; n/a n/a High 5 survey (Sept 2018) captured 42 unique fox free; cats individuals, including 11 new individuals present) (originating from Phillip Island).

1992 - 1995, 85 bandicoots released into reserve. Popn declined in late 1990s, Mooramong possibly due to severe drought. No , National bandicoots trapped since 2008 but Trust of <1 High n/a n/a bandicoots are still present 2010. Gone

Australia by 2015. (Victoria) Plans to reintroduce c. 2019, in a trial with guardian dog protection.

Lake 50 bandicoots released 1994 – 1998. Goldsmith Popn declined during 1998, probably Wildlife <1 High n/a n/a from drought and predation. The last Reserve, bandicoot caught in 2005; popn near Ballarat considered extinct.

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63 bandicoots released 1994 – 2002. By 2003 the popn had declined due to a Lanark, near <1 High n/a n/a combination of drought and predation. Hamilton No bandicoots since 2005; popn considered extinct

Historic and trial translocations

Floating 50 bandicoots released 1994 – 1996. By Islands 1999 popn considered extinct, most Nature n/a n/a n/a n/a likely from predation. Reserve, near Colac

Cobra Killuc 103 bandicoots released 1997 – 1999; Wildlife n/a n/a n/a n/a predation and drought caused popn Reserve decline; extinct by 2002.

Trial release of 18 bandicoots (with sterilised males) in 2012 to test habitat French suitability as EBB were not known to Island (fox- occur here. At the end of the trial, n/a n/a n/a n/a free, cats survivors captured and returned to Zoos present) Vic in 2014. Seven EBBs survived at least 3 months, long enough to raise a litter if they were able to breed.

Total popn was c. 70 in 2005; c. 820 in 2015; c. 920 in 2018. Between 2005 and 2015, number of locations declined; population fluctuated, with declines at Whole Hamilton, Woodlands, Mooramong, Victorian 100 High High 100 Lake Goldsmith and Larank more than

subspecies compensated by increase at Mt Rothwell. Post 2015, two popns have increased, one has declined, and two new popns have been established, but with an overall gain of 100 animals.

KEY: Improving Stable Deteriorating Unknown Confidence Description High Trend documented Medium Trend considered likely based on documentation

? Low Trend suspected but evidence indirect or equivocal

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TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES

Spotlighting data from a series of sites suggest that abundance declined by Tasmanian medium >95 over 50% in the period 1985-2005. mainland Introduced to Maria Is; occur naturally on Bruny Island.

Bruny Island ? ? <5

Maria Island ? ? <5

Although trends at Maria and Bruny Whole Islands are unknown, these popns Tasmanian medium comprise a small proportion of the subspecies whole Tasmanian popn, so the decline in the latter will dominate overall trends.

KEY: Improving Stable Deteriorating Unknown Confidence Description High Trend documented Medium Trend considered likely based on documentation

? Low Trend suspected but evidence indirect or equivocal

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4. Key threats The threats listed here are derived from DEWHA (2008), Hill et al. (2010), Woinarski et al. (2014) and Woinarski and Burbidge (2016), with some adjustments from contributing experts based on new information. Note that this is not a list of all plausible threats, but a subset of the threats that are likely to have the largest impact on populations. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) Red foxes are considered one of the primary causes of extirpation of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot on the mainland. Foxes are also considered to be the main cause of failure in past translocation attempts. Feral cats (Felis catus) Cats also prey on Eastern Barred Bandicoots, particularly juveniles; however, their impact on populations may be less significant than that of foxes. It is possible that because of decline in Tasmanian Devils in Tasmania, the abundance of feral cats is increasing in Tasmania, which could increase predation pressure on bandicoots. However, changes in cat abundance is not yet clearly supported by evidence. Habitat loss (clearing) and fragmentation Over 99% of Victoria’s native grasslands and grassy woodlands within the Eastern Barred Bandicoot range have been destroyed or degraded (for housing and agriculture). The ecological community that encompasses the Victorian distribution (‘Natural Temperate Grassland of the Victorian Volcanic Plain’) is listed as a Critically Endangered community under the EPBC Act. In Tasmania, over 80% of the bandicoot’s preferred habitats in the Midlands have been cleared, or converted to exotic pastures. Overgrazing by livestock and feral herbivores Livestock and rabbits have caused substantial floristic and structural change in habitat across the range of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot. In some fenced reintroduction sites, populations of feral herbivores and native herbivores (macropods) increased to the detriment of Eastern Barred Bandicoots. Disease Cats are the primary host of toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), a parasite which can cause death in bandicoots. A translocation of bandicoots to French Island in 2012 resulted in the death of at least two animals (out of 18 released) due to the effects of toxoplasmosis (Groenewegen et al. 2018). Incidence and impacts in the Tasmanian subspecies have been documented, and the prevalence of Toxoplasma in cats, the definitive host, is very high at some sites (Fancourt and Jackson 2014). Climate change Eastern Barred Bandicoots seem sensitive to periods of low rainfall, possibly because this causes a reduction in invertebrate availability, but also because the reduction in cover may make them more vulnerable to predation from foxes and cats. At fenced exclosures that are fox-free, the bandicoots seem more tolerant of drought, for example continuing to increase in numbers at Mt Rothwell through a period of below-average rainfall. Non-target poisoning (Herbicides, pesticides, rabbit poisoning) Herbicides and pesticides are considered a threat, not only through direct poisoning of bandicoots but also through a reduction in abundance of invertebrate resources. Bandicoots can be affected as non- target in rabbit control programs.

