Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Structural and Thermal Model Testing at ESTEC

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Structural and Thermal Model Testing at ESTEC Figure 1. ATV approaches the ISS automated transfer vehicle Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Structural and Thermal Model Testing at ESTEC P. Amadieu, G. Beckwith, B. Dore ATV Project, ESA Directorate of Manned Spaceflight and Microgravity, Les Mureaux, France J.P. Bouchery EADS Launch Vehicles, Space Programme Directorate, ATV Programme, Les Mureaux, France V. Pery EADS Launch Vehicles, Systems Design and Tests Directorate, Systems Tests Department, Les Mureaux, France ATV description – the Equipped Propulsion Bay (EPB), which ATV capabilities accommodates most of the Propulsion and The Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) being Reboost Subsystem (some thrusters are also developed by ESA is an unmanned vehicle that located on the forward part of the ICC); can be configured to provide the International – the Equipped Avionics Bay (EAB), which Space Station (ISS) with up to 5500 kg of dry accommodates most of the avionics equip- supplies (e.g. hardware, food and clothes) and ment (some avionics items such as rendez- liquid and gas supplies (up to 840 kg of water; vous sensors are located in the ICC and EPB); up to 100 kg of gases (air, nitrogen, oxygen); up – the Solar Generation System (SGS), which to 860 kg of refuelling propellant). ATV can includes four 4-panel deployable solar wings, provide propulsion support to the ISS by using each with its own drive mechanism. up to 4700 kg of propellant. The total net payload is estimated to be at least 7500 kg. The ICC accommodates all cargo apart from Finally, ATV can also remove up to 6500 kg of the reboost propellant (carried in the waste from the Station. spacecraft) and consists of: – the Equipped Pressurised Module (EPM), The ATV Structural and Thermal Model (STM) test campaign began at which accommodates dry cargo in dedicated the ESTEC Test Centre in October 2001. ATV’s capabilities, mission, payload racks. ISS waste is carried for the configuration and development logic are outlined. The STM Test destructive reentry part of the ATV mission; Campaign and test objectives are then detailed. Some special – the Equipped External Bay (EEB), which is an requirements imposed by ATV’s size are described. The main test unpressurised assembly to house water, gas results and lessons learned are summarised. and refuelling propellant tanks; – the Russian Docking System (RDS), which provides capture and release for docking At least eight ATV flights to the ISS are planned with and departure from the ISS. Several as part of the European contribution to RDS models, including for the first ATV, are supporting ISS operations (Fig. 1). being provided by Russia as a barter for the European Data Management System that is ATV configuration currently operating in the Station’s Zvezda The ATV vehicle is composed of two elements Russian Service Module. (Fig. 2): the spacecraft (SC; including solar array) and Integrated Cargo Carrier (ICC). The ICC and SC are protected by the external Meteoroid and Debris Protection System The ATV spacecraft comprises: (MDPS) shield. – the Separation and Distancing Module (SDM), which provides the mechanical interface with ATV development logic and main system Ariane-5 and ATV’s separation and distancing models from the launcher; The ATV flight segment assembly, integration 95 r bulletin 111 — august 2002 Figure 2. ATV subassemblies and dimensions ATTITUDE CONTROL THRUSTERS Ø 4482 MAXI MDPS WITHOUT MLI RUSSIAN DOCKING SYSTEM (RDS) MDPS CC INTEGRATED CARGO CARRIER EQUIPPED PRESSURIZED MODULE (EPM) 4916 GAS, WATER AND RFS EQUIPPED EXT. BAY (EEB) 10773 AVIONICS EQUIPMENT CHAINS (AEC) EQUIPPED AVIONICS BAY (EAB) RADIATORS EAB MDPS EPB 3330 SOLAR GENERATION EQUIPPED SYSTEM (SGS) PROPULSION BAY (EPB) ATTITUDE CONTROL AND SPACECRAFT BRAKING THRUSTERS SUBASSEMBLY SEPARATION PLANE SEPARATION AND 2000 DISTANCING MODULE (SDM) PROPELLANT TANKS MAIN THRUSTERS 96 automated transfer vehicle and verification during Phase-C/D uses three adequacy for ATV to save on delta-qualification system-level models: STM, Electrical Test or redesign. Another goal of the vibration tests Model (ETM) and Proto-Flight Model (PFM). (acoustic, sine) is to characterise the vibration environment experienced by ATV payloads in The STM is being used for environmental tests the payload racks. in the ESTEC Test Centre. After these tests, the SC will be subjected to static tests at The STM campaign began at the end of Contraves (CH). The ICC external bay will be October 2001. Figure 3 shows the test subjected to further dynamic and static tests sequence. (together with a flight-standard pressurised module). The STM pressurised module will be refurbished at Alenia (I) and eventually used for Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct crew training at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne (D). STM Test Campaign The ETM is being used for functional Acoustic Test qualification testing of the ATV and for a first set 25/10 of vehicle/ground segment compatibility tests. Modal