Concept Maps in Product Development Preparing to Redesign Java.Sun.Com

A case study from Exposing the Magic of Design: A Practitioner’s Guide to the Methods and Theory of Synthesis Using concept maps in product development Preparing to redesign java.sun.com

Hugh Dubberly — Dubberly Design Ofﬁ ce — [email protected]

Dubberly Design Offi ce consults on development of The Benefi ts of Concept Mapping software and services. We follow a user-centered process that often involves mapping. We use concept Deepening Understanding We developed a concept maps to represent factors that infl uence the product map of Java as a way to understand Java. The map development process. We regularly map user goal helped us prepare to redesign and re-launch Sun’s main structures and user interactions; business models and web site for Java developers, java.sun.com. Concept resource fl ows; and hardware and software mapping was one of many tools that we used in the infrastructure and information fl ows. Increasingly, we design process, including auditing the existing site, are called on to map data models and content domains. reviewing site traffi c logs, and interviewing Java Many of today’s new software applications and developers. This case study focuses on the Java concept online services integrate content more deeply than map and does not describe the other tools or the larger earlier desktop productivity applications. As Nicholas site redesign effort. Negroponte predicted, content, computing, and The main question that we faced was this: How communications have converged. should we organize java.sun.com? What should the A concept map is a collection of terms related to information architecture be? Answering these questions a main idea. Links between terms form a structure— was not trivial, since the site contained more than something like an outline, but with some branches 110,000 pages. It couldn’t be reorganized by simply connected. Labeling a link with a verb creates a noun- reading a few pages and moving them around. What we verb-noun chain that can be read as a sentence. needed was a deep understanding of Java—what it is, Thus, concept maps present a series of propositions how it’s used, how it changes, and why it matters. related to each other and a main idea. Mapping a The trouble was: We knew little about Java except content domain—creating a concept map—is an that it was a programming language that runs in many effective way to understand a domain. environments. We developed the Java concept map so Sharing a concept map with project stakeholders is that we could learn what we needed to know. The an effective way to identify errors in understanding and knowledge we gained making the map enabled us to reach consensus on content defi nition, structure, and propose revisions to the site’s information architecture boundaries. Mapping a content domain is a good way with confi dence—and helped us backup our proposal to prepare for designing or redesigning a content rich with reasoning built on a fi rm foundation—reasoning web site, application, or service. built on a defi nition of the content domain (i.e., the Java concept map) already accepted by the client and his many internal constituents.