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The impacts of the major threats are summarised in Table 5.

Table 5. The major threats facing the Eastern Barred Bandicoot and their associated impact scores.

CURRENT THREAT IMPACT – VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES

Threat Timing Extent Severity Continuing/ongoing (but 1. Red foxes controlled now for all >90% of range 50-100% subpopulations) 2. Feral cats Near future >90% of range 50-100% 3. Habitat loss Distant future >90% of range 30-49% 4. Overgrazing (European rabbits and/or super- Continuing/ongoing >90% of range 20-29% abundant macropods) 5. Disease Continuing/ongoing >90% of range 20-29% 6. Non-target poisoning Continuing/ongoing 50-90% of range Not negligible but <20% (rabbits) 7. Climate change Continuing/ongoing >90% of range Not negligible but <20% CURRENT THREAT IMPACT – TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES

Threat Timing Extent Severity 1. Red foxes Near future (potential) >90% of range 50-100% 2. Feral cats Continuing/ongoing >90% of range 30-49% 3. Disease Continuing/ongoing >90% of range 20-29% 4. Climate change Continuing/ongoing >90% of range 20-29% 5. Habitat loss Continuing/ongoing 1-50 of range 30-49% 6. Overgrazing by livestock Continuing/ongoing 1-50 of range 30-49% and feral animals Timing: continuing/ongoing; near future: any occurrence probable within one generation (includes former threat no longer causing impact but could readily recur); distant future: any occurrence likely to be further than one generation into the future (includes former threat no longer causing impact and unlikely to recur). Extent: <1% of range; 1-50%; 50-90%; >90%. Severity: (over three generations or 10 years, whichever is longer) Causing no decline; Negligible declines (<1%); Not negligible but <20%; 20-29%; 30-49%; 50-100%; Causing/could cause order of magnitude fluctuations.

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5. Past and current management Recent and current management actions that support the conservation of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot are summarised in Table 6. The information is a collation of material provided by contributors. There is a Recovery Plan for the Mainland subspecies (2010) and a Conservation Advice guiding recovery efforts for the Tasmanian subspecies (2008). Table 6. Management actions thought to be contributing to the conservation of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot.

Est. % Action Location Timing Contributors and partners population

VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES

Werribee Open Range Zoo, Melbourne Zoo, Healesville Captive breeding of bandicoots Sanctuary, (mainland) since 1988. Initiated Serendip, Captive breeding: Zoos Vic, when 40 animals were brought in Sanctuary Parks Vic from the last wild population of EBBs at Hamilton. A total of 92 (in the past, Holding post-reproductive holding spaces are currently Kyabram Fauna individuals: Woodleigh School, Mooramong (National available for the captive breeding Park, Taronga Zoo, Have Trust) and insurance population, with Dubbo Zoo provided 63 suitable for holding breeding Monarto Zoo, Since 1988 100% of all Organisations involved in the pairs and animals for release in Woodlands Historic extant past include Kyabram, recovery program. From 1991 – Park) bandicoots Taronga Conservation Society, Zoos SA and Kyabram Fauna 2018 >960 animals were (Bandicoots also Park. produced in captivity (with held for retirement inexact numbers due to animals at Woodleigh currently in pouches). 577 have School’s Brian

been released from captivity to Hendersen Wildlife fenced/wild locations. reserve, Mooramong, Somers)