Survey Tests 17/12 After initial integration and electrical testing of Dynamic & SDM Tests the EAB ETM at Astrium SAS (F), the full ATV 15/04 ETM (including the ETM models of the avionic Shock Tests equipment in the ICC and EPB) will be 06/05 integrated at EADS Launch Vehicles. SGS Deployment Tests 03/06 Thermal Test The PFM, now named ‘Jules Verne’, will be 17/06 subjected to the following environmental and 12/08 EMC Test functional tests: – acoustic Packaging 21/08 – electromagnetic compatibility – solar wing deployment End of campaign – clampband release –thermal test (EAB level) 10/09 – final set of vehicle/ground segment compatibility tests – complementary electrical and functional STM representativity Figure 3. STM ESTEC test qualification tests The SDM model consists of a flight- campaign sequence – functional acceptance. representative structure, with a real clampband separation device equipped with connectors, The ATV Flight Segment prime contractor for but no distancing spring. The rest of the SC Phases-C/D (development, manufacture, structure has only minor differences from the integration of first vehicle and associated Flight Model. Its equipment mock-ups are ground support equipment, as well as ATV dynamically and thermally representative; the qualification) is EADS Launch Vehicles (Les stiffness at bracket interfaces is representative Mureaux, F). The main contractors responsible of the Flight Model, and there is 80% of the for the subsystems and/or the ATV sub- EPB harness and plumbing. Propulsion assemblies are: subsystem tanks are fillable structural mock- – Astrium GmbH (Bremen, D), propulsion and ups. The Thermal Control System is fully flight- reboost subsystem, SC integration representative. One solar wing is mechanically –Alenia Spazio (Turin, I), ICC flight representative; the other three are – Astrium SAS (Toulouse, F), avionics sub- simulated by single-panel mock-ups (identical system, EAB integration mass and area as folded wings). – Contraves (Zurich, CH), SC structure sub- system The ICC STM is dynamically representative of –Dutch Space (Leiden, NL), solar array. the Flight Model. The EPM (replaced by a special mock-up for thermal testing) structure Testing at ESTEC includes a cylindrical shell and aft and forward The main objective of the STM test campaign is conical parts. The EEB shows minor to verify the vehicle’s mechanical and thermal differences with respect to Flight Models. behaviour. Since many ATV components are Racks are flight-standard. The Russian either derived or directly reused from previous Docking System (RDS) is a mechanically and programmes, the dynamic tests are of thermally representative mock-up. The ICC particular importance for confirming their forward cone features a mechanical mock-up 97 r bulletin 111 — august 2002 of a rendezvous sensor, on its dedicated – low-level run (to check sensors’ individual support. ICC gas tanks are structural models responses and to assess structural integrity with masses representative of filled tanks. after the testing): overall level 141 dB for 60 s. Refuelling System (RFS) kits and water tanks are fillable structural models, with dummy Achievement of homogeneity and the specified valves and partial plumbing. test spectrum took less than a minute for each test run. After the first run, microphone Acoustic test positioning was optimised; they were moved Characterisation of the vibro-acoustic response further from the STM, outside the acoustic of ATV to the acoustic levels induced by the homogeneous field. This unusual setting was Ariane-5 launch and flight was the major due to the STM’s size, which fully occupied the requirement of the acoustic test. The final goal LEAF acoustic homogeneous field. During the was to compare acoustic and random vibration qualification-level run, nitrogen aerodynamic levels to those specified for ATV’s major noise at 4 kHz in the LEAF made the target components and equipment. Tests were input level in this non-critical band impossible performed in December 2001 in the Large to tune precisely (higher levels than required European Acoustic Facility (LEAF) at ESTEC. were achieved). Figure 4. ATV on the All these tests were successfully Acoustic Stand in LEAF performed within 4 days. Qualifica- tion random levels for equipment are in the process of being confirmed by test-result analysis. Modal survey The test characterised the global dynamic behaviour of the complete ATV: the main longitudinal and lateral structural eigenmodes of the ATV, and (when uncoupled) the eigen- modes of the vehicle’s main components. Eigenfrequencies and shapes, effective and generalised masses and damping factors of the eigenmodes were produced by modal survey tests. These results are being used for updating the ATV mathematical model for ATV/ Ariane-5 coupled load analysis. The modal survey logic was based on two test configurations with different fluid and dry-cargo loadings. In reality, ATV will carry a wide range of payload combinations. Both ATV with a total mass of 15 t (low loaded configurations had a mass of around 20 t. The configuration) was mated with the Acoustic first used an extreme payload distribution Uncoupling Stand (AUS, Fig.
