Mass Media: Radio and Press

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное агентство по образованию Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«ЮЖНЫЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

MASS MEDIA: RADIO AND PRESS

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО ПРАКТИКЕ УСТНОЙ И ПИСЬМЕННОЙ РЕЧИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 2 КУРСА ФАКУЛЬТЕТА ФИЛОЛОГИИ И ЖУРНАЛИСТИКИ (СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ РОМАНО-ГЕРМАНСКАЯ ФИЛОЛОГИЯ)

Ростов-на-Дону 2007 Методические указания обсуждены и утверждены на заседании кафедры романо- германской филологии факультета филологии и журналистики Южного Федерального Университета.

Протокол № 8 от 29 марта 2007

Составили: С.Г. Николаев, доктор филол. наук, профессор; К.Ю.Колесина, канд.пед. наук, доцент, А.А. Григорьянц, преподаватель.

Ответственный редактор: Т.А Шкуратова, канд. филол. наук, доцент.

Настоящие методические указания отвечают основным целям обучения на 2 курсе факультетов и отделений иностранных языков и направлены на овладение, развитие и совершенствование профессиональных умений и навыков студентов в процессе их работы в аудитории под руководством преподавателя и самостоятельной работы. В основу построения данных методических указаний положен принцип интегрированного обучения иностранному языку, предполагающий комплексную организацию учебного материала для взаимосвязанного обучения сторонам речи и видам речевой деятельности. Указания составлены с учетом поаспектного обучения языку и предназначены для занятий по практике устной и письменной речи английского языка, что и определило их структуру и содержание отдельных разделов. Основная задача данного пособия – ввести наиболее частотную тематическую лексику по теме, отработать и закрепить ее при помощи коммуникативных заданий и обучить студентов устному и письменному общению на английском языке в различных сферах и ситуациях, с учетом адресата и характера взаимодействия партнеров, на основе планируемого коммуникативного намерения и с учетом перспектив использования иностранного языка как в профессиональной деятельности, так и в непосредственном общении с носителями языка. Методические указания отвечают основным дидактическим и методическим принципам обучения и состоят из 2 разделов («Радио», «Пресса») и списка использованной литературы. Оба раздела построены по единой схеме и включают тематический вокабуляр, упражнения на закрепление вокабуляра и расширение навыков говорения и аудирование по теме; тексты, диалоги и эссе на заданную тему и коммуникативные задания к ним. Тематический вокабуляр в каждом разделе включает слова и словосочетания подлежащие активному усвоению, а также те, которые могут не входить в активный словарный запас, но нуждаются в пояснении. Задания по устной речевой практике имеют целью закрепить полезный лексический материал с использованием коммуникативного подхода, совершенствовать навыки чтения. Делается акцент на умение студентов понять и передать определенную информацию, используя необходимый лексический материал – стимулировать устную (монологическую и диалогическую) речь. Как в первой, так и во второй части методических указаний приводится ряд аутентичных текстов для расширения страноведческих знаний студентов.

RRAADDIIOO VOCABULARY

1. Radio, wireless These two words are synonyms and may be used interchangeably in such sentences: a) In the evening I often listen to the wireless (radio). b) Have you got a radio (wireless set)? However “wireless” now sounds rather old-fashioned, and “radio” is generally preferred. Receiver This word is used only in technical language. It should not be used as a translation of “приемник” in everyday, non-technical conversation. In this case radio set is the best translation. Radiogram This is radio set and record player combined. There were many of them at one time, but they are not generally popular now and most people prefer to have a separate radio and record-player. Set is used with “radio” to specify that a device is meant, a physical object, but not radio as a means of communication and entertainment. This word is confined mainly to formal situations. In non-formal situation “set” is usually omitted. a/the radio еx. We must buy a new radio. I never remember to ring up and get smb to mend the radio. “Set” alone may be used if “radio” is implied by the context: еx. (On being shown a friend’s new radio set). - That’s a nice set.

2. radio set

1.aerial 2.antenna 3.apparatus 4.audio amplifier 5.automated formal radio 6.battery set 7.coarse tuning 8.electronic device 9.joy box (coll.) 10.handset 11.magnifier 12.mains set

13.portable set 14.radio reception 15.radio set 16.tone 17.tone control 18.transistor 19.transistored 20.tuner 21.tune-up 22.tuning 23.walkie-talkie/ handie-talkie 24.to work (run) off batteries

mains (- operated) “Mains” here corresponds to «сеть» and is used adjectivally meaning that the set has to be plugged into the mains (that is into electric point or socket in the wall), in contrast to battery sets. Ед. a) Our radio set is mains? b) Why did you buy a mains set? The word “operated” is included only in formal, technical language. transistor (-operated), transistored “Transistor” corresponds to «транзистор» and may be used to denote the electronic device inside the set or the set itself. The latter meaning is the most common in non-technical situations. Еx. Bring me transistor with you. It may also be used adjectivally: Еx. I can’t stand people taking transistor radios into the country or onto the beach.

3. radiobroadcasting

to broadcast jamming to carry bangs narrowcasting hash; hiss; squawk commercial broadcasting interference non-commercial broadcasting howl nationwide coverage clicking radio communications dead air /spot radio network hearing threshold web fringe area private web circulation area radio waves area overlap wavelength piracy to radiate continuous wave receive coverage

expansion drive time transmitter channel to transmit broadcasting organization radio transmission broadcasting scheme to transmit on satellite circuits cross-frontier broadcasting space broadcasting live broadcasting broadcasting satellite system recorded broadcasting short-wave radio transmission live on-air legal radio service station long-wave radio transmission public station terrestrial broadcasting FM station satellite network AM station broadcasting relay on FM/AM relay transmitters FM/AM dial a signal commercial station to beam theme tune retransmission to interfere with another station frequency all – disco primary frequency spoken-word station frequency band all new format frequency trim speech-based station frequency allocation daytimer bandwidth music station local station full-time station pirate station easy-listening key station classic pirate ship blues editorial area disco jingle/ noodle country calibration transmission folk around the globe jive cellular radio pop housewife time rock musical signature jungle midday time jazz signature tune breakfast broadcasting

4. programmes and airing

1. programme Announcement Appreciation score

2. radio format Coming-up Adjacency 3. newscast Close-down Drop-in commercial 4. sports news Break bridge 5. actualities Commercial break To air 6. bulletin Ad.break Airing 7. special Adverts Needle time 8. current news Entertainment programme Airtime blocked 9. day’s news Panel game to advertisements 10. custom news Quiz game Airtime buyer 11. econews Listeners’ choice Airdate 12. foreign news Hit parade Airplay 13. unbiased news Hit list Commercials 14. rolling news Chart Slots of adverts 15. hot news Chart hit Allotted time 16. spotlight news Weekly album chart review Exposure 17. all news format Play list Express-interview 18. International newscast Presentation style Fake report 19. radio interview Comedy-variety programme Crossover success 20. radio newsreel Continuity Eye-opener radio paper Crossfire High-rated programme radio drama Magazine type programme Low-appeal (rated) radio lay Preemption programme devotional programme Quality programme Off-air time Weather forecast Serial On-air shot Talk show Filler On-air presentation Call-in Hot commodity Background noise Phone-in Recorded programme Banker Canned programme Wall-to-wall Live programme Wrap-up Primetime programme Biggie Schedule Advance advertisement Graveyard shift

5. broadcasters announcer disk jockey newsreader anchorman newscaster diplomatic analyst interviewer expositor reporter scheduler correspondent sportscaster commentator presenter speaker bloomer

host network standard quiz master freelance reporter

Mind the difference: newsreader – an announcer who specializes in reading the news on radio; newscaster – may be used instead of the «newsreader», but most often it denotes the announcer who reads TV news; commentator – a person who describes reports on events in live broadcast. In theory anyone who broadcasts on radio can be called a «broadcaster». Remember that in practice, however, a more specific word is often more appropriate.

6. Working for the radio creative community broadcast booth broadcasters microphone audio operator commentary studio broadcasting director continuity studio combo operator control room music director console music editor commentator’s talkback panel head of daytime deck maker keyboard Remember. There are no English expressions corresponding exactly to «работать на радио». «Be a radio broadcaster» is possible, but not very common. With reference to Britain people say: He/She works for the BBC. Be careful not to draw an analogy to “be in television”. Referring to radio it is not quite appropriate.

7. Listening-in 1.radio audience 13.listening-in 2.listenership 14.listener’s diary 3.average audience 15.listener’s loyalty 4.bedrock audience 16.feedback 5.primary audience 17.positive feedback 6.mass audience 18. negative feedback 7.target audience 19. “don’t care” attitude 8.carry-over audience 20.acceptance 9.royal audience 21.applause mail

10.listener 22. to expand range of listenership 11.consumer 23. to take radio up as a hobby 12.radio ham. 24.hamming

Note: “Radio listener” is not used as a rule. “Listener” is therefore restricted to situations where it is already clear that radio is meant.

8.Useful expressions 1.to operate a radio set 11.to turn the radio up/down 2.to switch the radio on/off 12.to turn the volume up/down 3.to turn the radio on/off 13.to listen to the radio 4.to tune in 14.to hear smth. (information) 5.to tune in to a programme 15.over the radio /on the radio 6.to tune on a station 16.on the air/off air 7.to pick up a station 17.to keep of air 8.to tune out 18.to drop frequency 9.to switch over to another programme 19.to put the radio on 10.to slip through the channels 20.to be on

Note: over the radio: this is occasionally used instead of “of the radio”, but mind that it’s rather old-fashioned and decreasing in use. on the air: this corresponds to “в эфире”, but it is rarely used by listeners and mainly by broadcasters: Ex. ANNOUNCER: We’ll be on the air at the same time tomorrow with another news programme.

PART 1 VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions using the topical vocabulary. 1. In what different ways can radio broadcasting be carried out? 2. How do we call radio stations financed by the advertisements they broadcast? 3.What is the antonym of space broadcasting? What is its synonym? 4. What is the word denoting local broadcasting? How do we call broadcasting that covers the whole country? 5. How many synonyms to the word “jamming” do you know? 6. What word should we use instead of “receiver” in non-technical conversation? 7. How many types of stations can you remember? 8. What is a radio set and a record player combined? 9. What two types of radio sets exist nowadays? Which one must be plugged into socket? 10. How many parts of a radio set can you name? Which part is used for turning the radio up (adjusting a radio receiver to a particular wave-length; changing the tone; receiving radio waves)? 11. What stations carry out broadcasting 24 hours a day?

Exercise 2. Read the following dialogues, mark stresses and intonation, learn them by heard and act in the class. Compose your own dialogues.

- I bought a radio yesterday - What about going to the country - Really? Mains or battery? today? - Mains. - Not me, I’m afraid. I won’t miss - Oh, I wouldn’t buy a mains radio my favorite talk show. now. Battery sets are much more - No problem. We can take my radio convenient. wherever we go. It’s portable. - Well, they are in a way, but I always forget to buy new batteries before the old ones run out.

- Switch the radio on. - Is there anything interesting on - Why? What’s on? the radio tonight? - It’s time for the day’s news. - I want to listen to the match I want to listen to the weather - But I don’t know when it’s on. forecast. - Let’s tune into the sports - I heard it this morning. Don’t round-up then. They must announce waste your time, yesterday it was airtimes of all matches. the same.

Exercise 3. Say in one word. 1. a radio stations which is easily tuned on; 2. a person giving a talk on the radio; 3. a person who selects and arranges music for further broadcasting; 8. an area covered by a radio stations; 9. a frequency which is not occupied by any station; 10. an announcer of the latest news; 11. a station specialized in talk shows; 12. a radio schedule in which programmes follow one another without ad. breaks; a report on sport events; 14. the working place of a broadcaster; 15. the end of a program; 16. a person who asks the questions in a quiz; 17. broadcasting via a satellite system; 18. a «slip of the tongue» of a broadcaster; 19. a program for a small but highly intelligent audience; 20. a person who directs the broadcasting of a station; 21 to drop the frequency.