Captive research including: transmitter trials, toxoplasmosis research, veterinary research, Melbourne Zoo, Zoos Victoria, Melbourne 2012-2018 mate choice, predator Werribee Zoo University recognition, predator aversion training

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Mooramong; Lake Goldsmith Wildlife Reserve, near Ballarat; Lanark near Hamilton; EBB Recovery team. DELWP, Translocations to five unfenced Floating Islands 1989-2005 0 Parks Victoria, Zoos Victoria, sites in Victoria Nature Reserve, National Trust near Colac; Cobra Killuc Wildlife Reserve

Upgrade to fence at Woodlands Historic Park 2012, after initial construction in 1987, and associated predator control, DELWP; Parks Vic; Conservation Volunteers herbivore control, fire Woodlands Historic 1987; 2018 5 Australia (implement management. 235 ha supports Park, Greenvale (ongoing) 50-500 EBBS depending on bandicoot conservation seasonal conditions and grazing program) management

Upgrades to fence (2007) at Hamilton, after initial construction in 1988, and associated predator control, 2015; 1987 DELWP; Conservation herbivore control, fire Hamilton Parklands 10 Volunteers Australia, Zoos management. 100 ha area (ongoing) Victoria, State and supports 100-200 depending on Commonwealth governments seasonal conditions

Fence originally constructed by Earth Sanctuaries Ltd (Little River) in 2002. Site taken over by current owners in 2006: released bandicoots; associated predator 2006 Mt Rothwell Biodiversity control, herbivore control, fire Mt Rothwell 65 Centre Odonata; State and (ongoing) management. 450 ha area Commonwealth Governments supports 400-1500 depending on seasonal conditions.

Establish 950 ha safe haven reintroduction site suitable for Tiverton Agriculture Impact EBBs. Population size of 900-2375 ‘Tiverton’, 2016- Fund, Odonata, Melbourne expected dependent on seasonal Dundonnell current University, Mt Rothwell, Zoos conditions; translocation planned Victoria, DELWP for 2019.

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Parks Victoria, French Island 2010- Landcare, PPWCMA, Zoos Cat control (>1000 cats removed) French Island n/a current Victoria, State and Commonwealth Governments

Translocation trial to a fox free island (that was outside indigenous distribution of the French Island 2012-2014 <1 Uni Melb, DELWP, Zoos Vic, EBB)

French Island Community Support (achieved majority 2015- French Island n/a Zoos Victoria support for EBB release) current

Translocation to fox, cat and Phillip Island Nature Parks, rabbit-free island, population Churchill Island 2015 15 Zoos Victoria, EBB Recovery stable with ~120 EBBs Team

Phillip Island Nature Parks Fox eradication (last record from (with additional funded by Ian 2015, Phillip Island declared fox- Phillip Island 2006-2017 5 Potter Foundation and free in 2017). Penguin Foundation).

Reduce feral cat density. 150-190 cats removed p.a. reducing Phillip Island 2012-2017 5 Phillip Island Nature Parks density to 1.1 cats/km2 (compared to 3.4 cats/km2)

Translocation to fox-free Island. Phillip Island Nature Parks; Released 67 EBBs – population Phillip Island 2017 4 Zoos Vic, EBB Recovery Team increasing

Detect and prevent fox incursions 2017-2018 5 Phillip Island Nature Parks. (no confirmed incursions to date)

Trial genetic rescue, by crossing the Victorian subspecies with the Andrew Weeks (University of Tasmanian subspecies. Increased Melbourne), Commonwealth, Mt Rothwell 2016 65 genetic diversity without any DELWP Zoos Vic, Mt Rothwell, outbreeding issues confirmed Odonata experimentally

Guardian dogs research trial: three sites prepared for releases Zoos Vic, University of of EBB (in 2019), accompanied Tasmania, University of Mooramong (NW with guardian dogs. Primary Melbourne, Australian Skipton), Tiverton future outcomes will be an National University, National (NE Mortlake), 2016-2021 understanding of effectiveness of Trust, Tiverton Property Dunkeld (south of GD at suppressing fox and cat Partners, Dunkeld Pastoral Dunkeld) activity and if effect is sufficient Company, McKinnon Trust, to enable establishment of EBB Australian Government populations.