1 Using concept maps in product development Building Trust Like any large corporate project, the Other Uses While the main goal of the concept map redesign of java.sun.com encountered political issues. was to help the design team understand Java so that First, it was a visible project in a decentralized company. we could reorganize java.sun.com, it soon became clear That meant the project had a lot of vocal stakeholders. that the map might have wider uses. Our working In addition, java.sun.com was managed by Sun’s version of the map looked like a sketch, which refl ected Developer Relations Group, which had recently been the constant changes we were making. (It was messy.) formed by consolidating several previously separate The sketch form invites comments—where a more departments. Not everyone was happy about the new polished form may inhibit comments. organization. When we reached consensus on the content, As we began to meet internal stakeholders, we formalized the map’s appearance. Eventually, we encountered considerable skepticism about the site the map went through two printings and was redesign project and our ability to execute it. distributed to more than 25,000 Java developers. Developing the concept map became a way to engage We also created an interactive map, which is still known stakeholders, discover new ones, and build trust. available online at http://www.dubberly.com/concept- We interviewed a series of Sun employees involved maps/java-technology.html. with both Java and java.sun.com. We began with a small group, who in turn suggested others. Eventually the number of employee interviews exceeded 50. We The Process of Concept Mapping also asked the stakeholders to review the concept map as we developed it. At the beginning of the java.sun.com redesign project, At a project meeting a few weeks into the process, we asked to see Sun’s models of Java. We were unable one of the key stakeholders reviewed the map and said, to locate detailed models, but we did fi nd slides from “Not bad. It looks like you’re ready to meet the Java marketing presentations—”marketectures”, versions of Distinguished Engineers.” Before that, no one had technical architectures simplifi ed by marketing people. mentioned these high priests of Java; they turned out to One of these marketectures depicted Java as the be a powerful constituency. The map helped us fi nd Parthenon; three steps supported a few columns them and gave us entree—both permission to meet and capped by an architrave and a pediment. This model something to discuss. Those meetings went well; the included less than a dozen elements. It became our Distinguished Engineers were intrigued by the map. starting point. (It’s not often someone turns up with a map of your baby.) We also entered the discussions with more Set Goals Setting goals is the key to managing. Rick credibility than we had at the start of the project, since Robinson points out that all research should begin with we had clearly done a lot of homework to get the map a clear goal, what he calls a “hunt statement”. Likewise, to where it was. The organization did us a favor by mapping should begin with a clear goal. A simple way revealing the Distinguished Engineers only when we to clarify a map’s goal is to write a “working title.” were prepared to meet them. We set six goals for the Java concept map: The most important benefi t of the map, though, 1 Develop an understanding of Java shared among the was that we were able to discuss the structure of Java java.sun.com redesign project’s stakeholders. with the Distinguished Engineers (and other 2 Inform both the logical organization of java.sun.com stakeholders) on its own terms, apart from its and its integration with other sites. instantiation in the web site. In other words, we were 3 Develop a framework by which changes to Java able to discuss the structure of Java and ensure that we can be understood. understood it, rather than discuss a menu system or 4 Open a dialog with senior Java stakeholders. page layout, which might have confl ated issues—the 5 Provide an overview of Java to people familiar with structure of Java, the site information architecture, and computing but unfamiliar with Java. the appearance of the navigation interface. 6 Develop a map that an average Java programmer By separating content from expression— would consider accurate. by mapping—we were able to establish relationships and build credibility and trust, before proposing changes to the client’s baby, the Java web site.

2 Using concept maps in product development Identify Terms The fi rst step in developing a concept Triage is a similar strategy. Which terms are critical? map is to identify terms that could be included. In this Which terms can we deal with later? And which terms phase, the goal is to quickly explore the domain. Write are not relevant? down whatever you fi nd or think of. Editing comes later. Our fi rst list of terms came from the team’s own Defi ne Terms We defi ned each fi rst-, second-, and experience, from glossaries of Java terms, and from the third-level term, adding defi nitions to the spreadsheet. indices of books on Java. The list of defi nitions served as a foundation for later We kept our list of terms in a spreadsheet. We work. In discussions with reviewers, the defi nitions printed each term on a label and affi xed the label to a allowed the team to focus on individual words, without colored “sticky”, so that it could be moved and grouped referring to the map. The list of defi nitions was later. We then placed the stickies on a 4-by-8-foot particularly useful in conversations with reviewers who foam-core board, so that we could move the whole didn’t understand that map, especially when they group around the offi ce easily. reviewed early versions.

Our initial list included roughly 400 terms. 205 deﬁ nitions were collected from 8 sources.

Prioritize Terms We prioritized the terms, Organize Terms We organized the fi rst-, second-, creating more manageable clusters: and third-priority lists into a single outline. – 11 fi rst priority We experimented with several variations. For the – 45 second most part, category titles in the outline were fi rst- – 157 third priority terms. – 136 fourth – 51 fi fth

Figure 1 Early grouping of Post-it notes.

3 Using concept maps in product development Test Armatures When the number of terms in a Add Terms We added second- and third-priority terms. concept map exceeds 9 or 10, introducing levels or New terms suggested changes to the armature. hierarchy may make reading easier. Large concepts maps (more than 50 terms) are almost impenetrable Review and Revise Once we had an armature fl eshed without attention to both semantic and visual hierarchy. out with secondary terms, we reviewed the map with We like to organize large concepts maps around an the client and a small group of Java experts. They “armature”, a primary sentence or two. A good place to suggested additional reviewers. From this early stage, start is with a horizontal sentence placing the main reviews were ongoing. We continued to interview concept in a context; then add a vertical sentence stakeholders while we developed the concept map, defi ning the concept. Other terms link off the armature. asking them to review and comment on the current An armature should include the terms most version. fundamental to the concept being mapped. These Reviews took place in one-on-one interviews, on the fundamental terms and relationships serve as the phone, or via email. We sent drafts of the map to groups backbone for the rest of the map, providing structure within Sun. We also posted large, printed copies in and hierarchy. The armature is often a starting point high-traffi c areas at Sun; reviewers wrote directly on for readers. the map or attached yellow stickies. We experimented with several armatures. The client Marked-up maps were returned to us. and the design team chose the armature with the most Several people reviewed the map multiple times. meaningful relationships and the one that provided space (both physically and logically) for the rest of 36 people reviewed the map in one-on-one interviews. 10 people provided feedback via posted maps. the terms.