Recommended publications
  • Call for M5 Missions
    ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use M5 Call - Technical Annex Prepared by SCI-F Reference ESA-SCI-F-ESTEC-TN-2016-002 Issue 1 Revision 0 Date of Issue 25/04/2016 Status Issued Document Type Distribution ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Table of contents: 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Scope of document ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Reference documents .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 List of acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 General Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 6 3 Analysis of some potential mission profiles ........................................................................... 7 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Current European launchers ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Echostar Annual Report Year Ended December 31, 2012 March 20, 2013
    NASDAQ: SATS 100 Inverness Terrace East Englewood, CO 80112 303.706.4000 | echostar.com EchoStar Annual Report Year Ended December 31, 2012 March 20, 2013 Dear EchoStar Corporation Shareholders; 2012 was a very busy year for EchoStar. One of the most exciting accomplishments for 2012 was the addition of two new satellites to our growing fleet through the successful launches of EchoStar XVI and EchoStar XVII, bringing our total number of owned, leased and managed spacecraft to twenty-two. EchoStar operates the world’s fourth largest commercial geostationary satellite fleet and we continue to solidify our position as a premier global leader in satellite communications and operations. EchoStar ended 2012 with revenue of $3.1 billion, a growth of 13% over 2011. EBITDA in 2012 was $794 million, a growth of 64% over 2011. We generated a healthy $508 million of cash from operating activities in 2012 as a result primarily of the strong net income in 2012 and ended the year with a strong balance sheet with $1.5 billion of cash and marketable securities. EchoStar reached two very important long-term North America goals in 2012 with the market implementation of the HughesNet Gen4 service and the roll-out of the Hopper Whole Home DVR solution for DISH. Both solutions are garnering high praise and rapid adoption by consumers, a glowing testament to the capabilities and ingenuity of the EchoStar team. Additional notable accomplishments for 2012 include the very successful introduction of two new Slingbox retail products, several large enterprise contract renewals and new customers for Hughes data network services around the globe, and above-forecast sales of set-top-box products and video services to our established operator customers.
    [Show full text]
  • PRESS-KIT-VV19-08122021-EN.Pdf
    www.arianespace.com www.avio.com www.avio Arianespace’s seventh launch of 2021 with the second Vega of the year will place its satellite passengers into Sun-synchronous orbit. The launcher will be carrying a total payload of approximately 1 029 kg. The launch will be performed in Kourou, French Guiana. MISSION DESCRIPTION 2 PLÉIADES NEO 4 SATELLITE 3 Liftoff is planned on at exactly: FOUR AUXILIARY PAYLOADS 4 - 5 09:47 p.m. Washington, D.C. time, 10:47 p.m. Kourou time, VEGA LAUNCHER 6 01:47 a.m. Universal time (UTC), August 17, LAUNCH CAMPAIGN 7 03:47 a.m. Paris time, August 17, 10:47 a.m. Tokyo time, August 17. FLIGHT SEQUENCES 7 STAKEHOLDERS OF A LAUNCH 8 The nominal duration of the mission (from liftoff to separation of the satellites) is: 1 hour, 44 minutes and 59 seconds. Satellite: Pléiades Neo 4 Customer: Airbus Defence and Space - Intelligence Satellites: Four auxiliary payloads Cyrielle BOUJU [email protected] +33 (0)6 32 65 97 48 For Pléiades Neo For the four auxiliary payloads Francesco DE LORENZO • Perigee altitude: 614 km • Perigee altitude: 540 km [email protected] • Apogee altitude: 625 km • Apogee altitude: 554 km + 39 (0)6 97285317 • Inclination : 97.89 degrees • Inclination : 97.55 degrees First Pléiades Neo constellation satellites have been achieved within only five years, thanks to the hard work of over 500 people, across seven sites in Europe, to deliver first-class 14 km swath imagery at 30 cm native resolution, capable to daily collect up to 2 million km² and image the entire Earth landmass five times per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentinel-1A Launch