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TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES

Annual spotlighting carried out At sites across Since 1985 100 DPIPWE since 1985 Tasmania

New enclosures constructed and Trowunna Wildlife Since 2018 <1% Trowunna Wildlife Park, captive breeding of bandicoots Park (Tas) Federal Government (Tas) since 2018.

6. Actions undertaken or supported by the Australian Government resulting from inclusion in the Threatened Species Strategy

Several projects likely to benefit the Eastern Barred Bandicoot are supported by the Australian Government:

i. The ‘Bringing back the Eastern Barred Bandicoot partnership project’ ($55,000 contributed, partners: Vic Government and Zoos Victoria) will benefit the Eastern Barred Bandicoot by translocating the subspecies to feral-free sites on the mainland. This project will also widen the gene pool of the remaining mainland Eastern Barred Bandicoots by cross breeding them with a small number of Tasmanian Eastern Barred Bandicoots. The project has supported the capture and relocation of Tasmanian Eastern Barred Bandicoots to the Mt Rothwell feral-free area in Victoria, where they have been matched with mainland Eastern Barred Bandicoots. The cross- bred offspring will be released into a new predator-exclusion conservation park and to two island sites over the next three years to help secure the species' future. The research attached to this program was partly supported by the NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub.

ii. Another Threatened Species Strategy project contributed $120,000 in 2015 to trial the use of guardian dogs to watch over the Eastern Barred Bandicoots in 50 ha of Tiverton Station, and also at Mooramong and Dunkeld in Western Victoria. The NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub is supporting some of the research attached to these trials.

iii. A new breeding program was established at Trowunna Wildlife Park in 2018 to hold, breed and display Tasmanian Eastern Barred Bandicoot. The program currently holds 9 bandicoots and has their first successful breeding. The program is managed through the same studbook and oversight as the Victorian breeding program.

iv. A series of cat control projects across French Island ($160,000 for cat control, monitoring and community engagement); Bruny Island ($681,000) and in the Meander Valley, Tasmania ($90,000)

v. The NESP TSR program is also supporting research on genetic rescue for Eastern Barred Bandicoot (i), and the guardian dog trials (ii).

16 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

7. Measuring progress towards conservation Table 7. Progress towards management understanding and management implementation for each of the major threats affecting the two subspecies of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot in 2015 and 2018, using the progress framework developed by Garnett et al. 2018.

PROGRESS IN MANAGING THREATS – VICTORIAN SUBSPECIES

Understanding of how to manage Threat Year Extent to which threat being managed threat 6. Research complete and being applied 4. Solutions are enabling achievement but 2015 OR ongoing research associated with only with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 1. Red foxes 6. Research complete and being applied 4. Solutions are enabling achievement but 2018 OR ongoing research associated with only with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 6. Research complete and being applied 4. Solutions are enabling achievement but 2015 OR ongoing research associated with only with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 2. Feral cats 6. Research complete and being applied 4. Solutions are enabling achievement but 2018 OR ongoing research associated with only with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 6.Research complete and being applied 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2015 OR ongoing research associated with with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 3. Habitat loss 6.Research complete and being applied 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2018 OR ongoing research associated with with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 6.Research complete and being applied 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2015 OR ongoing research associated with with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 4. Overgrazing 6.Research complete and being applied 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2018 OR ongoing research associated with with continued conservation intervention adaptive management of threat 1. Research being undertaken or 2015 completed but limited understanding on 0.No management how to manage threat 5. Disease 1. Research being undertaken or 2018 completed but limited understanding on 0.No management how to manage threat 2. Research has provided strong direction 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2015 6. Non-target on how to manage threat with continued conservation intervention poisoning 2. Research has provided strong direction 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but only 2018 on how to manage threat with continued conservation intervention 2. Research has provided strong direction 2015 0.No management 7. Climate on how to manage threat change 2. Research has provided strong direction 2018 0.No management on how to manage threat

17 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

PROGRESS IN MANAGING THREATS – TASMANIAN SUBSPECIES

Threat Year Understanding of how to manage threat Extent to which threat being managed