Figure 2 Armature study.

Developersuse Java to make Software for People

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Development Desktop Server Embedded Tools Applications Applications Applications

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Programming Security Class Library JVM Language Model

4 Using concept maps in product development Figure 3 Armature with next level of elements added.

Figure 4 Early composite.

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5 Using concept maps in product development Subdivide Large Maps As we added terms, the map Refi ne the Typography Jim Faris and Harry Saddler became unwieldy and diffi cult to consider as a whole. proposed several options for the form of the map. So: We divided the map into logical sections. The team adopted Sun Sans as the primary typeface, Subdividing the map increased effi ciency. conforming to Sun’s corporate identity standards. We distributed sections to members of the team who Early sketches produced some new typographic refi ned their sections simultaneously. They added terms devices that were eventually applied to the map. One and modifi ed relationships, and, in some cases, created device was a sort of footnote or hypertext link, which secondary armatures. We reassembled the sections allowed us to indicate more relationships without around a refi ned armature, paying special attention to drawing more long lines across the map. relationships between the sections. Refi ning appearance required 7 complete revisions. At its largest, the map measured 3 × 8 feet.

Figure 5 Final composite; content basis for ﬁ nal design.

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6 Using concept maps in product development Figure 7 Final poster.

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run inside an are built using TM own, but are used by other an URL request. run inside a are built using and what the platform packages are. deployment JavaBeans packages: Media Framework packages are. language. components or runnable Enterprise JavaBeans Servlets commonly JSPs define a page Can be HTML, are built with java.lang (JMF), which is framework components. define independent pieces generate HTML, XML, element, which can be WML, XHTML, Discrete units of software descriptor javacard.framework optional to J2SE but Specifies packages: Mobile Information of business logic or or dynamic images. HTML, XML, or another or voice XML. functionality that conform to the javacard.security required for Java TV. Java BluePrints application behavior that markup language. JSPs JavaBeans API and are designed to http Device Profile (MIDP) They can call other is one type of javacardx.crypto can call either servlets, servlets, JSPs, or EJBs. execute as servlets. be reusable components. The log Specification Guidelines, patterns, JSPs, or other EJBs. They can call other Extensible Markup JavaBeans API makes it particularly device access and code for end-to-end JSPs, servlets, or EJBs. easy for Beans to be utilized by timers applications. Language (XML) visual programming tools. (In an framework Foundation Profile Provides a structured and architecture analogy, these would Specification extensible mechanism for be prebuilt walls, windows, or Profiles are packages required organizing and presenting data. doors.) for a particular vertical J2EE Connector Connected Limited read configurations from a Many Java packages and classes market segment or set of Device Configuration containers connector EJB utilize XML to store and exchange Also referred to as required or core Specification

run inside a can be a related devices. Other profiles data. packages, platform packages are the (CLDC) Specification Manage architecture container web container heart of the Java programming include Foundation, Game, is created by a

can be created by Personal Basis Profile, and PDA. transactions, is contained in language. The packages include Optional packages define Connected Device life-cycles, Provides a mechanism Simple Object myriad classes that define user a set of methods to and data for connecting to legacy interface components, a address specific Configuration (CDC) persistence. information systems. Access Protocol programming event model, text and functionality required for Specification math processing tools, code-level certain specialized (SOAP) security, objects for memory storage applications. Applications PersonalJava of complex data, and methods for that require optional There are several Provides a way for applications implementations of to communicate. SOAP is invoking remote applications, to packages must be shipped Specification name just a few. with the package code. Mobile Information typically transmitted via HTTP. Device Profile, including MIDP for Personal Profile Sometimes referred to as Specification include ... platform packages 37 37 are contained in the are are such as such as Palm 1.0.3, MIDP depend on are contained in packages or required or core packages. J2EE platform UDDI platform packages J2SE optional packages optional J2ME Personal Profiles MIDPdepends on

for example 1.04 for Monty, and are ... class libraries 10 Universal Description, for example MIDP 2.0.

