Cell and Tissue Polarity As a Non-Canonical Tumor Suppressor
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Epithelia and Gastrointestinal Function
CHAPTER 18 Epithelia and gastrointestinal function Jerrold R. Turner University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Chapter menu Organization of the gut wall, 317 Epithelial barrier and disease , 326 Organization of epithelial cells and sheets, 318 Integration of mucosal function, 329 Mucosal barriers, 322 Further reading, 329 All cavities within the alimentary tract, from the small ducts An underlying layer of fibroconnective tissue called the sub- and acini of the pancreas to the gastric lumen, are lined by mucosa, which contains nerves, vessels, and lymphatics, sup- sheets of polarized epithelial cells. Common to all of these epi- ports the mucosa. The submucosa rests on the muscularis thelia is the ability to create selective barriers that separate propria, which is composed of two or three layers of smooth luminal and tissue spaces. Most epithelia are also able to direct muscle and is home to the myenteric plexus (see Chapters 1, 15, vectorial transport of solutes and solvents. These essential func- and 16). In most instances, gastrointestinal organs are encased tions are based on the structural polarity of individual cells, the by an outermost delicate layer of fibrofatty tissue, the serosa, complex organization of membranes, cell–cell and cell–substrate encircled by a continuous layer of mesothelial cells. In areas interactions, and interactions with other cell types. This chapter where no serosa exists, as in portions of the esophagus and the reviews intestinal wall structure and examines how mucosal distal colorectum, fibrofatty tissues interface with the external functions are supported by the organization of the gut and the portion of the muscularis propria. -
Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cancer
Cell Research (2018) 28:265-280. REVIEW www.nature.com/cr Mitochondrial metabolism and cancer Paolo Ettore Porporato1, *, Nicoletta Filigheddu2, *, José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Guido Kroemer3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, Lorenzo Galluzzi3, 10, 11 1Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, 10124 Torino, Italy; 2Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; 3Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; 4Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; 5Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; 6INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; 7Meta- bolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; 8Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; 9Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; 10Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; 11Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA Glycolysis has long been considered as the major metabolic process for energy production and anabolic growth in cancer cells. Although such a view has been instrumental for the development of powerful imaging tools that are still used in the clinics, it is now clear that mitochondria play a key role in oncogenesis. Besides exerting central bioen- ergetic functions, mitochondria provide indeed building blocks for tumor anabolism, control redox and calcium ho- meostasis, participate in transcriptional regulation, and govern cell death. Thus, mitochondria constitute promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents. -
CATALOG NUMBER: AKR-213 STORAGE: Liquid Nitrogen Note
CATALOG NUMBER: AKR-213 STORAGE: Liquid nitrogen Note: For best results begin culture of cells immediately upon receipt. If this is not possible, store at -80ºC until first culture. Store subsequent cultured cells long term in liquid nitrogen. QUANTITY & CONCENTRATION: 1 mL, 1 x 106 cells/mL in 70% DMEM, 20% FBS, 10% DMSO Background HeLa cells are the most widely used cancer cell lines in the world. These cells were taken from a lady called Henrietta Lacks from her cancerous cervical tumor in 1951 which today is known as the HeLa cells. These were the very first cell lines to survive outside the human body and grow. Both GFP and blasticidin-resistant genes are introduced into parental HeLa cells using lentivirus. Figure 1. HeLa/GFP Cell Line. Left: GFP Fluorescence; Right: Phase Contrast. Quality Control This cryovial contains at least 1.0 × 106 HeLa/GFP cells as determined by morphology, trypan-blue dye exclusion, and viable cell count. The HeLa/GFP cells are tested free of microbial contamination. Medium 1. Culture Medium: D-MEM (high glucose), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.1 mM MEM Non- Essential Amino Acids (NEAA), 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% Pen-Strep, (optional) 10 µg/mL Blasticidin. 2. Freeze Medium: 70% DMEM, 20% FBS, 10% DMSO. Methods Establishing HeLa/GFP Cultures from Frozen Cells 1. Place 10 mL of complete DMEM growth medium in a 50-mL conical tube. Thaw the frozen cryovial of cells within 1–2 minutes by gentle agitation in a 37°C water bath. Decontaminate the cryovial by wiping the surface of the vial with 70% (v/v) ethanol. -
How Accurate Are Cancer Cell Lines? Some Argue That Tumour Cells Obtained Directly from Patients Are the Best Way to Study Cancer Genomics