Find the words that have synonyms or antonyms and give as many as you remember for each of them.

Exercise 4. Match the Russian words in the left box with their equivalents in the right box.

1. порог слышимости 1. coarse tuning 2. вещание на другие страны 2. wired radio 3. головная станция 3. howl 4. кабина комментатора 4. panel game 5. грубая настройка 5. platter programme 6. работать на батареях 6. receiver 7. активная аудитория 7. consumer 8. сетевое радио 8. immediate signal area 9. искажение звука 9. jukebox programme 10. настройка частот 10. cross frontier broadcasting 11. викторина 11. housewife time 12. радиолюбитель 12. magnifier 13. музыкальная программа 13. hearing threshold 14. вести передачу 14. commentary studio 15. время дневных передач 15. to air 16. приемник 16. the network standard 17. убавить звук 17. anchorman 18. радиослушатель 18. automated format radio 19. конферансье 19. radio ham 20. усилитель 20. audio operator 21. зона непосредственного вещания 21. cellular radio 22. непрерывная передача легкой 22. biggie музыки 23. радиосвязь сотовой структуры 23. frequency trim 24. речь дикторов 24. to run off batteries 25. вещательная компания 25. feedback 26. автоматизированное вещание 26. to turn the radio down 27. популярная программа 27. graveyard shift 28. ведущий программы 28. broadcasting organization 29. ночной концерт 29. compere 30. звукорежиссер 30. hub station

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Ты вчера слушал спортивное обозрение по местному радио? – Нет, я никак не мог настроиться на нужную волну. 2. Убавь, пожалуйста, звук. У меня уже голова раскалывается от радио. 3. Нужно отнести радиоприемник в ремонт, сломалась настройка частоты. – Пусть и транзистор проверят, а то он уже давно барахлит. 4. Ты не будешь против, если я переключу приемник на другую программу? 5. Я люблю слушать ток-шоу, но никогда не принимаю участие в них. – Почему? Ты слишком стеснителен? – Нет, просто туда очень сложно дозвониться. 6. Я хочу послушать сводку последних известий. Ты не знаешь,

когда выйдет в эфир следующая информационная программа? 7. Мой брат круглые сутки слушает музыкальные радиостанции. Это просто сводит меня с ума. – Ты не любишь музыку? – Я предпочитаю интеллектуальные передачи и викторины. 8. Ты уже полчаса не отходишь от приемника. Кажется, передают что- то действительно интересное? – Да, спектакль по мотивам рассказа Дж. Лондона. Это очень интересная и необычная радиоверсия. 9. Моя дочь мечтает стать диктором на радио. – В таком случае ей придется долго работать над своим произношением и учиться говорить правильно, ведь речь диктора должна быть безупречна. 10. Жаль, что я пропустила хит-парад этой недели. Интересно было узнать, кто занял первое место в чарте. 11. Я купил себе переносной радиоприемник. Он работает от батарей и настолько мал, что может уместиться в кармане. 12. Мой муж работает радиооператором на местной радиостанции. – Как интересно! Ты была на его рабочем месте? – Да, пару раз. Там столько сложной аппаратуры, что я удивляюсь, как он с ней управляется.

Exercise 6. Explain in English the meaning of the following words and word combinations. editorial area; allotted time; available station; diplomatic analyst; microphone; advance advertisement; battery set; frequency allocation; phone-in; aerial; crossfire; hamming; listener’s loyalty.

Exercise 7. Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations. диапазон частот; радиожурнал; уйти с частоты; музыкальные позывные; панель управления; объявление; концерт по заявкам; тембр; частная радиосеть; программа вещание; шумовой фон; религиозная программа; вещание на всю страну; включить радиоприемник; дневник радиослушателя; основная аудитория; записанная на пленку программа; утреннее вещание; быть в эфире.

Exercise 8. How many synonyms to the following words do you know? Use the topical vocabulary. jamming; musical signature; radio drama; call-in; chart; adjacency; host; hand set; consumer; audience.

Exercise 9. Give antonyms to the following words and word combinations using the topical vocabulary. speech-based station; ad.break; mains set; narrowcasting; piracy; terrestrial broadcasting; public station; national station.

Exercise 10. Translate from English into Russian. 1. A spoken-word station basically carries news programmes, quizzes, serials and current affairs. 2. Major broadcasting corporations as British Broadcasting Company not only cover their country but carry cross-frontier broadcasting. 3. Easy-listening

music stations suit tastes of a large audience and therefore enjoy vast popularity among different social and age groups of people. 4. A radio set is an apparatus for receiving wavelike motions by witch radio broadcasting is carried. 5. Radio talk shows are often called phone-ins because they invite listeners to telephone and give opinion on a certain topic or take part in a discussion.

Exercise 11. Supply the right prepositions where necessary. Listening … is a great part … my life. A radio set… the latest most is speaking and singing … my room walkie-talkie accompanies me wherever I do. I put the radio… early… the morning to listen… the first news… the day and weather forecast. Driving… work I turn … the classic station and a enjoy high-brow music … half … an hour. … the tea break I pick … the all-news station and listen … reports … sport events and current affairs. … my way … home I turn … bulletins and international news. … a whole day … work I like sitting … my set picking … phone-ins, radio plays, panel games and often entertainment programmes .

Exercise 12. Match the words on the left with the correct definitions on the right.

1. a panel game 1. a talk show in which persons invited give opposite opinions on the topic. 2. a crossfire 2. a recorded program which is used to fill space between 2 programmes. 3. a devotional programme 3. a music program running all night through. 4. preemption 4. a brief report on current news 5. a filler 5. making changes to the schedule 6. a wrap-up 6. a quiz programme 7. a bulletin 7. a popular radio programme 8. a hot commodity 8. a radio programme on religion 9. a graveyard shift 9. the latest news

Now choose from the topical vocabulary 10 radio programmes that you haven't found in the table above and give definitions of your own.

Exercise 13. Use the following words and expressions in the sentences of your own. to skip through the channels; wireless; AM station; to hear on the radio; to tune out; radio paper; channel; to keep off air; to pick up a station.

Exercise 14. Read the dialogues, learn them by heart and act in the class. Make similar dialogues of your own.

- Why are you in a hurry? - Will you be listening to the radio - There will be an interview with my from 4 to 5 p.m.?

favorite actor on tonight and I don't - I don't know yet. Is there something want to miss it. interesting on? - They'll repeat it sometime latter, - Dr. William Barker will be I'm sure. speaking on influenza and its - No, I don't think so. It's going to be prevention. a live broadcast. - A live broadcast? - Yes, and I'm going to make a call and ask a question.

Exercise 15. Complete the sentences using suitable words and word combinations from the box below. Make all necessary changes. 1. Mike is keen on … 2. I can't stand people listening to… 3. I think … is broken. 4. Don't forget to … at 6 p.m. 5. I always run out … for my radio set before I remember to buy new ones. 6. Don't switch over! There will be … from the Bolshoi Theatre. 7. It's … so you don't have to plug it into socket. 8. Let's buy … . It's much more convenient. 9. I always listen to … when suffering from insomnia. 10. The set need's repairing. … evidently is out of order. batteries; a portable radio set; graveyard shifts; a wireless; an aerial; radio hamming; a live broadcast; a transistor; to turn the radio on; pop music stations.

PART 2 ORAL PRACTICE

Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it from English into Russian. Radio is one of the most important means of communication the most widespread and familiar use of which is broadcasting. Radio broadcasts feature music, news, interviews, discussions, description of sport events and sometimes advertising. People wake to clock radios, listen to radio driving a car, spend much of their free time beside radio sets. Radio broadcasting once had the same entertainment role as television has today. From the 1920 to the early 1950 in the Golden Age of Broadcasting people gathered around their radios every night, but this period ended with the rise of television. There are more than 25 000 radio stations in the world. A major reason for the widespread use of radio is its portability which means that a radio can be carried around easily and listened to in homes, on beaches and picnics, while walking down the street or driving a car. About 90 per cent of all radio programmes provide entertainment and only 10 per cent provide some kind of information. Music stations enjoy the highest

popularity; they specialize in one kind of music (pop, rock, country etc.) and attract audiences with a strongly marked difference in age. Programmes that provide information include newscasts, talk shows, sports round-ups. Talk shows present discussions on current political topics such as election or government policy, or in a social issue such as crime, pollution, poverty, racism, sexism. Each show has a host or hostess who leads the discussion and invites listeners to telephone the station to ask questions or give their opinion about the topic.

Exercise 2. Find in the text words from the topical vocabulary and use them in sentences of your own.

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. 1. Why do people spend much time listening to the radio? 2. What was the role of radio in the Golden Age of Broadcasting? 3. Do you agree with the point that the rise of television evoked a considerable decrease in the number of radio listeners? Why? Give your proofs. 4. What is the reason for the widespread of radio? 5. Are there any other advantages of the radio you can name despite those mentioned in the text? 5. How would you explain the difference in the percentage of entertainment and information that radio stations provide? 6. Do you have your favourite music station? What kind of music does it specialize in? Have you ever dreamed of becoming a disc jockey? 7. What is your attitude to radio talk shows? Have you ever participated in them? What topic would you bring to discussion if you were asked and why?

Exercise 4. Work with your groupmates. Imagine you are the host of a radio talk show and the rest of the class are listeners. Choose any topic you like and make a discussion.

Exercise 5. Speak on the role of radio in modern society. Compare it with that of television.

Exercise 6. You are the head of one of major broadcasting corporations in this country. The statistics show that lately there has been a big decrease in the audience of some stations you operate. You decide to appear on the air with a short speech on advantages of radio. Make it up in some 120 words. Remember that your main goal is to divert people from TV sets and make them bedrock listeners. Try to sound convincing and give cogent arguments.

Exercise 7. Make up dialogues between: ¾ a radio ham and a TV… ¾ listeners of a music and all-news stations ¾ a mother and her child who listens to a heavy rock music station ¾ two radio amateurs

Exercise 8. Imagine you are a radio interviewer. Make a list of questions covering the chosen topic and invite one of your groupmates to discussion. Change your parts.

Exercise 9. Write a short composition on possible changes you think could take place in radio broadcasting in the nearest or distant future. You can take radio in general or broadcasting in your country.

Exercise 10. Read the following text and translate it into Russian. For many people radio hamming is a thrilling pastime combining the romance of distant travel with will-power and of top of all branches of modern engineering. Radio amateurs are «born» at radio clubs. They learn to establish two-way radio communications in the short and ultrashort wave bands, to receive transmit in Morse code, to take part in «joke-hunting» competitions. «Fox-hunting» is a game in which amateurs must locate with the help of a radio receiver (built by themselves) and several low-powered transmitters with are hidden all over a given area. The one who is the quickest at finding out all the «foxes» is the winner. The contest usually includes a quick march, putting the station into operation, establishing two-way communication and transmitting a radio-telegram.

Exercise 11. Explain the meaning of these words and word combinations in English. radio hamming; amateur; two-way communication; wave bands; to transmit; Morse code; low-powered transmitter; radio receiver; contest; radio telegram.

Exercise 12. Answer the following questions. 1. What do you think makes radio hamming a thrilling pastime for many people? 2. Explain in your own words what «fox-hunting» is. 3. Do you belong to radio amateurs? Do you know people who take interest in radio hamming? Would you like to join a radio club? Tell the group what you know about hamming, radio amateurs and their clubs.