6. Research complete and being applied OR 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but 2015 ongoing research associated with adaptive only with continued conservation management of threat intervention 1. Red foxes 6. Research complete and being applied OR 4.Solutions are enabling achievement but 2018 ongoing research associated with adaptive only with continued conservation management of threat intervention 1.Research being undertaken or completed 2015 but limited understanding on how to manage 0. No management threat 2. feral cats 1.Research being undertaken or completed 2018 but limited understanding on how to manage 0. No management threat 1.Research being undertaken or completed 2015 but limited understanding on how to manage 0.No management threat 3. Disease 1. Research being undertaken or completed 2018 but limited understanding on how to manage 0.No management threat 2. Research has provided strong direction on 2015 0.No management 4. Climate how to manage threat change 2. Research has provided strong direction on 2018 0.No management how to manage threat 6.Research complete and being applied OR 2.Work has been initiated to roll out 2015 ongoing research associated with adaptive solutions where threat applies across the management of threat taxon’s range 5. Habitat loss 6.Research complete and being applied OR 2.Work has been initiated to roll out 2018 ongoing research associated with adaptive solutions where threat applies across the management of threat taxon’s range 6. Overgrazing 2. Research has provided strong direction on 2015 1. Management limited to trials by livestock how to manage threat and feral 2. Research has provided strong direction on 2018 1. Management limited to trials animals how to manage threat > Green shading indicates an improvement in our understanding or management of threats between years 2014 and 2018, while red shading indicates deterioration in our understanding or management of threats. KEY: Score Understanding of how to manage threat Extent to which threat is being managed 0 No knowledge and no research No management Research being undertaken or completed but limited 1 Management limited to trials understanding on how to manage threat Research has provided strong direction on how to manage Work has been initiated to roll out solutions where threat 2 threat applies across the taxon’s range Solutions have been adopted but too early to demonstrate 3 Solutions being trialled but work only initiated recently success Trial management under way but not yet clear evidence that Solutions are enabling achievement but only with continued 4 it can deliver objectives conservation intervention Trial management is providing clear evidence that it can Good evidence available that solutions are enabling 5 deliver objectives achievement with little or no conservation intervention Research complete and being applied OR ongoing research 6 The threat no longer needs management associated with adaptive management of threat

18 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

8. Expert elicitation for population trends – Victorian subspecies Note: no comparable section is presented for the Tasmanian subspecies, because the mainland subspecies is the focus of the Threatened Species Strategy. An expert elicitation process was undertaken to assess population trends for the period 2005-2015 and post-2015 under the following management scenarios. Please note that differences between Management Scenarios 2 and 3 (Fig. 1) are difficult to attribute, as it can be difficult to determine whether actions undertaken after 2015 were influenced by the Threatened Species Strategy or were independent of it (see Summary Report for details of methods). Management Scenario 1 (red line): no conservation management undertaken since 2015, and no new actions implemented.

• Hamilton fence not upgraded, translocation there not carried out. • Translocations to Churchill and Phillip Islands not carried out. • Fences at Mt Rothwell and Woodlands not mainatined. • Captive breeding program ceased. Management Scenario 2 (blue line): continuation of existing conservation management (i.e. actions undertaken before implementation of the Threatened Species Strategy or independent of the threatened Species Strategy).

• Hamilton fence upgraded, translocation carried out. • Translocations to Churchill and Phillip Islands carried out. • Fences at Mt Rothwell and Woodlands maintained. • Captive breeding program continued. • Three sites for trial releases of EBB with guardian dogs prepared. • Translocation to new fenced reserve at Tiverton carried out. Management Scenario 3 (green line): continuation of existing management, augmented by support mobilised by the Australian Government under the Threatened Species Strategy.

• Hamilton fence upgraded, translocation carried out. • Translocations to Churchill and Phillip Islands carried out. • Fences at Mt Rothwell and Woodlands maintained. • Captive breeding program continued. • Translocation to new fenced reserve at Tiverton carried out. • Three sites for trial releases of EBB with guardian dogs prepared. • Genetic rescue trial undertaken. • Translocation to French Island carried out. Overall estimated population trajectories subject to management scenarios considered The Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Victorian subspecies) is currently being managed under Scenario 3 (green line).

19 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Figure 1. Estimated relative percentage change in population under each of the management scenarios described above. Data derived from 7 expert assessments of Eastern Barred Bandicoot expected response to management, using four-step elicitation and the IDEA protocol (Hemming et al. 2017), where experts are asked to provide best estimates, lowest and highest plausible estimates, and an associated level of confidence. The dashed line represents the baseline value (i.e. as at 2015, standardised to 100). Values above this line indicate a relative increase in population size, while values below this line indicate a relative decrease in population size. Shading indicates confidence bounds (i.e. the lowest and highest plausible estimates).