NEWS NATURE|Vol 463|18 February 2010 How accurate are cancer cell lines? Some argue that tumour cells obtained directly from patients are the best way to study cancer genomics. For decades, cancer cell cultures grown in Petri dishes have been the foundation of can- cer biology and the quest for drug treatments. But now that biologists are exploring cancer genomes, some are asking whether they should pursue a more expensive, less proven strategy RF.COM/SPL MEDICAL that may give a truer picture of key muta- tions: sequencing cells from tumours plucked directly from patients. Of the first six cancer genome sequences to be published, three have come from estab- lished cell lines and three from primary tumours. Hundreds more sequences are expected soon, both from individual labs and from major efforts such as the Cancer Genome Atlas in Bethesda, Maryland. And although most researchers continue to have a foot in both camps, the atlas project excludes work on cell lines. The major criticism of cell lines is that not all cancer types can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory. Those that do grow differ genetically from primary tissue, accumulating new mutations as they adapt to their artificial Cultured cancer cells might have different genetic characteristics from in situ tumours. environment. When implanted in rodents, brain-cancer cell lines tend to form a ‘bowling the University of California, Los Angeles, it in the cancer genome, says Stratton. His group ball’ mass of cells rather than infiltrating the will take thousands of comparisons between can then distinguish between segments of the brain like a spider web, as they do in humans, tumour sequences and normal DNA to equal genome that are lost as a result of breakage says Howard Fine, head of neuro-oncology at the benefit of sequencing the top 100 cell lines, from those in which a tumour-suppressing the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda. -
Wnt/PCP Signaling Contribution to Carcinoma Collective Cell Migration and Metastasis Kacey Vandervorst1, Courtney A
Published OnlineFirst April 5, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2757 Cancer Review Research Wnt/PCP Signaling Contribution to Carcinoma Collective Cell Migration and Metastasis Kacey VanderVorst1, Courtney A. Dreyer1, Sara E. Konopelski2, Hyun Lee1, Hsin-Yi Henry Ho2, and Kermit L. Carraway III1 Abstract Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms governing discerned. Wnt/PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling, one of carcinoma invasiveness and metastasis has evolved dramati- the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways, mediates collective cally over the last several years. The previous emphasis on the migratory events such as convergent extension during devel- epithelial–mesenchymal transition as a driver of the migratory opmental processes. Wnt/PCP signaling components are fre- properties of single cells has expanded with the observation quently dysregulated in solid tumors, and aberrant pathway that carcinoma cells often invade and migrate collectively as activation contributes to tumor cell migratory properties. Here adherent groups. Moreover, recent analyses suggest that cir- we summarize key studies that address the mechanisms by culating tumor cells within the vasculature often exist as which Wnt/PCP signaling mediate collective cell migration in multicellular clusters and that clusters more efficiently seed developmental and tumor contexts. We emphasize Wnt/PCP metastatic lesions than single circulating tumor cells. While component localization within migrating cells and discuss these observations point to a key role for collective cell how component asymmetry may govern the spatiotemporal migration in carcinoma metastasis, the molecular mechan- control of downstream cytoskeletal effectors to promote isms driving collective tumor cell migration remain to be collective cell motility. Introduction properties of the surrounding environment (haptotaxis or dur- otaxis; refs. -
Cell Polarity Ing
news and views ment of the RAFOS float speeds to results of N a e e the MODAS — Modular Ocean Data Assimi- o t r r S B th ia e ra d d t zi e e a l C R w lation System — model, which assimilates 0° . rm te Benguela in satellite altimetric measurement of sea-level undercurrent variability. m ic o f fr i Benguela C. r c There is still a great deal to learn about the a te a P e Agulhas valve, and its variation under differ- ° il W h 30 S z nt Cape t a e r r Agulhas Current ent climatic conditions. Ensuring that it is r Cauldron B u C properly represented in global ocean and cli- mate models remains a daunting challenge. South Atlantic Agulhas return current ke rrent 2 ra e Cu Agulhas retroflection But this collection of papers shows how the ° D ag 60 S ss Pa brotherhood of observers armed with new tools, aided by satellite-based remote sens- 60°W0° 60°E 120°E ing, and modellers with their increasingly realistic simulations, can take us forward. ■ Figure 1 The Agulhas system and associated flow patterns. The Agulhas Current draws water from the Arnold L. Gordon is at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Pacific Ocean through the Indonesian throughflow and Drake Passage, and from the Tasman Sea. It Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New abruptly turns back towards the Indian Ocean near 20° E. Here, at the Agulhas retroflection, ‘leakage’ York 10964, USA. of water occurs within an array of cyclonic (clockwise) and anticyclonic (anticlockwise) eddies that e-mail: [email protected] are injected into the vigorous stirring and mixing environment of the Cape Basin (the ‘Cape 1. -
Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of Plastid Genomes in Nonphotosynthetic Angiosperms and Cancer Cell Lines