Exercise 13. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Что такое радиола? – Это устройство, соединяющее в себе проигрыватель и радиоприемник. Одно время оно было необычайно популярно, но сегодня большинство людей предпочитает иметь приемник и проигрыватель отдельно друг от друга. 2. Я думаю, мой радиоприемник неисправен. Вот уже полчаса я пытаюсь поймать какую-нибудь волну, но по-прежнему ничего не слышу, кроме шипения и свиста. – На твоем месте я бы проверил антенну. Скорее всего, именно она вышла из строя. 3. Наша радиокомпания обслуживает всю страну и в скором времени намеревается перейти к вещанию на близлежащие страны. 4. Если ты часто переключаешься с одной радиостанции на другую, купи автоматизированное радио. Это избавит тебя от необходимости вертеть ручку настройки каждый раз, когда ты хочешь уйти с волны. 5. Не могу понять, почему

на моей любимой частоте звучат незнакомые позывные. – Это незаконное глушение сигнала. Сейчас очень много пиратских радиостанций, которые захватывают чужую волну. 6. Чем ты занят? – Я пытаюсь настроиться на новую музыкальную станцию. Мы как раз находимся в зоне ее непосредственного обслуживания. Говорят, она легко доступна и вещает круглые сутки. – А на какой музыке специализируется эта станция? – Насколько я знаю, ее программа объединяет классическую, джазовую и популярную музыку.

PART 3 RADIO IN BRITAIN

Exercise 1. 1. Here is a brief report on British radio broadcasting. Read it carefully and point out all the services provided by the British Broadcasting Corporation (the BBC). 2. Two public bodies are responsible for radio service throughout Britain. What are they?

British radio broadcasting has traditionally been based on the principle that it is a public service accountable through the Parliament. Following 1990 legislation it is also embracing the principle of competition and choice. The British Broadcasting Corporation (the BBC) is the word’s oldest broadcaster and provides radio service to both UK and international audiences. BBC international multi- language radio service (BBC World Service) is funded by the Government and seeks to present unbiased news and to reflect British opinion and the British way of life. Its output includes news bulletins, current affairs programmes and political commentaries along with sport, drama, phone-ins and general entertainment. National BBC operates 5 national and 32 local radio stations which do not carry advertising and sponsorship. Until recently, radio in Britain was a monopoly of the BBC. Now there are three commercial national radio stations and local independent commercial radio in the United Kingdom. All non-BBC radio services are licensed and regulated by the Radio Authority.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions: 1. What principles is British radio broadcasting based on? 2. Is radio in Britain still a monopoly of the BBC? 3. What is the main difference between the BBC and commercial radios?

Exercise 3. BBC World Service covers this country and many Russian people take the chance of listening-in. Are you among them? Do you find it a good language practice or are you interested in the British way of life? Do you listen at random or take a special interest in a certain programme? Discuss your choice with other BBC-listeners in your group.

Exercise 4. Give an account of worldwide popularity of the BBC radio. Use information you learnt from the text and your own ideas.

Exercise 5. What is the main radio broadcasting corporation in this country? Does it have international multi-language service? Compare this corporation with the BBC in coverage, range of stations, variety of programmes.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text. National radio stations operated by the BBC are available throughout the United Kingdom. Most programmes are produced and broadcast from Broadcasting House in Central London, but all do feature programmes from other areas of the country. As with BBC television, BBC radio gets its revenue from the TV license system and carries no advertising. All BBC national stations along with the BBC World Service are also broadcast across Europe on the Astra Satellite System on spare UK Gold and UK Live audio channels. BBC Radio 1 was a pop music based station which from its inception and throughout the 70's and 80's, was hugely successful, commanding weekly audiences of up to 24 million listeners. The most famous «Radio 1 Roadshows» toured British holiday resorts throughout the summer and were broadcast live on-air. The disc-jockeys themselves became famous in the UK and the daytime music format of the station was one chart pop music, whilst evening programmes reflected up-and-coming bands, rock and new- wave music. The Station Controller, Johnny Berling, had helped to make the station well-lowed by its listeners by appealing to all age groups. But though Radio 1 was Britain's most listened to radio station, in 1993 it was decided by the BBC director John Bert that station was not sufficiently different and distsnctive from the commercial opposition. That year the target audience was changed from 13-40 to 13-25 and a new Station Controller was appointed who was to carry out the changes to make Radio One more elitist. Many of the popular DJs were sacked or resigned because of the policy change (fifteen were to leave in total). The new disc-jockeys were compelled to stick to a rigid playlist which tended towards «Britpop» rock oriented and less «Top 40». The station's music policy became mainly bands such as Oasis, Blur, Happy Mondays; Status Quo and the Beatles were banned and in fact no records older than five years were allowed. Now the station gives a significant amount of airtime to dance music, jungle and rap are broadcasted by night at weekends. Besides subjects that are discussed by the newer daytime DJs are not always suitable for a younger audience. Unfortunately, following the loss of popular format, Radio 1 is no longer «Britain's Favourite Radio». This accolade has, since May 2001, belonged to BBC Radio 2 , with a target audience of 45 and more. Having sport coverage to Radio 5, the «pipe and slippers» channel broadcasts a format similar to the general style of programming that could almost be early 90's Radio 1 except for the jingles; so to say, Radio 1 format still lives on. Besides Radio 1 and Radio 2 BBC three more national stations also called by numbers. BBC Radio 3 is a very high-brow classical music, arts and culture station and

has a rather small but excessively loyal audience who lobby the BBC intensively if any changes are made to the schedule. BBC Radio 4 is a speech-based channel, probably unique in the world of radio. It features a number of news and feature programmes, scheduled more like a TV station than a modern radio network. Many programmes have been running for 50 years and more, starting on the former BBC Home Service. Programmes include the «Archers», the world's longest running serial, Alistair Cooke's «Letter from America», «The World at One» and «Desert Island Discs». BBC Radio 5 is another speech-based channel, recently introduced and very popular. Radio 5 Live is a rolling news and live sport channel. Accurate, informed and available 24 hours a day, it covers live all major sport and news stories along with discussion shows and phone- ins. With its faster pace, Radio 5 has a much younger audience profile than traditional Radio 4.

Exercise 7. Study the text carefully and find the answers to the following questions. 1. How many national radio stations are operated by the BBC? What are they? 2. Which of the stations was once hugely successful and enjoyed enormous popularity among listeners of all age groups? What made the station well-loved by its listeners? What were the reasons for its being reformed? Do you think the measures were really necessary? Explain what the change was. Did it improve the format station or caused a considerable decrease in its listenership? 3. Which of the station has a format similar to that of early 90's Radio 1? Is it now the most popular radio station throughout Britain? 4. Explain in brief what each of the rest BBC radio stations specializes in. 5. Suppose you lived in Britain, which of the BBC national radio stations would you choose (would never listen to)? Give your reasons.

Exercise 8. Now try to match the following parts without looking back into the text.

RADIO 1 a speech-based channel with a rather unusual schedule; features a number of news and many-year-running programmes. RADIO2 the most popular pop-music station some ten years ago; now specializes in rock music and has a rather reduced audience. RADIO3 a speech-based channel, recently introduced and very popular; available 24 hours a day; offers live sport and news stories, discussion shows and phone-ins; its fast pace attracts young audience mostly. RADIO4 has a format similar to the former Radio 1 and now is the best-loved station in the United Kingdom. RADIO5 specializes in classical music, arts and cultural programmes and has small but very loyal audience.

Exercise 9. Study the following words and expressions and use them in sentences of your own. Think of the most suitable equivalents in Russian. to get revenue from; to be banned; to feel uncatered for; to live on; high-brow; an excessively loyal audience; to lobby; a long-running serial.

Exercise 10. Find in the text synonyms to the following words and word combinations: listenership; talk show; call-in; radio web; around-the-clock; to broadcast; musical signature.

Exercise 11. Nowadays the BBC radio stations must stand competition from 150 new commercial stations. Very few young people listen to any of the BBC Radios: the top radio stations for 15-and 18-year-olds are all commercial. Before you read about them, answer the following questions:

1. What are commercial radio stations financed by? Do you agree that a certain amount of advertisement makes commercial radio stations less popular than their non- commercial analogues? Prove your point. 3. What is your attitude to commercial radio? 4. Are your favourite radio stations national or commercial? 5. What do you especially like or dislike about commercial stations.

Now read about commercial radio stations in Britain. Use information you learnt about the BBC-operated stations for comparison. Analyse the difference.

CLASSIC FM plays mainly popular VIRGIN plays mainly album based classical music and is less high-brow rock music 24 hours a day. A separate than BBC Radio 3. It has proved a service to London broadcasts virtually major commercial success and now has the same programming but with a number of stations abroad. different advertisements.

ATLANTIC is not strictly a UK station since it broadcasts from the Republic of Ireland. However its long transmissions carry across most of the UK. It plays classic rock and pop and is popular, especially in the West of England, Wales and Scotland where FM stations are fewer and the Long Wave reception is better.

Most of towns and cities in the UK have their own local commercial stations. 95 CAPITAL FM is a very successful local radio station broadcasting in the London area.

Exercise 12. Imagine you were interviewed about your favourite radio station. What would you say? Prepare a short speech pointing out the advantages of the station you

like. Explain the reasons for your choice and try to persuade the audience to follow your example.

Focus on listening

IN THE NEWS Before you listen… Read the headlines in the box below. Write two questions about each headline, which you would expect to be answered in the radio news. Jet Crash- 300 escape 2 Forty 3.BANK ROBERS GET AWAY 4.Man wins a fortune killed in Sweden 5. Scientists promise white Christmas.

Example: 1 a Where did the jet crash? b What was the name of the airline? 2 a______b______3a______b ______

Now listen

A Now listen to the news broadcast. Does the broadcast answer all your questions above? Write the answer in your notebook. B Listen to the tape again and make brief notes in the table below.

Place People or institution Event 1 Pacific ocean 300 passengers/Air Tour Jumbo crash landed in Pacific. Jumbo No passengers killed. Passengers in shock. 2

PART 4 RADIO IN THE USA

Exercise 1 . Read and translate the text. Answer the questions after the text. The problem of describing American radio is simply this: there's so much of it, so many different types, and so much variety. All Radio stations in the United States, public or private, educational or commercial, large or small, must be licensed to broadcast by the Federal Communications Committee (FCC), an independent federal agency. Each license is given for a few years only. Laws prohibit any state or the federal government from owning or operating radio stations. Although the FCC regulates radio transmissions, it has no control over reception. As a result, there are no fees, charges, taxes or licenses in the United States for owning radio receivers or for receiving anything that is broadcast through the air. There are no national radio stations in the United States, but every large city has dozens of independent stations, which range from 24 hours a day news to rock and classic music. People who live in cities such as New York, Chicago or Los Angeles, for instance, have a choice of up to 100 AM stations and many different «formats». Many commercial audio stations have a distinctive format, that is a type of programming that appeals to a certain listening audience. Some stations have more than one format. To change from one format to another stations need permission from the FCC .Some of the most common radio formats are the following: ¾ Middle-of-the-road; contemporary music. ¾ Country-and-Western ¾ Top-40 hits ¾ Hard rock ¾ Light instrumental music ¾ Golden oldies, hits from the past ¾ Jazz ¾ Classical music. ¾ Religious music ¾ Talk interviews, phone-in, etc. ¾ All news ¾ Agricultural and farm news. ¾ Big Band, Swing ¾ Rhythm & blues, soul music

Questions: 1. What is the problem of describing American radio? What about the radio in Britain and this country? 2. Must all the radio stations in the United States be licensed? What is

the Federal Communications Committee? What functions does it perform? 3. Are there any charges, fees, taxes or licenses in the United States for owning radio receivers or for receiving anything that is broadcasted through the air? Why? Can you say the same about Britain or this country? 4. Is it true that independent radio station prevail in the United States? Could you explain why? What about the situation in your country and Great Britain? 5. What is a radio format? 6. Are any stations permitted to have more than one format? Is it possible for a radio station to change its format? What permission must be achieved to do this? 7. Name the most common radio formats in the United States. 8. Do you know what radio formats are common in your country? Which of them appeals to you most of all?