    SENTINEL-1A LAUNCH Arianespace’s seventh Soyuz launch from the Guiana Space Center will orbit Sentinel-1A, the first satellite in Europe’s Earth observation program, Copernicus. The European Space Agency (ESA) chose Thales Alenia Space to design, develop and build the satellite, as well as perform related tests. Copernicus is the new name for the European program previously known as GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security), and is the European Commission’s second major space program, following Galileo. Copernicus is designed to give Europe continuous, independent and reliable access to Earth observation data. With the Soyuz, Ariane 5 and Vega launchers at the Guiana Space Center (CSG), Arianespace is the only launch services provider in the world capable of launching all types of payloads into all orbits, from the smallest to the largest geostationary satellites, from satellite clusters for constellations to cargo missions for the International Space Station (ISS). Arianespace sets the launch services standard for all operators, whether commercial or governmental, and guarantees access to space for scientific missions. Sentinel-1A is the 50th satellite with an Earth observation payload to be launched by Arianespace. Arianespace has seven more Earth observation missions in its order book, including four commercial missions (signed in 2013 and 2014). The Copernicus program is designed to give Europe complete independence in the acquisition and management of environmental data concerning our planet. ESA’s Sentinel programs comprise five satellite families: Sentinel-1, to provide continuity for radar data from ERS and Envisat. Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3, dedicated to the observation of the Earth and its oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report Cover Ar
    Authors ASIS Melanie Clegg U.S.A. Julie Mason U.S.A. Vincent Coache Canada Narasimha Murthy N. Narasimhulu India Tyler Dwyer Canada Paul Nizenkov Germany Shady El Azab Belgium Duarte Sousa Portugal Kristin Freeman U.S.A. Fredrik Persson Sweden Shai Gerner Israel Udrivolf Pica Italy Marc Gick Canada Lucie Poulet France Fei Guan China Maxime Puteaux France Yuri Ishizu Japan Dmitry Rachkin Russian Federation Operations Sebastian Klaus Germany Eirini Maria Sfantzikaki Greece Marc Labriet U.S.A. Yuan Si China And Service Mikkel Ladegaard Denmark Chrishma Singh-Derewa U.S.A. Frederico Larangeira Portugal Rui Sousa Portugal Luliang Lou China Suki Dauda Sule Nigeria Infrastructure Zhuoyan Lu China Anna Szwemin Poland Qinglang Luo China Graeme Taylor United Kingdom for Space Nuno Loureiro Portugal Aliya Valiyff Australia Final Report SPACE STUDIES PROGRAM 2012 INTERNATIONAL SPACE UNIVERSITY | FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY | KENNEDY SPACE CENTER Operations and Service Infrastructure for Space Team Project: Spaceports Team Project Report International Space University SSP 2012 © International Space University. All Rights Reserved. The SSP 2012 Program of the International Space University was held at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA. The OASIS concept is represented in the cover artwork and logo. Within the logo are the nodes representing the spaceport way-points. It was inspired by the skipping of stones across a body of water, representing stepping stones throughout space. The abstract palm tree represents the OASIS concept - a location where you gather supplies and services while traveling through a harsh environment. Design work courtesy of the OASIS Graphics Team. While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report, the International Space University (ISU) does not take any responsibility for the accuracy of its content.
    [Show full text]
  • SPACE NEWS Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page BEF Mags INTERNATIONAL
    Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page SPACEAPRIL 19, 2010 NEWSAN IMAGINOVA CORP. NEWSPAPER INTERNATIONAL www.spacenews.com VOLUME 21 ISSUE 16 $4.95 ($7.50 Non-U.S.) PROFILE/22> GARY President’s Revised NASA Plan PAYTON Makes Room for Reworked Orion DEPUTY UNDERSECRETARY FOR SPACE PROGRAMS U.S. AIR FORCE AMY KLAMPER, COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. .S. President Barack Obama’s revised space plan keeps Lockheed Martin working on a Ulifeboat version of a NASA crew capsule pre- INSIDE THIS ISSUE viously slated for cancellation, potentially positioning the craft to fly astronauts to the interna- tional space station and possibly beyond Earth orbit SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS on technology demonstration jaunts the president envisions happening in the early 2020s. Firms Complain about Intelsat Practices Between pledging to choose a heavy-lift rocket Four companies that purchase satellite capacity from Intelsat are accusing the large fleet design by 2015 and directing NASA and Denver- operator of anti-competitive practices. See story, page 5 based Lockheed Martin Space Systems to produce a stripped-down version of the Orion crew capsule that would launch unmanned to the space station by Report Spotlights Closed Markets around 2013 to carry astronauts home in an emer- The office of the U.S. Trade Representative has singled out China, India and Mexico for not meet- gency, the White House hopes to address some of the ing commitments to open their domestic satellite services markets. See story, page 13 chief complaints about the plan it unveiled in Feb- ruary to abandon Orion along with the rest of NASA’s Moon-bound Constellation program.