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department or Biology MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS OF PLASTID GENOMES IN NONPHOTOSYNTHETIC ANGIOSPERMS AND CANCER CELL LINES A Dissertation in Biology by Yan Zhang 2012 Yan Zhang Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dec 2012 The Dissertation of Yan Zhang was reviewed and approved* by the following: Schaeffer, Stephen W. Professor of Biology Chair of Committee Ma, Hong Professor of Biology Altman, Naomi Professor of Statistics dePamphilis, Claude W Professor of Biology Dissertation Adviser Douglas Cavener Professor of Biology Head of Department of Biology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the application of evolutionary theory and methods in understanding the plastid genome of nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants and role of mutations in tumor proliferations. We explore plastid genome evolution in parasitic angiosperms lineages that have given up the primary function of plastid genome – photosynthesis. Genome structure, gene contents, and evolutionary dynamics were analyzed and compared in both independent and related parasitic plant lineages. Our studies revealed striking similarities in changes of gene content and evolutionary dynamics with the loss of photosynthetic ability in independent nonphotosynthetic plant lineages. Evolutionary analysis suggests accelerated evolution in the plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic plants. This thesis also explores the application of phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis in cancer biology. Although cancer has often been likened to Darwinian process, very little application of molecular evolutionary analysis has been seen in cancer biology research. In our study, phylogenetic approaches were used to explore the relationship of several hundred established cancer cell lines based on multiple sequence alignments constructed with variant codons and residues across 494 and 523 genes. -
Of Polarity Ups and Downs of Guided Vessel Sprouting
Ups and Downs of Guided Vessel Sprouting: The Role of Polarity Christina Y. Lee and Victoria L. Bautch Physiology 26:326-333, 2011. doi:10.1152/physiol.00018.2011 You might find this additional info useful... This article cites 82 articles, 38 of which can be accessed free at: /content/26/5/326.full.html#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 2 other HighWire hosted articles Rasip1 regulates vertebrate vascular endothelial junction stability through Epac1-Rap1 signaling Christopher W. Wilson, Leon H. Parker, Christopher J. Hall, Tanya Smyczek, Judy Mak, Ailey Crow, George Posthuma, Ann De Mazière, Meredith Sagolla, Cecile Chalouni, Philip Vitorino, Merone Roose-Girma, Søren Warming, Judith Klumperman, Philip S. Crosier and Weilan Ye Blood, November 21, 2013; 122 (22): 3678-3690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Cas and NEDD9 Contribute to Tumor Progression through Dynamic Regulation of the Cytoskeleton Michael S. Guerrero, J. Thomas Parsons and Amy H. Bouton Genes & Cancer, May , 2012; 3 (5-6): 371-381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Downloaded from Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at: /content/26/5/326.full.html Additional material and information about Physiology can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/physiol on August 25, 2014 This information is current as of August 25, 2014. Physiology (formerly published as News in Physiological Science) publishes brief review articles on major physiological developments. It is published bimonthly in February, April, June, August, October, and December by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright © 2011 by the American Physiological Society. -
EGF Shifts Human Airway Basal Cell Fate Toward a Smoking-Associated Airway Epithelial Phenotype
EGF shifts human airway basal cell fate toward a smoking-associated airway epithelial phenotype Renat Shaykhiev1, Wu-Lin Zuo1, IonWa Chao, Tomoya Fukui, Bradley Witover, Angelika Brekman, and Ronald G. Crystal2 Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 Edited* by Michael J. Welsh, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Iowa City, IA, and approved May 29, 2013 (received for review February 19, 2013) The airway epithelium of smokers acquires pathological phenotypes, phosphorylation, indicative of EGFR receptor activation, has including basal cell (BC) and/or goblet cell hyperplasia, squamous been observed in airway epithelial cells exposed to cigarette metaplasia, structural and functional abnormalities of ciliated cells, smoke in vitro (26, 27). decreased number of secretoglobin (SCGB1A1)-expressing secretory Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that smoking- cells, and a disordered junctional barrier. In this study, we hypoth- induced changes in the EGFR pathway are relevant to the EGFR- fi esized that smoking alters airway epithelial structure through dependent modi cation of BCs toward the abnormal differentia- modification of BC function via an EGF receptor (EGFR)-mediated tion phenotypes present in the airway epithelium of smokers. mechanism. Analysis of the airway epithelium revealed that EGFR is In this study, we provide evidence that although EGFR is ex- pressed predominantly in BCs, smoking induces expression of enriched in airway BCs, whereas its ligand EGF is induced by smoking EGF in ciliated -
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Therapy