Exercise 2. There are various types of radio stations and network in the United States of America. Here is some information about them. Before reading answer the following questions: 1. What American radio stations do you know? What format do they follow? 2. Do you receive any of these stations and listen to their programmes? If so, tell the group about them. In what way do they differ from Russian analogues? Now study the list below carefully so that you can answer the questions after it. 1. Voice of America (VOA) is financed by the US government. VOA transmits its programmes beyond the USA. 2. World private stations. For instance, «World Service» belongs to the Christian Science Monitor. It broadcasts sermons, religious music, commentaries of world events. Supported by the church. 3. Commercial radio stations. Stereo sound is one of their attractions. ¾ Interstate Radio Network has nearly 50 radio stations all over the USA. It broadcasts information for those who travel a lot: truckers, sales people, etc. (highway weather, country music, fun and commercials). It publishes the «IRN Station Guide» containing state-by-state listing of its affiliates by call letters and frequency («call letters» is a name made up of letters and numbers given to people operating radios, radio stations, to prove who they are. For example, the names of the stations to the East of the Mississippi River begin with the letter «W», etc). ¾ Format Stations (FM) ¾ News radio stations (AM) ¾ Cable radio. Alongside with the Cable TV programmes, one can listen to the radio programmes. Allowing just about everyone «a piece of the air» has resulted in a tremendous variety. It has meant, for example, hundreds of foreign language radio stations included these broadcasting in Chinese, French, Japanese, Polish, etc. About 200 radio stations throughout the US broadcast in Spanish, a number of radio stations are owned by Indian tribes and groups. There are some 600 radio stations operated by university students. Many of these stations are members of a nation-wide university-broadcasting network, which enables to share news and views.

4. Non-commercial radio is represented by the National Public Radio network an association of public radio stations, that is, of non-commercial and educational broadcasters. Another public radio network is the American Public Radio. About one- third of FM stations are public broadcasters, many of them licensed to educational institutions. There are financed in much the same way as public television stations: by individual donations, corporate grants, and funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Public radio stations usually offer a wider variety of programming than most commercial radio stations. Many are affiliated with National Public Radio and carry some or of its extensive news. Citizen's Band is a radio on which people can speak to each other over short distances. In the United States, long-distance truck drivers often have Citizen's Band, which they use to speak to other drivers, both socially and to avoid the police. Users of Citizen's Band often give themselves nicknames.

Questions: 1.What are the types of radio stations in the United States? 2. Which of them is financed by the government and transmit its programmes beyond the USA? 3. What types of commercial radio stations exist in the USA? 4. Name the main non-commercial radio stations in the United States and give a brief characteristic of each one.

Exercise 3 . «The voice of America» has proved to be one of the most respectable and influential radio stations of the world. Its service covers many countries, including Russia. Do you belong to the vast audience of this station? What about your groupmates? What do you know about the format, the schedule and the way of presenting news of the VOA? Pre-reading task: before reading the text about the «Voice of America» consult the dictionary, find the meaning and practise the pronunciation of the following words: beacon, freelance, expertize, satellite, inaugurated, simulcast, targeted, controversial, Vietnam, Watergate, Iran-Contra, Mandarin.

Now read the text, translate it into Russian and answer the questions. 1.When was the VOA founded? 2. What principle has the VOA been following from its first day on the air? 3. What is the basic philosophy for every VOA broadcaster? 4. Where is the headquarters building of the VOA located? What programmes are prepared there? 5. Speak on the VOA world broadcasting. 6. Name the 3 main principles the work of the VOA is based on.

The Voice of America has carried United States, regional, and world news to listeners around the globe for more than 60 years. Founded less than three months after the United States entered World War II, the Voice has been a beacon of hope for those deprived of news.

William Harlan Hale opened the first VOA broadcast on February 24, 1942, with the words, «The Voice of America speaks. Today, America has been at war for 79 days. Daily, at this time, we shall speak to you about America and the war—the news may be good or bad—we shall tell you the truth». The willingness to report the news accurately and objectively—no matter what the subject—has been a basic philosophy for every VOA broadcaster. That is way VOA reporters told the world about such stories as Vietnam, Watergate, and Iran-Contra. Its reporters have never shied away from the controversial. Instead, they have reported the news with the balance and objectivity that VOA listeners rely on. They present the fact of a news story and let the listener decide. Voice of America broadcasts originate from its headquarters building in Washington, D.C., where the staff prepare and broadcast newscasts, features, English-teaching programmes and music shows in 53 languages to audiences around the globe. VOA's Washington newsroom follows stories 24 hours a day and a network of 40 VOA correspondents and freelance reporters in major cities worldwide cover news events. Behind the scenes, engineers maintain broadcast equipment and provide the technical expertise to broadcast more than 700 hours of programming a week. A vast satellite network and a series of relay stations around the globe carry VOA programming to millions of listeners each day. An estimated 94 million people turn to VOA on radio, TV and the Internet each week. A highly successful marketing and placement programme has VOA-produced programming on more than 1,200 radio stations around the world. In 1994 VOA entered the world of television when it inaugurated China Forum TV, a Chinese-languages TV programme beamed by satellite to viewers in the People's Republic of China. In 1996 a new television studio was completed, and VOA now simulcasts portions of some programmes on radio and TV in twelve languages – Albanian, Arabic, Bosnian, English, Mandarin, Persian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. VOA also puts text, audio, and audio/video on its two Internet sites, and has an aggressive targeted e- mail programme to countries where the Internet site is blocked. The long-range interests of the United States are served by communicating directly with the people of the world by radio. To be effective, the Voice of America seeks to win the attention and respect of listeners. The following principles therefore govern Voice of America broadcasts: 1. VOA serves as a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news. VOA news is accurate, objective and comprehensive. 2. VOA represents America, not only single segment of American society, and therefore presents a balanced and comprehensive protection of significant American thoughts and institutions. 3. VOA represents the policies of the United States clearly and effectively, and also represents responsible discussion and opinion on those policies.

Exercise 4. Read the text carefully and explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below in English:

around the globe; a beacon of hope; to be deprived of news; to open the broadcast; to shy away from the controversial; to originate from; estimated; a projection of a newsroom.

Exercise 5. These words and phrases from the topical vocabulary are used in the text. Find the sentences in which these words and phrases are found and give the sentences of your own. to carry news; a broadcaster; a reporter; a listener; a newscast; a feature; and English- teaching programme; a music show; audience; news events; 24 hours a day; network; a correspondent; a freelance reporter; programming; a satellite network; a relay station; to turn to; a radio station.

Exercise 6. Arrange the points in logical order to be able to reproduce the original text using the given words and phrases as key-words: 1. originate from; music shows; follows stories 24 hours a day. 2. founded less than three months after the World War II; deprived of news; «The Voice of America speaks»; tell the truth. 3. simulcasts portions of some programmes; an aggressive targeted e-mail programme; 4. behind the scenes; maintain broadcast equipment; technical expertise; a vast satellite network; relay stations. 5. a balanced and comprehensive projection; represents the policies clearly and effectively.

Exercise 7. Fill the gaps with the right prepositions 1.The actor has been famous … the globe… more than 30 years. 2. He is a beacon … hope … all the family. 3. I couldn't help feeling deprived … news. 4. The first broadcast was open … February 24, 1942 … the words, «The Voice of America speaks». 5. Today we have been … war for a months. 6. Don't shy … the controversial. 7. Where does it originate …? 8. Millions of people turn … the VOA … radio. 9. VOA provides programming … many stations. 10. Do you know that this programme is beamed … satellite? 11. The interest of the US are served … communicating directly … the people … the world … radio. 12. The VOA represents opinions … the policies of the US. 13. The VOA now simulcasts portions of some programmes … radio and TV … twelve languages.

Exercise 8. Write about 15 questions to the text covering the main points. Use the topical vocabulary.

Exercise 9. Talk it over with your groupmates. 1. Do you have a radio set at home? Is it mains or battery? 2. Have you ever thought of buying an automated radio? What are its advantages? 3. Point out the advantages of a portable radio set. Do you have one? Describe what it looks like. 4.Have you ever had

problems with operating your radio? Does is often need repairing ? What are the main reasons for its being out of order? Can you mend your set yourself or do you have to turn to a repair shop every time it refuses to work? 1. Can you name the parts of a radio set? Make a list and compare with that of your groupmate. Who has the longest one? Explain the purpose of each part. 1. Are you an inveterate listener? Can you say that you have a weekness for radio? Do your family share your interest? What about your friends? 2. How much time do you spend on listening-in? 3. Do you turn your set on for listening to a certain programme or just for having background while driving a car (doing household chores; having your meals; doing homework; walking down the street)? 4. What stations do you pick up? Why? Discuss your choice with the group. 5. Do you know that about 90 per cent of all radio stations in the world provide entertainment and only 10 per cent specialize in news casting. How would you explain such correlation? Do you stick to the point that the main role of radio is entertainment? Give you proofs. 6. What is the most popular kind of entertainment on radio nowadays? What music stations do you prefer? What character features do you think must a person have to become a professional dick jokey? 7. Do you ever participate in radio talk shows? Why? 8. Are you interested in panel games? 9. Do you often switch the radio on to get some kind of information? 10. What is your idea of listening to a sport match over the radio? Do you think it is convenient? 11. What types of news programmes can you name? Which of them do you usually turn into? Does the speech of broadcasters always satisfy network standard. 1.What is your attitude to commercial radio stations? What are the most essential differences between public and commercial radio stations? 2. What can you say about local broadcasting? Do you prefer it to national stations? Why? 1. Give your opinion of radio broadcasting in Russia. Compare it which that of other students. 2. What Russian broadcasting organizations do you know? Which of them cover foreign countries? 3. Do you turn on non-Russian stations that carry their broadcasting in this country? Tell the class about them.

Exercise 10. Compare radio broadcasting in Russia with that of America and Britain. Do they have very much in common? Are there any differences? How would you explain them? Make a short composition on the topic.

SUPPLEMENT Read and translate the text.

YOU ARE THE VOICE OF AMERICA! CYBERSPACE, 2002 (D.O.T.) We don’t all laugh at the same jokes. We don’t all like the same music. We are not all the same religion, and we are not all from the same place. Still, like it or not – we are all on this one small planet together. ‘HATE is a four-letter word in English. But every languages on earth knows how to say it. Hate means you don’t like something. It’s only when we HATE each other that causes trouble for the human race.

On 9-11-01 HATE attacked America, taking the lives of thousands of innocent people from dozens of countries that were working at the World Trade Center, in New York, and the Pentagon. America struck back hard and fast and will continue to use its superior military might in the defense of the freedoms we cherish. Defending freedom, however, is not just the sound of jets, bombs and guns. Freedom has a voice. It is a called, VOICE OF AMERICA. From the beginning, VOA promised to tell its listeners the truth, regardless of whether the news was good or bad. As John Houseman said later, “In reality we had little choice. Inevitably the news that the Voice of America would carry to the world in the first half of 1942 was almost all bad. As Japanese invasions followed one another with sickening regularity and the Nazi armies moved ever deeper into Russia and the Near East, we would have to report our reverses without weaseling. Only thus could we establish a reputation for honesty which we hoped would pay off on that distant but inevitable day when we would start reporting our own invasions and victories”. To people whose governments broadcast messages of bigotry and hate, the Voice of America sends a message of tolerance and respect. To people who are told that democracy is soft and weak, the Voice of America shows freedom, strength and determination. To people who live under governments that sustain their power with lies, the Voice of America brings the truth – and the hope for a better life. Under some regimes, like that in North Korea – simply listening to the Voice of America is treated as a crime. And the fears of these regimes are well-founded, because tyranny cannot survive forever in an atmosphere of truth. The Voice of America is not neutral between America and America’s enemies, between terrorism and those who defend themselves against terror, between freedom and tyranny. The Voice of America is a broadcaster with a special purpose, a special mandate and a special trust. As President Reagan said, “Freedom is not the sole prerogative of a lucky few, but the inalienable and universal right of all human beings”. The Voice of America spreads that message throughout the world, with special emphasis on those countries where information is restricted and free voices are silenced. The Voice of America broadcasts in 53 languages, to nearly every country on Earth, reaching an audience of over 90 million listeners. Many are listening right now, exercising their God-given right to freedom, free access of information. And their numbers are growing every day. The Voice of America’s new Middle East Radio Network will often broadcast music, reliable news, and information in Arabic, and will give an opportunity to better understand American principles and American actions. Even before our Armed Forces helped bring freedom to the Afghan people, the Voice of America was bringing them the news in languages of Dari and Pashtu. Since September the 11th, Voice of America has increased its programming in these two languages, serving as a vital partner in helping to rebuild that country. Throughout its 60-year history, Voice has applied the power of technology to the advance of liberty. It has used every means possible – short wave, television, and the Internet, speaking to Cyberspaces worldwide – to bypass the barriers of tyrants.