Population size projections based on expert elicitation are extended here to 2025, 2035 and 2045 (i.e. 10, 20 and 30 years after the establishment of the Threatened Species Strategy) on the grounds that some priority conservation management actions may take many years to achieve substantial conservation outcomes. However, we note also that there will be greater uncertainty around estimates of population size into the more distant future because, for example, novel threats may affect the species, managers may develop new and more efficient conservation options, and the impacts of climate change may be challenging to predict.

20 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Improved trajectory (Threatened Species Strategy Year 3 target): The primary purpose of this scorecard is to assess progress against achieving the year three targets outlined in the Australian Government’s Threatened Species Strategy, i.e. a demonstrated improved trajectory for at least half of the priority species (10 birds and 10 mammals). To assess this, we first use the expert-derived trend between 2005-15 (i.e. 10 years prior to implementation of the TSS) as a baseline for assessing whether there has been an improvement in trajectory in the time since implementation of the TSS (i.e. 2015-18). Table 6 below summarises this information, where negative values indicate a declining population, and positive values indicate an increasing population. We used Wilcoxon match-paired tests to compare trajectories for these two periods; a significant result (probability <0.05) indicates that there was a high concordance amongst experts that their trajectory estimates for 2005-15 were different to their estimates for 2015-18. Table 8. A comparison of the relative annual percentage population change for the periods 2005- 2015 and 2015-2018.

Post-TSS Year 3 Pre-TSS trend Significant concordance among trend target (2005-2015) elicitors? (2015-2018) met? There was no significant consistency among Annual elicitors in their assessments of differences percentage 6.5 4.1 in population trends from 2005-15 and population  2015-18; both periods exhibited population change increase.

The key investments from the TSS directed specifically to this species were a trial of guardian dogs to prevent predation of bandicoots by foxes and cats; plus a trial of genetic rescue (by crossing bandicoots from the mainland with bandicoots from Tasmania). Both investments produce limited improvement in the population trajectory in the short term, but may substantially improve the prospects for the Eastern Barred Bandicoot over the long term.

A new breeding program established at Trowunna Wildlife Park in 2018 to hold, breed and display Tasmanian Eastern Barred Bandicoots may assist the conservation of the mainland subspecies in the longer term, if the captive animals are used in cross-breeding.

Additional actions that could improve trajectory The potential impact of carrying out specific additional conservation measures on the population trajectory of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot was also evaluated through expert elicitation. Additional actions that could further improve the population trajectory of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot include:

21 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

• Three sites for trial releases of EBB with guardian dogs prepared, and if trial proves successful, EBB released there. • Translocation to new fenced reserve at Tiverton carried out. • Genetic rescue trial undertaken. • Translocation to French Island carried out • Expand the number of exclosures in Vic. • Translocation to exclosures in south-east SA. • Improve capability of predator control outside fences.

9. Immediate priorities from 2019 Identification of these priorities in this document is for information and is non-statutory. For statutory conservation planning documents, such as Recovery Plans or Conservation Advices, please see Section 11. The priorities listed here are derived from the most recent Conservation Advice, the current Recovery Plan, and the Mammal Action Plan (DEWHA 2008; Hill et al. 2010; Woinarski et al. 2014), with amendments made by contributing experts. Data collection: • Continue research on gene rescue for mainland subspecies • Carry out experimental releases of Eastern Barred Bandicoots accompanied by guradian dog protection • Monitor all populations of the mainland subspecies • Improve understanding of the prevalence and impacts of Toxoplasma in Eastern Barred Bandicoots • Determine threshold cat density at ehich Eastern Barred Bandicoots can persist • Tasmania: Implement monitoring program for Tasmanian subspecies that can disern population trends more accurately Management actions: • Captive breeding - manage captive Eastern Barred Bandicoots (mainland subspecies) to provide insurance against extinction in the wild, and to provide animals for translocations. Increase captive breeding program in Tasmania (Tasmanian subspecies) • Phillip Island – control feral cats, especially at Eastern Barred Bandicoot release site. • Maintain biosecurity of fenced exclosures and the two island releases sites • Carry out translocation of outcrossed bandicoots at a new exclosure (Tiverton) • French Island: carry out translocation of mainland subspecies • Develop and implement plan for introducing new genetically diverse animals from gene pool mixing program into mainland populations • Develop effective conservation strategies to allow persistence of EBBs in the presence of feral cats and foxes.