cancers Review Mitochondrial Metabolism in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Therapy Hadia Moindjie 1,2, Sylvie Rodrigues-Ferreira 1,2,3 and Clara Nahmias 1,2,* 1 Inserm, Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR981 Biomarqueurs Prédictifs et Nouvelles Stratégies Thérapeutiques en Oncologie, 94800 Villejuif, France; [email protected] (H.M.); [email protected] (S.R.-F.) 2 LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France 3 Inovarion SAS, 75005 Paris, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-142-113-885 Simple Summary: Reprogramming metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Warburg’s effect, defined as increased aerobic glycolysis at the expense of mitochondrial respiration in cancer cells, opened new avenues of research in the field of cancer. Later findings, however, have revealed that mitochondria remain functional and that they actively contribute to metabolic plasticity of cancer cells. Understand- ing the mechanisms by which mitochondrial metabolism controls tumor initiation and progression is necessary to better characterize the onset of carcinogenesis. These studies may ultimately lead to the design of novel anti-cancer strategies targeting mitochondrial functions. Abstract: Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that refers to transformation of a normal cell into a tumoral neoplastic cell. The mechanisms that promote tumor initiation, promotion and progression are varied, complex and remain to be understood. Studies have highlighted the involvement of onco- genic mutations, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations as well as metabolic reprogramming, Citation: Moindjie, H.; in different processes of oncogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms still have to be clarified. Rodrigues-Ferreira, S.; Nahmias, C. Mitochondria are central organelles at the crossroad of various energetic metabolisms. -
In Migrating Cells, the Golgi Complex and the Position of the Centrosome Depend on Geometrical Constraints of the Substratum
2406 Research Article In migrating cells, the Golgi complex and the position of the centrosome depend on geometrical constraints of the substratum François Pouthas, Philippe Girard, Virginie Lecaudey, Thi Bach Nga Ly, Darren Gilmour, Christian Boulin, Rainer Pepperkok and Emmanuel G. Reynaud* Cell Biology and Cell Biophysics Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 9 April 2008 Journal of Cell Science 121, 2406-2414 Published by The Company of Biologists 2008 doi:10.1242/jcs.026849 Summary Although cells migrate in a constrained 3D environment in vivo, primordium as an in-vivo model of cells migrating in a in-vitro studies have mainly focused on the analysis of cells constrained environment and observe a similar localization of moving on 2D substrates. Under such conditions, the Golgi both the Golgi and the centrosome in the leading cells. We complex is always located towards the leading edge of the cell, propose that the positioning of the Golgi complex and the suggesting that it is involved in the directional movement. centrosome depends on the geometrical constraints applied to However, several lines of evidence indicate that this location the cell rather than on a precise migratory function in the can vary depending on the cell type, the environment or the leading region. developmental processes. We have used micro contact printing (μCP) to study the migration of cells that have a geometrically constrained shape within a polarized phenotype. Cells migrating Supplementary material available online at on micropatterned lines of fibronectin are polarized and migrate http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/121/14/2406/DC1 in the same direction. -
From Cells to Organs: Building Polarized Tissue
FOCUS ON CELL POLAREVIEWSRITY From cells to organs: building polarized tissue David M. Bryant* and Keith E. Mostov*‡ Abstract | How do animal cells assemble into tissues and organs? A diverse array of tissue structures and shapes can be formed by organizing groups of cells into different polarized arrangements and by coordinating their polarity in space and time. Conserved design principles underlying this diversity are emerging from studies of model organisms and tissues. We discuss how conserved polarity complexes, signalling networks, transcription factors, membrane-trafficking pathways, mechanisms for forming lumens in tubes and other hollow structures, and transitions between different types of polarity, such as between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, are used in similar and iterative manners to build all tissues. Basement membrane The defining feature of metazoa is that their cells ultimately, underlying blood vessels. The basal and A thin extracellular matrix layer are organized into multicellular tissues and organs. lateral surfaces are fairly similar in composition and that specifically lines the basal Although almost every eukaryotic cell is spatially organization and are often referred to together as side of epithelial sheets, and asymmetric or polarized, polarity must be coordi- the basolateral surface. The apical and basolateral certain other tissues, to which cells are attached. Also nated in space and time for individual cells to form surfaces, however, have very different compositions. 1 referred to as the basal lamina. a tissue . Cell polarity involves the asymmetric In vertebrates, tight junctions (TJs) are found at the organization of most of the physical aspects of the apical-most portion of the lateral surfaces, where Extracellular matrix cell, including the cell surface, intracellular organelles the TJs form barriers both between the apical and baso- An extracellular scaffolding gel and the cytoskeleton2,3.