Radio waves are not hindered by borders. And as technology improves, the Internet will become less vulnerable to the censor’s hand. No one knows what new information technologies will be available 60 years from now. But two things we do know: first, that the Voice of America will find a way to use them; and second, though these means of delivery may change, the message never will. It’s a simple message. It’s a message of truth – that freedom is worth defending. And that truth, no less than the force of arms, is needed for the defense of our nation.

Analyse what makes the text sound so patriotic. Compose a similar text about one of the Russian radio stations.

PRESS Vocabulary

1.Types of press advertiser-supported newspaper magazine circulation press news sheet (of newspaper or cheeriodicals (Am.) to come out magazine) comic paper to be addressed to to subscribe (to) annual (yearbook) gutter press periodical bimonthly yellow press serial booklet penny press digest journal gazette local press

2.Types of newspapers broadsheet country newspaper yesterday’s issue bulky newspaper freebee quality paper daily newspaper home edition tabloid early morning edition shopper morning edition extra edition copy mornings (coll.) final edition issue national newspaper campus paper today’s issue

Tabloid newspaper Tabloids focus more on sensations than serious news, they have large headlines and stories are frequently about celebrities, crimes and UFO sightings. The qualities are often called broadsheets because they are printed on large pages, report national and international news and are serious in tone. A magazine may be published weekly or monthly; it may be concerned with a particular topics such as fashion, music, computers, etc, or may review the weeks news. A journal is usually an academic magazine. A comic book is a magazine with cartoon stories, often (though not always) for children or teenagers.

3.Types of magazines academic class magazine opinion periodicals glossy magazine business house organ trade magazine weekly miscellany blood fashion fraternal picture magazine magazine magazine quality magazine

4.Parts of newspaper/magazine article (on) to give a full supplement to deal (with) (wide) coverage fashion to touch (upon) of (to) event supplement to inform (of) feature photograph to report (on) header picture art print heading pix box item side bar frame milestone table of contents caricature minute 2 cartoon note breakover comic strip notice cover comic news division covering supplement opinion page dust cover funnies paragraph page gag strip dutchman two-page coverage filler opening press round-up

5.Types of columns ad column gossip column theatrical advertisement miscellanea column advice column personals(Am.) agony column scandal column

6.Types of items annotation econews world footnote editor’s note development applause mail essay hit-parade book review fan letters interview capital line feed back to interview home news film poster outline local page foreign news overview chart international precis articles cover story update photojournalism current news sportopicks

7.Types of headlines astonisher full-line headline drophead banner title strip undertitle flag by-line nameplate

8.Newspaper staff Technical autonym minder adman anonym journalist advisory editor allonym feature writer art director art critic free-lance designer black-and-white journalist assistant editor artist ghost-writer censor caricaturist investigative commissioning column reporter editor conductor moneyline editor-in-chief columnist columnist to edit gentleman of muckraker colour man inkpot observer newsboy reporter paragrapher newsagent intermediary photojournalist 2.Creative correspondent sob sister author gazetteer

PART 1 VOCABULARY EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions using the topical vocabulary: 1.What types of printed media do you know? 2.What is the difference between a newspaper and a magazine? 3.What type of press do you prefer to read? Why? 3.What types of newspapers do you know? How do they differ? Which types of newspapers do you read? Why? 4.What types of magazines do you know? Describe one of them. 5.What are the parts of newspaper (magazine)? 6.What professions connected to press do you know? Which one would you choose? Why? 7.Describe work of an editor (columnist, censor, art director, newsagent, journalist). 8. Would you like to be a journalist? Why (not)? 9.What are the topics more often discussed in press? Why? 10.Are there any differences between newspapers in this country , in Great Britain and in the USA? Give your opinion.

Exercise 2.How many synonyms of the following words do you know: Press; country newspaper; comic supplement; local page; flag; reporter; editor-in- chief; columnist; designer; overview; international update; advertisement; header; gossip column; cover; picture; box; filler; notice; mornings; yellow press; newspaper; periodicals.

Exercise 3.Say in one word: 1.a person in charge of design of a newspaper or magazine; 2.a person who finds interesting information and sometimes composes articles; 3.one or several words printed in large letters that tell what the item will be about; 4.a type of newspaper that

focus more on sensation than serious news; 5.a magazine which contains information about new trends in fashion and a lot of pictures of models; 6.several sheets of paper containing information about different issues; 7.a newspaper which is printed only because of most outstanding events; 8.the very first and the very last pages of the magazine usually thicker than others; 9.section of a newspaper or magazine which contains pieces of advice given by its author to the readers; 10.a non-periodical literary collection of works by different writers; 11.a section of a newspaper or magazine where you find information about theatrical performances and opinions of critics about these performances; 12. a newspaper which is printed on large pages and is serious in tone; 13.section of a newspaper in which readers can express their opinions on different matters.

Exercise 4. Match the Russian words in the left box with their English equivalent in the right box:

1.карикатурист 1.extra 2.журналист 2.editor 3.журнал 3.glossy 4.рубрика «разное» 4.headline 5.хит-парад 5.censor 6.интервью 6.page 7.юмористическое издание 7.minder 8.желтая пресса 8.cover 9.подзаголовок 9.miscellany 10.газетная полоса с местными 10.local page новостями 11.supplement 11.общий обзор 12.cheeriodical 12.альманах 13.black-and-white artist 13.суперобложка 14.undertitle 14.обложка 15.itnernational update 15.художник-график 16.caricaturist 16.страница 17.interview 17.модный иллюстрированный 18.yearbook журнал 19.overview 18.экстренный выпуск 20.gossip column 19.журналист, ведущий 21.dustcover определенную рубрику 22.column conductor 20.критик 23.hit-parade 21.раздел светской хроники 24.yellow press 22.редактор 25.magazine 23.ежегодник 26.miscellanea 24.приложение 25.международные новости 26.заголовок

Exercise 5. Find words in this word search grid to match the following definitions:

J H E A D L I N E T C O Y E S L G R G R R F U D M K R F O S O C A R T O O N S L S A K N N X V U S L S P O C H A H E J Q W G B A W K L Z P S O E D I T O R I A L R Q P B I L V W S X D C D X J U X P O T

1.a humorous drawing, often dealing with something in an amusing way 2.a part of a newspaper giving the opinion of the person in charge of the newspaper on a problem or event 3.a title printed in large letters above a story in a newspaper 4.an informal talk or writing about other people’s private lives 5.a person, whose job consists of collecting information and writing things for newspapers and magazines 6.a printed word game which you do by fitting words guessed from questions and information into a pattern of numbered squares going down and across

Exercise 6.Translate the following sentences into English. 1.Журнал «Сенсация» в третий раз за последние три года сообщает о нашествии инопланетян с целью захватить нашу планету. 2.В рубрике «Разное» вы сможете ознакомиться с отзывами наших читателей на статью о беспризорности. 3.Только в нашем журнале: самые интересные новинки моды, интервью с самыми яркими знаменитостями, две страницы комиксов и кроссвордов! 4.На развороте мое внимание привлек заголовок на всю ширину газеты: ЭКОЛОГИЯ В ОПАСНОСТИ! КОЛИЧЕСТВО ВЫХЛОПНЫХ ГАЗОВ В ТРИ РАЗА ПРЕВЫСИЛО ДОПУСТИМУЮ НОРМУ! 5.Раньше она занималась тем, что освещала события из личной жизни известных людей в душещипательных очерках; теперь она ведет «колонку сплетен» в журнале «Девушки, вперед!» 6.Статья, иллюстрация к которой помещена на обложке местной газеты, написана неизвестным автором с репутацией разоблачителя махинаций и коррупции. 7. Джек Лондон с десяти лет работал разносчиком газет и журналов.

Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer: 1.We use the word actual to: a. say that something is “in the news” b. mean “up to date”

c. mean “the thing we are concerned with” 2.An announcement in the press is : a. an event like an engagement or a wedding that is made known b. a large advertisement of a product which aims to inform and sell c. a small advertisement placed by people who are buying and selling things 3.A broadcast is : a. what is put out or transmitted on radio or TV b. another word for “radio waves” c. an announcement in the press 4.A critic is: a. a person who might write a review of a book or a film in a newspaper b. an account of a book or a film that might appear in a newspaper c. unfavorable comment on a book or a film that might appear in a newspaper 5.A journal is: a. a newspaper that comes out on weekdays and/or Sundays b. a serious magazine that comes out weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly c. a diary in which you keep a record of day-to-day appointments

Exercise 8. Translate the following text into Russian In Britain, the newspaper industry, often called Fleet Street, has a major influence on public opinion and is a strong force in political life. The freedom of the press to publish whatever it wants, without the government interfering, is considered important. The tabloids often rely on cheque-book journalism (paying people large amounts of money for their story) in order to be the first to publish a human-interest story. Many people don’t like this approach. Recently, there has been concern about people’s rights to privacy and now a voluntary press code gives guidelines on, amongst other things, photographing famous people. In the US journalists try to be objective and report facts, but financial pressures can work against this. Most of a paper’s profits come from advertising, and if a company is offended by something the paper writes, it may decide not to advertise there again. Newspapers get material from several sources. Staff reporters write about national or local news. Major newspapers also have their own foreign correspondents throughout the world. Others get foreign news from press agencies or wire services, such as Associated Press or Reuters. Some papers have their own features writers. In the US features are usually syndicated, which means that one newspaper in each area can buy the right to print them. The editor decides what stories to include each day but the publisher or owner has control over general policy. Newspaper owners are very powerful and are sometimes called press barons. The most famous in recent years have been Robert Maxwell and Rupert Murdoch.

Read the text carefully and explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below:

Fleet Street; freedom of the press; cheque-book journalism; press code; staff reporters; foreign correspondents; press agencies; wire services; features writers; syndicated; publisher; press baron.

Exercise 9. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the list below. Use each item once only. Translate the sentences into Russian.

editorial pick up special issue headline speculation current affairs in depth spokesperson increase circulation obituary cable television respect for privacy news flash live coverage unbiased account

1.In an attempt to the editor decided to print more “human interest” stories. 2.The company held a to launch their new range. 3.This channel is devoted solely to news and . 4.With this short-wave radio I can broadcasts from all over the world. 5.There has been a lot of in the press that the minister is about to resign. 6.This month there is a of the magazine with information and advice about going on holiday. 7.We live in a mountainous region so if it wasn’t for we wouldn’t receive any broadcasts of a reasonable quality. 8.We interrupt this programme to bring you an important . 9.Exclusively on this channel we have of the big match. 10.Next morning an appeared in the newspaper, criticising the government’s defence policy. 11.These reports are so subjective. Where can I find an of what happened? 12.The President’s was not at all flattering and his widow was extremely upset. 13.There, right on the front page, was the ANOTHER RISE IN UNEMPLOYMENT. 14.Some tabloid journalist have no .I’m sure my telephone has been bugged! 15.A interviewed on the local news denied that the company was in any way responsible for the accident. 16.In our evening bulletin we try to report on the news by providing more background information.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1.Этот журнал редко появляется в продаже, так как выходит только раз в год. 2.В номере от 15 июля «Правда» пишет о кинофестивале в Москве,

который почтили своим присутствием все звезды отечественной киноиндустрии. 3. «Ва-банк» - одна из газет получающих доход только от рекламы. 4.Тираж «Московского комсомольца» - 50 000 экземпляров. Эта газета, несомненно, имеет влияние на общественное мнение своих читателей. 5. Широкоформатные газеты обычно первыми сообщают о перестановках в правительстве. 6.После взрывов, прогремевших ночью на окраине столицы, во всех газетах появились статьи, посвященные этим событиям, но сложно судить, дают ли они объективный обзор происходящего. 7.Стихи начинающих поэтов часто появлялись на литературной странице местной газеты. 8.На первой странице газеты вы сможете узнать о событиях, происходящих в нашей стране, а на странице, посвященной новостям из-за рубежа вы сможете прочитать интервью с премьер-министром США. 9.Наш журнал сообщает читателям о том, что если вы оформите подписку на наш журнал до конца месяца, то журнал будет доставляться вам на дом весь следующий год.10.Забастовка рабочих, требующих повышения зарплаты и снижения налогов, получила широкое освещение в прессе. 11.С просьбой прокомментировать создавшуюся ситуацию наш корреспондент обратился к пресс-секретарю правительства президента. 12.Этот журнал предназначен для массового читателя .13.В статьях рассматривается вопрос возможности международных переговоров о разоружении.14.В журнале много места занимает освещение новостей мира спорта. 15.Основная мысль статьи – борьба за мир. 16.Далее в нашей программе будет представлен обзор печати.