libraries packages packages optional Profiledepends on (PP) Personal Basis Profile may become platform packages via the ... include Discovery, and Integration provides a way for businesses packages Specification to discover each other. Can also be used programmatically TM TM Connected Limited J2EE API Specification J2SE API Specification J2ME API Specification J2EE specific by applications to locate an Beans Swing Java regular Java 3D JavaHelp Device Configuration On handheld and application or service. A component kit that includes specific embedded devices, the Mobile Information packages expressions A set of classes A system that initial implementation provides a set of graphical Connected Device packages that are Device Profile (MIDP) user interface elements. A powerful set of text matching and used to write enables such as such as subsets of the J2SE of Java technology are contained in Examples include: CDCincludes a configurationsinclude a CLDCsubset of a contains a manipulation routines supported by three-dimensional developers to Configuration Includes the necessary addresses the software API Documents ¡avax.activation Swing can be used to includes specific equivalent: rapidly build applications many programming languages. graphics applets incorporate A set of java.io tools, emulators, and needs of networked javax.ejb or applications. online help in packages that are packages that javax.servlet without writing original Java technology implements java.lang runtime environment applications running Connected Limited Perl-compatible regular applications or subsets of the J2SE define basic to develop and test on consumer devices

is used to build applications and services based on code to support common java.util javax.transaction web sites. equivalent: services for a Device Configuration javax.xml interface elements. javax.microedition.io applets for the Java such as set-top boxes 29 contains java.lang range of Card platform. and smart phones. (CLDC) API Documents Software Development J2EE Software Development Kit Java Web Services Developer Pack Supports a native look and java.util feel on many common J2SE Software devices. Includes the binary version of the J2EE Reference is used to build ... web services 33 JCP java.net TM Kits (SDKs) operating systems.

Connected Device

Implementation, plus the development tools and PersonalJavaruns on a Provides a framework for developing and hosting J2EE applications Development Kit java.io Java Card may include ... tools 17 documentation needed to build a J2EE application. 2 Configuration (CDC) that run inside web containers. The pack includes the Java APIs for java.text A JVM can be are used in ... development environments 16 The J2SE SDK includes the source code, java.security Development API Documents XML included in the Java XML Pack, the JavaServer Pages Standard class libraries, development tools, and J2ME optimized include ... class libraries 10 Tag Library (JSTL), the Ant build tool, the Java WSDP Registry Server, for residential are used to create ... programs 24 runtime environment required to build Kit and the Tomcat Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages container. Java applications and applets. Wireless gateway servers. Java Series Java Series Java Series Toolkit 30 Java runtime environments Java virtual is instantiated by J2EE Java-enabled Java Plug-Inmay be enabled by a Java-enabled may be enabled by an operating system-based Java virtual machine Java Card Java virtual Java virtual J2EE Tutorials J2SE Tutorials J2ME Tutorials runs on uso run on runs on (JREs) include a machine runs on application web server TM Some browsers may be Java-enabled browser or viewer Java virtual machine A JVM can be optimized for cell phones, The J2ME Wireless virtual machine machine machine runs on runs on uso run on runs on runs on run on runs on runs on runs inside a ... u nrun on run on include ... packages 11 Jini because they include the Java Plug-In. PDAs, and other similarly resourced devices. Toolkit includes the A JVM can be optimized Some JVMs are Can host ESBs, Some JVMs are optimized for various types necessary tools, are used to run ... programs 24 serverruns on servlets and Jini network technology provides Some users may need to download for set-top boxes. optimized for servers. Hosts ESBs, the Java Plug-In for their browsers. of laptops, workstations, and desktops. emulators, A JRE is the software environment in JSPs. one infrastructure for delivering servlets and JSPs. services in a network and for Installing the Java Plug-In will also documentation, and Acknowledgements Trademarks which programs compiled for the Java install the J2SE runtime environment. examples to develop virtual machine can run. The runtime creating spontaneous interaction Prepared for the Sun Developer Web Services Group © 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. TM and simulate Java between programs that use web browser system comprises everything necessary to Windows SunOS NeXT Palm OS, Windows CE, applications targeted Windows by Dubberly Design Office/Devine/Faris/Saddler. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Java, the Java operating run programs written in the Java Solaris, Linux, Windows, those services. real-time operating proprietary HP-UX, AIX, FreeBSD Mac OS UP UX HP-UX RTOS, Linux, Symbian OS, at cell phones, SolarisTM coffee cup logo, J2EE, J2SE, J2ME, Enterprise JavaBeans, systems programming language, including the run on Unix AIX Compaq Tru64 proprietary systems pagers, PDAs, and systems (RTOS) systems Significant contributions from the following people EJB, JavaBeans, Java Card, Java Community Process, Java virtual machine, which may be a Java other small devices. proprietary systems run on interpreter, and the platform packages. Linux Alpha beOS made this map possible: Josh Bloch, Lisa Friendly, JCP, Javadoc, Java Embedded Server, JavaHelp, JavaServer Telematic networks Doug Kramer, Paul Pangaro, Robert Patten, Monica Pages, JSP, Java TV, Java 3D, Jini, JVM, PersonalJava,