22 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

10. Contributors Sarah Legge, John Woinarski, Stephen Garnett, Hayley Geyle (NESP TSR Hub); Eastern Barred Bandicoot Recovery Team; DELWP; Phillip Island Nature Parks; Odonata; Mt Rothwell Biodiversity Centre; Zoos Victoria; Andrew Burbidge; Peter Menkhorst; Nicholas MacGregor; Peter Latch.

11. Legislative documents Hill, R., A. Winnard & M. Watson (2010). National Recovery Plan for the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (mainland) Perameles gunnii unnamed subspecies. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery- plans/national-recovery-plan-eastern-barred-bandicoot-mainland-perameles-gunnii-unnamed. In effect under the EPBC Act from 21-Apr-2011 as Perameles gunnii unnamed subsp. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2008). Approved Conservation Advice for Perameles gunnii gunnii (Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Tasmania)). Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/pubs/66651-conservation- advice.pdf. In effect under the EPBC Act from 26-Mar-2008.

12. References DEWHA (2008) 'Approved Conservation Advice for Perameles gunnii gunnii (Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Tasmania))'. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra. Fancourt BA and Jackson RB (2014) Regional seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in feral and stray cats (Felis catus) from Tasmania. Australian Journal of Zoology 62, 272-283. Garnett, S.T., Butchart, S.H.M., Baker, G.B., Bayraktarov, E., Buchanan, K.L., Burbidge, A.A., Chauvenet, A.L.M., Christidis, L., Ehmke, G., Grace, M., Hoccom, D.G., Legge, S.M., Leiper, I., Lindenmayer, D.B., Loyn, R.H., Maron, M., McDonald, P., Menkhorst, P., Possingham, H.P., Radford, J., Reside, A.E., Watson, D.M., Watson, J.E.M., Wintle, B., Woinarski, J.C.Z., and Geyle, H.M. (2018) Metrics of progress in the understanding and management of threats to Australian Birds. Conservation Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13220. Hemming, V., Burgman, M.A., Hanea, A.M., McBride, M.F., and Wintle B.C. (2017) A practical guide to structured expert elicitation using the IDEA protocol. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 169-180. Groenewegen R, Harley D, Hill R, Coulson G (2018) Assisted colonisation trial of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) to a fox-free island. Wildlife Research 44, 484-496. Hill R, Winnard A, Watson M (2010) 'National Recovery Plan for the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (mainland) Perameles gunnii unnamed subspecies'. Department of Sustainability and Environment Melbourne. Mallick S, Haseler M, Hocking G, Driessen M (1997) Past and present distribution of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Perameles gunnii) in the Midlands, Tasmania. Pacific Conservation Biology 3, 397-402. Maxwell S, Burbidge AA, Morris K (1996) ‘The 1996 action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes’. Wildlife Australia: Canberra. Parrott M, Coetsee A, Hartnett C, Magrath M (2017) New hope for the Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii after 27 years of recovery effort. International Zoo Yearbook 51, 154-164. Rendall AR, Coetsee AL, Sutherland DR (2018) Predicting suitable release sites for assisted colonisations: a case study of Eastern Barred Bandicoots. Endangered Species Research 36, 137-148.

23 Information current to December 2018 Threatened Species Strategy – Year 3 Priority Species Scorecard (2018)

Robinson NA (1995) Implications from mitochondrial DNA for management to conserve the eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii). Conservation Biology 9, 114-125. Robinson NA, Murray ND, Sherwin WB (1993) VNTR loci reveal differentiation between and structure within populations of the Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii. Molecular Ecology 2, 195-207. Weeks AR, van Rooyen A, Mitrovski P, Heinze D, Winnard A, Miller AD (2013) A species in decline: genetic diversity and conservation of the Victorian Eastern Barred Bandicoot, Perameles gunnii. Conservation Genetics 14, 1243-1254. Winnard AL and Coulson G (2008) Sixteen years of Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii reintroductions in Victoria: a review. Pacific Conservation Biology 14, 34-53. Woinarski JCZ and Burbidge AA (2016) Perameles gunnii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16572A21966027. . Woinarski JCZ, Burbidge AA, Harrison PL (2014) The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. 13. Citation Please cite this document as:

National Environmental Science Program Threatened Species Research Hub (2019) Threatened Species Strategy Year 3 Scorecard – Eastern Barred Bandicoot. Australian Government, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species/20- mammals-by-2020/eastern-barred-bandicoot

24 Information current to December 2018