Exercise 11.Give definitions: 1.What is a paper that comes out every day? What is a magazine (a paper) that is published at regular intervals? What is a paper that circulates all over the country? What is a place where newspapers and magazines are sold? What is a printed notice about things to be sold or things that are needed?

2.Who is a man that is responsible for publishing a newspaper or a magazine? Who is a man that delivers papers, letters, and magazines to your house? Who is a man that writes articles, reviews to papers and magazines? Who is a man that makes reports for the newspapers? Who is a man that comments on some events?

Exercise 12. Paraphrase the following statements using the words in brackets instead of italicised ones: (an editorial, to come out, to carry, home news, dailies, foreign news) 1.Newspapers in all countries publish a lot of advertisements. 2.In addition to national daily papers there are local papers published in every town. 3.Local papers publish local, national and world news. 4. As a rule each paper begins with a leading article. 5. The majority of magazines are issued monthly.

Exercise 13. Put in the missing preposition or adverb wherever necessary. The English people are great readers …newspapers. They subscribe…various papers and magazines which are daily delivered…their houses. Besides, people often buy papers…bookstalls. Many newspapers come …daily. They are called daily papers or dailies. Some papers are issued three times a week. Some magazines are published once a week. They are called weeklies. Others come…once a month, they are monthlies. Newspapers inform the readers…all important developments…home and …abroad and the readers closely follow …these events. All the papers give full attention…the most important national and international affairs. Many newspapers carry commentaries…the most interesting events…home and …abroad. Some readers are interested…sports, others prefer articles…arts, music and new books. In English papers there are many interviews … correspondents…prominent people…our time. The circulation …newspapers is very large.

Exercise 14. Translate the text into English. Большинство жителей Великобритании ежедневно покупают местные или национальные газеты. Некоторым их доставляют прямо на дом разносчики газет; другие покупают газеты в киоске или с лотка. Национальные ежедневные газеты выпускаются каждое утро за исключением воскресенья. Между ними идет острая борьба. Местные газеты, предназначенные для жителей одного города или области, иногда выходят по утрам, но чаше вечером. В США существует лишь одна национальная газета, USA Today. Остальные газеты местные. Несколько газет, которые выпускаются в больших городах, например The New York Times и The Washington Post читают жители всей страны. The International Herald-Tribune публикуется за пределами США, и читают ее американцы, живущие за границей. Многие американцы подписываются на газеты, которые доставляются им на дом. Это гораздо дешевле чем покупать их в магазине. Также газеты можно приобрести в книжных магазинах или супермаркетах. В крупных городах существуют газетные стенды, небольшие крытые участки улицы, а в небольших городах газету можно купить из торгового автомата, положив в него деньги. Сейчас многие газеты можно прочитать в Интернете. Это удобно для тех, кто хочет просмотреть заголовки, но большинство людей предпочитают бумажные газеты.

PART2 ORAL PRACTICE Exercise 1.Write definitions explaining what jobs these people do. 1. a foreign correspondent 2. a copy editor 38

3. an editor 4. a publisher 5. a columnist 6. a critic

Exercise 2.Choose any newspaper (it can be in your native language if you don’t have one in English) and complete the following sentences: 1.The main story today is about… 2.The editorial is about… 3.The most interesting feature article is about… 4. There is an advice column on page…, a crossword puzzle on page…, a cartoon on page…, and classified ads(starting) on page… 5. The most interesting business article is about …, and the biggest sports story is about… 7. The most striking photograph shows…

Exercise 3.What is your opinion of the media? Put the words from the box in the appropriate place on the lines below. Then compare your opinions with a partner’s.

Radio TV newspaper magazine

Least informative1. 2. 3. 4. Most informative Least interesting 1. 2. 3. 4. Most Interesting Most harmful 1. 2. 3. 4. Least harmful

Exercise 4. Which words go together?

Newspaper Magazine Section Supplement Daily Evening Sunday Fashion Local Business Tabloid

Exercise 5.Complete the table. What are the differences between these items in the list?

Item Writer Report Column Forecast Letters page Reader Editorial Review Horoscope Astrologer Crossword Compiler

Exercise 6. Who writes the following items? 1. Outlook for Tuesday: more rain in the South, sunny in the west. 2. McKellan’s portrayal of Richard III was memorable. 3. Elections were held in Angola yesterday. A high turnout was reported. 4. The Government should think very hard before it raises interest rates again. 5. I cannot agree with the view expressed in your editorial (February,9) that our railway system needs more subsidies from the Government. 6. Take care that your fiery temper does not lead you to say anything you might regret.

Exercise 7. Here are several other items you may find in newspapers or magazines. What would each of them consist of? obituaries result service small ads strip cartoons share prices pin-ups announcements programme listings

Exercise 8. Work with a partner to suggest the contents, layout and design of an ideal newspaper. How many pages would it have, what would it contain, etc.?

Exercise 9. What would you do in each of the following dilemmas? 1.You are reporting on a war your country is involved in. Military censors control your movements and check everything you write in case the information you give is helpful to the enemy. But you believe that people should know what horrific things going on… 2.Your editor has told you to get an interview by whatever means with a filmstar whose son was recently killed in a road accident. You unexpectedly recognise her sitting in a church. 3.You receive a letter from someone who claims to have had an affair with the president, suggesting a meeting and a payment of $5000 if a story is published.

Headlines Exercise 1.Explain the following headlines. Which reflect problems that exist in this country?

1.Cronicle photographer accused of invasion of privacy. 2.Murder’s wife sells story to paper for $25000 3.Right-wing bias dominates popular press, says PM. 4.Crarion editor on libel charge as industrialist sues. 5.”My life is in ruins after newspaper allegations” says singer.

Newspaper headlines try to catch the reader’s eye by using as few words as possible. The language headlines use is, consequently, unusual in number of ways. • Grammar words, such as articles or auxiliary verbs, are often left out, e.g. Early cut forecast in interest rates. • A simple form of the verbs is used, e.g.: Mayor opens hospital. • The infinitive is used to describe something that is going to happen in the future, e.g.: President to visit flood area. Newspaper headlines use a lot of distinctive vocabulary. They usually prefer words that are shorter and sound more dramatic than ordinary English words. The words marked* can be used either as nouns or verbs.

Newspaper words Meaning aid* help ax* cut, remove back support bar* exclude, forbid bid* attempt blast* explode, criticise blaze* fire boost* incentive, encourage boss* manager, director head* manager, director clash* dispute combat* fight curb* restrain, limit cut* reduction deny contradict drive* campaign, effort go-ahead approval nod approval hike* increase key essential, vital link* connection loom is likely to happen move* step toward a desired end O.K.* approve, endorse ordeal painful experience oust push out

pact agreement plea request pledge* promise poll* election, public opinion, survey probe* investigation quit leave, resign seek look for, pursue talks discussions threat danger vow* promise wed marry

Some newspapers enjoy making jokes in their headlines by playing with words or punning, as in this headline about a new treatment for colds: “Can we stop sniffles? Get on your sneeze and spray.” This is a play on the expression: “Get on your knees and pray” Newspaper headlines often use abbreviations, e.g., Gov’t for Government, House for USA House of Representative, FDA for Food and Drug.

Exercise 2. Match the headlines on the left with the appropriate topics on the right.

1.FDA OKS HIV home screening a. exploratory spacecraft is not 1. Students blust move to oust launched teacher b. marriage of a famous person 2. Fat linked to heart disease c. new medical test for home use 3. Star weds secretly d. work dispute at school 4. Space probe fails e. study involving work and sleep 5. Midday naps get the nod from f. research about diet and health researchers

Exercise 3. Explain what the following headlines mean in ordinary English. E.g. “Store blaze – 5 dead” Five people died in a fire in a store. 1.Move to create more jobs. 2.Go-ahead for water curbs. 3.Man quits after job ordeal. 4.Poll probes spending habits. 5.Electric company seeks rate hike.

Exercise 4. Would you be interested in stories under these headlines? Why(not)? 1.Women barred from jobs. 2. New threat from vampire snakes.

3.Mayor denies drug use. 4.Bargain airfares boost tourism. 5.Infectious disease crisis looms. 6. Poll: Fewer single moms want to wed.

Exercise 5. Look through some English language newspapers and find examples of headlines illustrating points made above. Try to find examples of amusing headlines.

Exercise 6. Explain these headlines in your own words. Do not use the underlined words. 1. Minister to quit. 2. Government cuts spending on new hospitals. 3. New bid to cut teenage smoking. 4. Bad weather hits farmers. 5. Germany backs US plan. 6. Ministers in tax row. 7. Police discover key witness. 8. Japan and US enter fresh talks.

Exercise 7. Find newspaper misprints and correct them. E.g. Pamela Smith has been awarded the R.S.P.C.A. bronze medal for rescuing a car trapped up a tree. (cat) 1.Some members of the Bulgarian secret police accepted brides in connection with shipments. 2. Part-time assistant required for sweat shop in Bexhill. 3. Mature and considerable lady required to provide companionship to elderly lady. 4. Mr. Chris A. Gibson of New Zealand spoke next. His was also a humorous address, full of amusing antidotes. 5.For Sale: Satan wedding dress, $300. 6.He became champion by eating most of his main rivals. 7.The Planning Board wants to make the village of Little Hampton a conversation area. 8.This is a very serious offence which we shall have to deal with severely, as a detergent to anyone in the same mind. 9.Window, mid-50s, youthful outlook, seeks company of tall, educated gentleman. 10.With escalating fuel bills it is essential that your home is properly insulted. 11. Father O’Connor, who is appearing in a show on behalf of the hospital only sins for charity. 12. She lectures on nutrition and health. But they say she is inconsistent and will eat five deserts in a sitting. 13. Unlike most cats, Mrs. P. explained-her, owing to an eye injury, could hardly pee at all in the dark. 14. Both were smartly dressed in three-piece suites. 15. A bicycle worth $130 has been stolen from a mouse in Bolton.

16.Fully killed mechanic required for busy garage. 17. The farmer, who asked not to be named, said: “I was moving the lawn when I heard the plane go over.” 18. Have your Christmas dinner with us in our intimate restaurant with log fired burning and good wood being served. 19.TO LET: Furnished flat $60 per month (rats inclusive).