JREs may be developed by Sun or by other 34 Irix RS6000 VMS TM connect computers with companies. Solaris FreeBSD telecommunications Pawlan, Carla Schroer, Leigh Shevchik, Alan Solaris, and SunOS are registered trademarks of Sun run on run on systems. Sommerer, Ken Tallman, and James Urquhart. Microsystems, Inc.

Thanks also to Cindy Bloch, Adam Cohn, Andrey Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the 31 specific devices (hardware) servers personal workstations point-of-sale (POS) Java Card, subscriber televisions network-aware systems, pagers, cell identity module (SIM) appliances, Dikanskiy, Larry Freeman, Dale Green, Joann Gray, authors. Comments are welcome; contact Audrey Crane computers phones, and personal phones, and automobiles, and Cori Kaylor, Onno Kluyt, Stuart Marks, Shawn Moore, at [email protected]. digital assistants (PDAs) multi-application smart Telematic networks Chuck Mosher, Shaler Ney, Eduardo Pelegri-Llopart, cards Lori Uzzo, Brad Wetmore, and Hinkmond Wong. September 6, 2002

Check Again Throughout the project, we worked with Print and Distribute The map was printed at Color a copy editor. She checked each comprehensive Graphics in San Francisco. Sun initially distributed the revision for spelling, grammar, and sense. Sun’s legal map at the JavaOne conference in Japan. and trademark department also reviewed the map several times, as did an attorney working for our client’s department and two subject-matter experts. At the end, Sun’s marketing department asked for a few visual changes—and we faced a nerve-racking few days when a senior manager questioned whether the map contained too much proprietary information. Luckily we were able to show that the information was all already available on java.sun.com.

The map went through a total of 53 numbered versions/releases.

7 Using concept maps in product development Project Stats More Information

For more on concept mapping, The ﬁ nal map contains: read Gowin and Novak’s Learning How to Learn. – 235 terms For more on teaching concept mapping, – 425 links (relationships) read Dubberly’s The Baseball Project: – 110 descriptions A Step-by-step Approach to Introducing Information Architecture, available at http://www.dubberly.com/articles/ We began the map in October 2000 and delivered the-baseball-projects.html printed copies in September 2001.

The process required: – 49 weeks – more than 50 interviews – more than 100 meetings – more than 2000 emails

The team that created the map included: – Audrey Crane, project manager, interviewer, researcher, mapper – Paul Devine, content expert, mapper – Hugh Dubberly, interviewer, mapper – Jim Faris, mapper, graphic designer – Paul Pangaro, our client – Harry Saddler, content expert, mapper, graphic designer – Ylva Wickberg, interaction programmer

8 Using concept maps in product development