    [Show full text]
  • A Launch for the International Space Station
    A launch for the International Space Station For its first mission of the year, Arianespace will launch the first Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), dubbed “Jules Verne”, for the European Space Agency (ESA). Right from this first launch, the ATV will play a vital role in bringing supplies to the International Space Station (ISS). Weighing more than 20 tons, this will be by far the heaviest payload ever launched by Ariane 5. An Ariane 5 ES will inject the Jules Verne ATV into a circular orbit at an altitude of 260 kilometers, inclined 51.6 degre e s . With this launch, Ariane 5 further expands its array of missions, ranging fro m scientific spacecraft in special orbits to commercial launches into geostationary orbit. The ATV is designed to bring supplies to the ISS (water, air, food, propellants for the Russian section, spare parts, experimental hard w a re, etc.), and to reboost the ISS into its nominal orbit. The ISS now weighs more than 240 metric tons, including the recently attached European labora t o r y, Columbus. After being docked to the ISS for up to six months, the ATV will be loaded with waste items by the astronauts, and sent back down. After separating from the launch vehicle, the ATV will be autonomous, using its own systems for energy (batteries and four large solar panels) and guidance (GPS, star t racker), in liaison with the control center in Toulouse. During final approach, an optical navigation system will guide the ATV to its rendezvous with the Space Station, w h e re it will automatically dock several days after launch.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 DG DEFIS Management Plan
    Management Plan 2021 DG Defence Industry and Space EUR [number] EN Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 PART 1. Delivering on the Commission’s priorities: main outputs for the year ...................... 5 A. A European Green Deal ......................................................................................................................... 5 B. A Europe fit for the digital age ......................................................................................................... 7 C. A stronger Europe in the world ...................................................................................................... 18 D. Promoting our European way of life ........................................................................................... 23 PART 2. Modernising the administration: main outputs for the year........................................ 29 E. Human resource management ...................................................................................................... 29 F. Sound financial management ........................................................................................................ 31 G. Fraud risk management .................................................................................................................... 32 H. Digital transformation and information management ...................................................... 33 I. Sound environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Third Vega Launch from the Guiana Space Center
    THIRD VEGA LAUNCH FROM THE GUIANA SPACE CENTER On the third Vega launch from the Guiana Space Center (CSG) in French Guiana, Arianespace will orbit Kazakhstan’s first Earth observation satellite, DZZ-HR. With Soyuz, Ariane 5 and now Vega all operating at the Guiana Space Center, Arianespace is the only launch services provider in the world capable of launching all types of payloads to all orbits, from the smallest to the largest geostationary satellites, along with clusters of satellites for constellations and missions to support the International Space Station (ISS). Vega is designed to launch payloads in the 1,500 kg class to an altitude of 700 km, giving Europe a launcher that can handle all of its scientific and government missions along with commercial payloads. Designed to launch small satellites into low Earth orbit (LEO) or Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), Vega will quickly establish itself as the best launcher in its class, especially in the emerging market for Earth observation satellites. Vega is a European Space Agency (ESA) program financed by Italy, France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Sweden. The Italian company ELV, a joint venture of Avio (70%) and the Italian space agency (30%), is the launcher design authority and prime contractor, while Arianespace handles launch operations. For its third launch, Vega will orbit the DZZ-HR Earth observation satellite, the 51st of this type to be launched by Arianespace. DZZ-HR is an 830 kg satellite that is designed to provide a complete range of civilian applications for the Republic of Kazakhstan, including monitoring of natural and agricultural resources, provision of mapping data and suport for rescue operations during natural disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacelabspacelab
    SpacelabSpacelab Achievements: principal scientific manned module for US Space Shuttle; major contributions to space sciences research and applications; first European manned space project; 22 missions Launch dates: see table Launch vehicle/site: US Space Shuttle, Kennedy Space Center, Florida Launch mass: typically 10 t (Spacelab-1 totalled 8145 kg Pressure Module and 3386 kg Pallet; including experiments totalling 1392 kg) Orbits: typically 300 km altitude, inclinations 28-57° Principal contractors: VFW-Fokker/ERNO (later MBB/ERNO; prime), Aeritalia (PM structure, Igloo, thermal control), Matra (command/data management), Dornier (IPS, ECLSS), British Aerospace (Pallet) Spacelab was an integral element of NASA’s Space Shuttle programme and provided ESA/ESRO with a unique opportunity for developing a manned space capability. The 22 missions made outstanding contributions to astronomy, life sciences, atmospheric physics, Earth observation and materials science under microgravity – advances that stemmed from this crucial European contribution. Spacelab essentially comprised two types of payload carrier: a pressurised manned laboratory module and unpressurised external pallets. Its flexibility allowed it to accommodate both multi- disciplinary experiments and complements devoted to a single scientific or applications theme. The Pressure Module (PM) hosted the experiments equipment, data processing and electrical power equipment, an environmental control system and crew control stations. The crew of up to six researchers relied on the Shuttle Orbiter for living quarters, communications and data transmissions. Europe was invited in 1969 to participate in the post-Apollo Spacelab was an programme, ultimately deciding at integral part of the the Ministerial Meeting of the Space Transportation European Space Conference in System. Shown is the Spacelab-1 Brussels on 20 December 1972 to configuration, flown in entrust ESRO with developing a 1983.
    [Show full text]
  • Once-Lame Duck Now Exudes Self-Confidence
    SCIENCE IN EUROPE EUROPEANSPACEAGENCY-------------------------------------------------------- adequate infrastructure. Once•lame duck now But ESA's most controversial and expensive move , where tangible returns are less certain, came in November 1987 exudes self-confidence when a majority of member states backed Paris Britain found itself isolated when it initi­ a programme for manned space missions. THE European Space Agency (ESA) is ally refused to agree a 5 per cent annual Together, ESA's contribution of an "the best example of what European col­ increase in the science programme bud­ attached laboratory to the NASA Free­ laboration can achieve", says its director­ get, holding up scheduling and potentially dom space station, a free-flying laboratory general, Reimar Liist. "We are not only threatening some projects. and a polar platform, now account for involved with basic science and new tech­ The science programme is constructed almost 40 per cent ( 609 million ECU) of its nology, but are faced with heavy competi­ around a long-term plan, put together by total budget, while the French-conceived tion, unlike the European fundamental the science programme committee and Hermes space plane and the Ariane 5 research facilities , which have life easy. " covering the next 15 to 20 years. The cur­ rocket needed to launch it swallow a fur­ Yet, with only one-tenth of the budget rent programme, called Horizon 2000, ther 10 per cent (153 million ECU). available to the US National Aeronautics was jubilantly approved at the 1985 ESA Britain has opted out of these projects, so and Space Administration (NASA), ESA council meeting at ministerial level, in British companies will benefit hardly at all has become a force to be reckoned with.
    [Show full text]
  • Odds on Thor Problems on Both Sides
    _n_8 _______________________________________________ NEVVS, __________________________ ~N~A~TU~RE~V~0~L~.~~1~2~7~·J~ANU~AR~Y~I~~3 X-ray satellite Instant winner Odds on Thor Winner of the black-and-white AT a "restricted session" of its councillast light microscopy category in week, the European Space Agency (ESA) Polaroid Corporation's first decided to lay the groundwork for a worldwide instant photo­ micrography competition. The possible launch of the European X-ray photograph is an enlargement astronomy satellite, EXOSAT, on a Thor­ of a polyester monofilament Delta rocket from the US National recorded in polarized mono­ Aeronautics and Space Administration chromatic light on Polaroid Type 55 postive/negative film (NASA), in case the present ground trials with a Carl Zeiss Ultraphot II on Ariane lead to further delays in the microscope. It was taken by European launching programme. A final Karl Nettelnstroth, a micro­ decision as to whether the satellite is to be scopist at Hoechst AG in launched on the Ariane or on a Thor will be Frankfurt. made on 23 February. ESA has been under pressure from Euro­ pean astronomers to take the politically embarrassing step of a Thor launch ever Romania/US relations since it became clear that delays in the Ariane programme (after the failure of LS, the fifth Ariane launch in September 1982) Problems on both sides were likely to harm EXOSAT's scientific WESTERN countries are attempting to which, it says, has been exploited under potential (see Nature 6 January, p.8). Last employ "neocolonial" methods by various pretexts in the past.
    [Show full text]