PART 3 PRESS IN BRITAIN Exercise1. Newspaper editors talking. Which of the editors state the following. Alan Brown (A) is the editor of the Daily Standard. Barbara Long(B) is the editor of the Correspondent. Colin Wilson(C) edits the Daily Globe. David Johnson(D) edits the Sunday Chronicle. Elizabeth Lester(E) is the editor of the Sunday Post. 1. I find it surprising that strangers sometimes know who I am. 2. I always like arriving for work. 3. I expect my staff to work hard. 4. My influence can be seen in my newspaper. 5. I have achieved all my aims. 6. An editor should have firm opinions. 7. I sometimes want to do less work. 8. Rules about what I can do annoy me. 9. Editors shouldn’t lead glamorous lives. 10. Staff can come to see me most of the time. 11. Newspapers should not have too much serious content. 12. The effect newspapers have should not be overestimated. 13. I have the final responsibility for everything. 14. An editor should always be cheerful.

Essential for the job Alan: You need to understand your readers absolutely. You’ve got to reflect all their hopes, dreams, fears and anxieties. You’ve got to bring a bit of sunshine into their lives – a laugh, a smile, occasionally a tear.

Barbara: You can’t lunch in expensive restaurants or spend every evening in clubs. You have to be down to earth and in touch with what people think and feel.

Colin: You basically have to be what your readers are. You have to possess the same aspirations and standards. Deep down, I’m the same person as the men and women who buy the Daily Globe.

David: Attitude: knowing what you like and what you don’t like. Being on the side of the reader and reflecting what they want as well as guiding them.

Elizabeth: You’ve got to be sharp, understanding and have a lot of energy. And never be down.

Being the boss Barbara I’m very hands-on. I don’t sit in my office and think it’s great to be an editor. I make staff believe they can achieve.

Colin I tell a lot of jokes. I’ve done away with management structures. My door is rarely closed.

David I go out on the floor and chat to the reporters, sub-editors and feature writers. It’s very important, communication.

Elizabeth You have to motivate staff. It’s a tight-knit team, but, as the editor, in the end I’m the one in charge.

Getting tough Alan Some people have described me as the toughest person they’ve ever met. My bootprint is stamped on this paper more than any other editor’s on any other paper.

Barbara When I came to the paper it was getting old, so it was a situation where I had to make radical changes. I didn’t find it difficult to sack people who had been sitting around doing nothing. I didn’t feel guilty if they were taking four-hour lunches and going off home at 6 p.m.

Colin like all people who claim to be democrats, I’m actually a bit of a dictator. I don’t really suffer fools gladly, although I may be one myself. Frankly, the paper had been doing terribly for years and we had to change radically.

Power and influence Alan: It’s nonsense to say that we influence opinions. You can’t make people do something they don’t want to do. What you can do is inform people about what’s going on.

Barbara: It’s a two-way thing. Newspapers influence people but people influence newspapers too.

Elizabeth: The Sunday Post can highlight aspects of society that need putting right, but at the same time, newspapers are there to entertain.

The highs Alan: I get a tremendous thrill out of this job. I never come in and think “Oh no, another day”. Sometimes it’s a battle and you’re caught in the crossfire - but it’s very exciting.

Barbara: The biggest pleasure is standing in a newsagent’s on a Sunday morning seeing people buying the paper. The day you lose that excitement is the day you should say “I shouldn’t be doing this job any more”.

Colin: It’s not power, it’s the ability to change things. I’m a romantic, and it’s a wonderful feeling to know that if you work hard enough and shout loud enough, you are going to make a difference. I’ve also taken my family around the world and done lots of exciting, extraordinary things.

David: The best thing is to have created an interesting, stimulating newspaper which will influence other people.

Elizabeth: The high point is the excitement and variety of things to do.

The lows Alan: I work ridiculously long hours. There are times when I think “What on earth am I doing?” I don’t get any time off and I’m weary, but then something happens and I think “Great, I’m off again.”

Barbara: When I had my son, I only stayed off work for a week. It was easier. If I’d stayed with him for three months I couldn’t have come back to work. But you either love it or you hate it.

Colin: It never fails to amaze me when people recognize me. It brings it home that I’m editor of the Daily Globe, and it is everything I wanted to do. It frightens me a little bit that I have realised that final ambition.

David: I don’t ever feel tired. I feel I’m doing a worthwhile job. If I get worn out, I go on holiday.

Elizabeth: What gets me down is when you have a good story and for whatever reason – often legal, these days – you can’t publish it in the way you want.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text into Russian. Retell the text.

The Press in Britain.

Britain’s first newspapers appeared over 300 years ago. Now, as then, newspapers receive no government subsidy, unlike in many other European

countries today. Advertising has been a vital source of income. As long ago as 1660, King Charles II advertised for his lost dog. Today income from advertising is as crucial as income from sales. Nevertheless there are approximately 130 daily and Sunday papers, 1800 weekly papers and over 7000 periodical publications. More newspapers, proportionately, are sold in Britain than almost in any other country. On average, two out of three persons over the age of fifteen read a national morning newspaper. Three out of four read a Sunday paper. National newspapers have a circulation of about 13,6 million on weekdays and 16,4 million on Sundays, but the readership is twice this figure. National newspapers Title National dailies Populars Qualities The Daily Star The Guardian The Sun The Independent The Daily Sport The Times Today The Financial Times The Daily Express The Daily Mail The Daily Mirror

National Sundays Populars Qualities The News of the World The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Express The Observer The Sunday Mirror The Sunday Times The Sunday Sport The Independent on Sunday The Mail on Sunday Sunday People

Ownership of the press is in the hands of a few large press publishing groups. The most significant of these are News International, owned by the Australian-born press tycoon Rupert Murdoch, and the Mirror Group Newspapers owned by the family of the late Robert Maxwell. The national newspapers, both on weekdays and on Sundays, fall into two broad categories: the “popular” and “quality” press. All the popular papers, with the exception of the Sunday Express, are “tabloid” in format. The tabloids are essentially mass entertainment. They are smaller format than other papers, and are distinguished by large illustrations, bold captions and a sensational prose style. The tabloids’ news content is minimal and their emphasis is on gossip, emotion and scandal. By contrast quality newspapers, known as “broadsheets” on account of their larger, rather cumbersome format, emphasise news coverage, political and economic analysis and social and cultural issues.

All Newspapers now give more attention to sports results, city finance and entertainment. Almost every newspaper left its historic home in Fleet Street, the centre of the British press for over a century. Some went to new sites in the London Docklands redevelopment, while others moved elsewhere. The arrival of the new technology increased the profitability of the press, and this in turn allowed the creation of new newspapers. Some of these flopped. The most important of the new papers was The Independent. Britain also has a substantial number of regional newspapers. Of these the two Scottish papers, The Scotsman and The Glasgow Herald, are the most important. British ethnic minority communities also produce their own papers, both in English and in the vernacular languages. The oldest of these is the Jewish Chronicle, founded in 1841 and serving a community of 300,000 Jews. But there are Asian, Caribbean and even Arabic newspapers published in Britain. Finally there are over 900 free newspapers, popularly known as “freebies”, almost all of them weekly and financed entirely by advertising. They achieve a weekly circulation of over 40 million. They function as local notice-boards, where local events are advertised, and anyone can advertise in the “for sale” or “wanted” columns. Among British best selling periodicals, the favourites are the Radio Times and the TV Times, which provide detailed information concerning forthcoming programmes on BBC and independent television. Their popularity is evidence of the dominant place of television in national life. Second to them in popularity are the women’s magazines, Woman’s Weekly, Woman’s Own, Woman, Woman’s Realm. The leading opinion journals are The Economist, a political and economic weekly; New Statesman and Society, a political and social weekly; the Spectator, a political weekly, and Private Eye, a satirical fortnightly with a reputation for devastating attacks on leading personalities. With almost 900 correspondents in over 80 countries, no newspaper anywhere can compare with Britain’s formidable news agency, Reuters. Across the world its name has become an assurance of objectivity, accuracy and reliability. Its reports are filed in French, German, Japanese, Arabic and Spanish, as well as English. It is read in the Kremlin, the White House and the Chancellery in Bonn.

Exercise 3. Which word or phrase in the text above means: 1. money granted, by a government or society, to an industry or other cause needing help; 2. public announcement in the press, TV, etc.; 3. money received during a given period as salary, receipts from trade, interest from investments, etc.; 4. printed publication, usually issued every day with news, advertisements, etc.; 5. a small size newspaper with many pictures, strip cartoons, etc. 6. language or dialect of a country or district 6. number of copies of a newspaper or other periodical sold to the public;

7. paper-covered (usually weekly or monthly, and illustrated) periodical, with stories, articles, etc. by various writers; 8. magazine or other publication which appears at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.); 9. person regularly contributing local news or special articles to a newspaper; 10. short title or heading of an article in a periodical, etc.; 11. showing no fear.

Exercise 4. In pairs, discuss your answers to the following questions. 1. Are more newspapers sold in Britain than almost in any other country? 2. When did British first newspapers appear? 3. Do newspapers receive any government subsidy in Britain? 4. What has always been a vital source of income of press? 5. What categories do the national newspapers fall into? 6. What are popular newspapers? 7. What are quality newspapers? 8. What newspapers give much attention to sports results? 9. What is the newspapers’ historic home in London? 10. Does Britain have a substantial number of regional newspapers? 11. Do Britain’s ethnic minority communities produce their own papers? 12. What are the most popular periodicals in Britain?

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions. 1. How many daily national newspapers are in this country? 2. How many are tabloids? 3. Are any of the “quality” papers in tabloid form? 4. How many broadsheets are there? 5. How many newspapers come out only on Sunday in this country? 6. Which newspaper has the largest circulation? 7. Can you name at least one editor of a daily paper; and two or three famous journalists? 8. How often do you read a newspaper? 9. How often do you buy a newspaper?

Exercise 6. Read the text, translate it into Russian . Retell the text. Magazines and periodicals. A glance around any newsagent’s shop will give an idea of the huge range of magazines and periodicals available in the UK. Sports, cookery, fashion, gardening, music, religion, computers, cinema, pets – whatever your interest, there is usually a magazine that covers it. Many appear weekly, others monthly or bi-monthly. There are about 3,174 consumer magazines that carry advertising. Titles defined as “consumer” magazines provide readers with leisure-time information and entertainment. These contrast with “business and professional” titles, which provide material relevant to work.

In addition, the UK has seen rapid growth in customer magazines. Often produced by specialists known as publishing agencies, their titles are produced on behalf or retailers, car manufacturers, airlines, the public sector or utilities, which want to talk directly to customers, business contacts and staff. The best titles in this sector often have huge circulation. They share the same editorial and production standards as traditional consumer magazines and are just as well read. In 2000 this industry was worth around $360 million a year. Within the consumer category, there are general titles that have a wide appeal, and specialist titles, aimed at groups of people with particular interests, such as motoring or classical music. A range of literary and political journals, appearing monthly or quarterly caters for a more academic readership. As a general rule, consumer titles have a cover price of $1 to $3 as well as raising revenue from advertising. The weekly magazines with the highest sales are those which carry details of the forthcoming week’s television and radio programmes, including cable and satellite schedules. What’s on TV, TV Times, Radio Times, TV Choice and TV Quick sell between 550,000 and 1,7 million copies. Reader’s Digest, which covers just about any subject, has the highest circulation (1 million) among monthly consumer magazines. Women’s magazines still enjoy large readerships but have been slipping for much of the last decade. The exception is top-selling title Take a Break with a weekly circulation of over 1,1 million. Old favourites like Woman’s Weekly, Woman’s Own, Woman, Weekly News (which sells mainly in Scotland), Woman’s Realm and My Weekly have circulations ranging from 250,00 to over 600,000. Several women’s magazines owned by overseas publishing houses have attracted large followings: Prima and Best, launched by Germany’s Gruner&Jahr before being sold to a UK subsidiary of the US Hearst Corporation, each sell around 400,000 copies. Bella and Hello! are also widely read, though the latter has been overtaken by Northern&Shell’s OK! Magazine (586,00). Something of a recent phenomenon has been the upsurge in the market for men’s general interest magazines-for example, Loaded, GQ, FHM, Men’s Health, Maxim, and Esquire. Emap’s FHM now leads the pack by a wide margin with a monthly circulation of about 720,000. Another sector that has seen a resurgence of activity is children’s and teenage publishing. Younger children are well served with an array of comics while magazines like Smash Hits, TV Hits, CD:UK, Top of the Pops, Sugar, It’s Bliss and Just Seventeen, with their coverage of the pop music scene, fashion and features of interest to young people, are popular with teenagers. Also popular with teenage boys are the dozen or so magazines linked to the Sony Playstation games platform. Leading journals of opinion include The Economist, an authoritative, independent commentator of national and international affairs, finance and business, science and technology; the New Statesman, which reviews social issues, politics, literature and the arts from a socialist point of view; and The Spectator, which covers similar subjects from conservative standpoint.

An irreverent approach to public affairs is taken by satirical fortnightly title Private Eye. Details of forthcoming events in London and other large cities are available in weekly listings magazines. London-based Time Out sells 86,600 and also publishes guide books. Although the number of business and professional titles can be seriously affected by macro-economic conditions, there are currently around 5,713, with the highest concentrations in medicine, business management, sciences, architecture and building, social sciences and computers. Controlled (free to certain designated professionals) circulation titles represent two-thirds of the market. Around 95 per cent of business and professional people regularly read the publications relevant to their sector.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions. 1. What are the topics that British magazines cover? 2. How often do the magazines appear? 3. How many magazines carry advertising? 4. What is a “consumer” magazine? 5. What is a “business and professional” magazine? 6. Who usually pay for the publishing of “customer” magazines and why? 7. What types of magazines are published in Britain? 8. What is the price of a magazine in the UK? 9. What magazines have the highest sales? Name them. Which one has the highest circulation? 10. What is circulation of women’s magazines? Tell about some of them. 11. What is considered to be unusual about magazine sales in recent years? 12. Name some of the magazines which are popular among children and teenagers. Which are the most popular? Why? 13 Describe the following magazines: The Economist, The Spectator, Private Eye, Time Out.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text.

The appearance of the newspaper: the Daily Mirror. All newspapers are peculiar, but the Mirror is more peculiar than others. It actually prides itself on being a sensational tabloid. The word “tabloid” was originally and still is used as a trademark in the drug business, and was apparently first applied to news presented in concentrated or compressed form. The word has got away from its copyright owners and now generally refers to newspapers smaller than the usual size, and has also taken on a derogatory tinge: “tabloid” is the modern equivalent of the old “yellow journal”. The Mirror’s page measures 14 2/3х11 3/4 inches, about half the size of a “standard” newspaper. Each page theoretically contains seven narrow columns, but the actual make-up of every page runs riot over these boundaries in a jig-saw of headlines, cartoons, pictures, advertisements and editorial “boxes” (rectangular

blocks of type bordered by heavy black lines). At first sight, and until the reader is used to it, the effect is one of the tightly packed confusion. But the Mirror readers soon get used to it, and learn to find their way around in the smeary jungle of the paper’s 24 pages. The first page is a show-window, to catch the eye. It always has a big black headline, often in letters two inches high, and almost always an arresting photograph, taking up half the page or more. Occasionally, when The Mirror has something particularly emphatic to say, it drops the picture and spreads an editorial, in heavy type, all over the front page. The other most important pages, by the Mirror formula, are the two in the centre (the “centre spread”) where the Mirror usually puts on its act for the day: the exposure of a scandal, pictures of a royal tour, a striking news photograph of a disaster, a sentimental story or picture of an animal or a baby. Each of the Mirror’s regular features – the leader, Vicky’s cartoon, etc – has its regular position in the paper, which the readers soon learn. New stories of “human interest” are played up; other news is compressed to a paragraph or two. The Mirror avoids run-overs (stories that run over into a following page). World news is usually tucked in a small type on the back page.

Exercise 9. Read the text. Answer the question: what information can we find on different pages of the nation-wide paper Pravda. Pravda is the leading national daily of our country. It gives full attention to home and world developments. The first article in the paper is the leader (leading article) which is of great importance, since it expresses the official view on significant political and social questions. It is never signed by the author. The leader is always a statement of opinion, often a critical review of a problem and usually calls for some particular action. The leader may be on any subject that is topical, or, of special interest. Leaders comment on foreign as well as home events. The editor may write them himself, but usually he delegates the task to an expert in the field of politics or economy. It is absolutely essential that the leader is up-to-date, so that although the general lines of the article may be worked out before, the actual writing is left to the last minute to allow the writer to deal with the very latest development. On the first page you will also find the major home news and items of foreign news. The second and the third pages are taken by home affairs. On the fourth and the fifth pages there are reports from various countries on world news. On the last pages you will find the articles which are sometimes called features. The term “features” covers a wide range of subjects. It generally covers reviews of books, criticisms on the theatre, on music, art, films and television, articles on science, travel, chess problems, sport events, etc.

Exercise 10. After having read the texts from exercises 8 and 9: a). compare the two newspapers described b). make similar report on one of the British or American magazine or newspaper.

Exercise 11. Read and translate the text.

News agencies. The top international news agencies operating in the UK are Reuters, Associated Press and United Press International. The main agency that gathers news inside the UK is the Press Association (PA), which is predominantly owned by UK newspaper publishers. A member of other UK and foreign agencies and news services have offices in London (for example, UK News and Agence France Presse), and there are smaller agencies based in other UK cities. The Press Association employs 400 journalists to provide a comprehensive UK news service 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. PA delivers a continuous steam of news, pictures, alerts and data into the newsroom of all national and regional newspapers, most UK broadcasters and digital publishers. Breaking news and in- depth specialists’ reports on a range of topics such as politics, showbiz, science, TV listings, share prices and sport can be delivered either by PA news wires, or through the searchable, web-delivered database, News File. All told, around 1,500 stories and 100 pictures and graphics are transmitted each day by satellite and telecommunications links. PA also supplies up-to-the-minute news, including live coverage of Parliament, the courts and major international events with a UK or Irish interest, to Teletext, online information providers and Internet sites. There is a design department that tailors news, sport and listing information for delivery to Internet publisher. PA has a range of joint ventures that complement the agency’s core work. These include PA Weather Centre, a joint venture between PA and MeteoConsult, Europe’s leading independent weather company, and PA Sporting Life, a joint venture between PA and Trinity Mirror, which operates an online sports news and betting service.

Exercise 12. Answer the questions. 1. What are the top international news agencies in the UK? Which is the main one? 2. How many journalists work for PA? 3. What does PA do? 4. What are the topics PA journalists make reports on? 5. How many stories are transmitted every day? How are they transmitted? 6. What are the joint ventures of PA agency? 7. Do you know any news agencies in this country, in the USA?

PART 4 PRESS IN THE USA

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Newspapers in the USA. A daily newspaper from a medium-sized US city has between 50 and 75 pages, divided into different sections. The most important stories, whether

international, national or local, are printed on the front page, which usually has the beginnings of four or five articles, and colour photographs. The articles continue inside. The rest of the first section contains news stories, an opinion page with editorials, and letters to the editor, written by people who read the paper. Another section contains local news. The sport section is near the end of the paper, with the features section. This contains comics and also advice columns, such as Dear Abby. There are advertisements throughout the paper. Tabloids contain articles about famous people but do not report the news. They are displayed in supermarkets, and many people read them while they are waiting to pay but do not buy them. On Sundays newspapers are thicker. There are usually fewer news stories but more articles analysing the news of the past week and more features, including a colour section of comics. America has many papers in languages other than English for people from various ethnic backgrounds.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions. 1. How big is an average American newspaper? 2. How is it divided? 3. Where one can find the most important stories? 4. Describe an American tabloid. 5. How Sunday newspapers differ from others? 6. What other types of newspapers can be found in the USA?

Exercise 3. Find an American newspaper or magazine and speak about it. The following examples can be helpful. Moscow News: to be a weekly; to inform the readers of a wide range of questions: the life of our country, the most significant events in foreign states; to be printed in English, Russian, French, Spanish and Arabic. New Times: to come out once a week, to give wide coverage to the foreign policy or Russia and other states; to inform the readers of the major world affairs; to be published in eight languages. Наука и Жизнь:to be issued once a month; to give full attention to the latest developments in science and engineering; to be read by many young and old people.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text. Find one of the magazines mentioned and tell your groupmates your opinion about it. American magazines. Among general magazines in the US the leaders are two pocket-size publications, Reader’s Digest and TV Guide, each with circulation of nearly 20 million. The single largest group is women’s magazines, including Ladies’ Home Journal, McCall’s, Good House Keeping, Family Circle, Woman’s Day and Ms. The two leading men’s magazines are Playboy and Penthouse.

The three magazines Time, Newsweek and US News and World Report, also have large circulation. Of special interest is The New Yorker, which is unusual in that it has a relatively small circulation (about 500,000) but carries more lines of advertising aimed at upper-income consumer than any other general periodical. A number of small but influential general magazines reaches the intellectual community, including Harper’s, The Atlantic and The New Republic.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text. The rise of the national media. “This has been the best generation of all in which to have lived as a journalist in this country” -Eric Severeid, CBS Some years ago, a reporter told the president, then late in his second term, that he hoped the press hadn’t made the president’s job too difficult. The puzzled occupant of the White House responded, “What could you do to me?” It is difficult to imagine those words coming from Richard Nixon or Lyndon Johnson. As economist Herbert Stein comments in recounting this anecdote, ”No president since Eisenhower would or could have said that”. In this era of the celebrity journalists and allegedly imperial media, it is important to remember how far the profession has progressed in recent years. Journalism rapid rise to social prominence is bound up with a host of changes that have transformed American life during the past quarter century. The emergence of national networks in higher education, communications, and transportation have ensured that residents of Manhattan, Kansas have access to much the same social images as their New York namesakes. In today’s information-hungry society, the media increasingly plays a crucial role in linking social and political elites to one another and to the general public. This expanded role and the social changes underlying it are responsible for the new elite status that the national media now enjoys. It is also responsible for the rising number of media critics. Indeed, the increased scrutiny of news reports may be the supreme compliment to the media’s perceived importance. Unfortunately, much current media criticism is confined to short-term instant analysis. It is criticism of the moment at the moment, no less than news itself, and it is similarly limited by the ephemeral nature of the material. If we are to understand the media’s changing role as social mythmaker, transmitter of our shared sense of social reality, we must begin by taking a longer view.

Exercise 6. Find the equivalents in the text from exercise 5. President; when talking about something; citizens; an outstanding social position; those who lack information; higher position in society; the main; present- day; not lasting long; someone who creates false believes.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text. Make the summary of the text.

The newspaper audience. Who reads the daily newspaper? Numerous academic and industry studies have identified the principal characteristics of a newspaper reader and non-reader. First, the weekday reader audience is just about two-thirds of the American population 18 years of age or older. Thus, a substantial portion of the adult population does not read a daily newspaper on a regular basis. The following differences in readership characteristics have also been found with considerable consistency. 1. Men and women read the daily paper with equal frequency. 2. Young adults (18-34) are less likely to read a daily paper. 3. Education is a stronger correlate of newspaper readership; only half of those with a grammar school or less education read a daily paper, compared with three- fourths of college graduates. 4. Income correlates in a similar fashion to education, three-fourths of those with household incomes of $25,000 or more read a daily paper; only half of those under $10,000 do so. 5. Differences by occupation are not as large as for income or education, but the pattern is similar, with more reading by professionals, managers, and administrators than by any other occupational group. In addition, smaller but consistent differences indicate that married persons are more likely to be readers of newspapers than are singles. Caucasians are more likely readers than other ethnic groups, and those living in the northeastern United States or in any metropolitan area read the daily newspaper more frequently.

Exercise 8. Read and translate the text. Freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is permitted in a relatively small number of countries, including the United States, Britain and some members of the Commonwealth, and parts of western Europe and Latin America. Worldwide surveys have indicated a continuing drift in most nations toward restricted press systems. The severity of restrictions imposed by government on publications varies greatly. In totalitarian countries, the press is answerable to ministries of information or propaganda that enforce specific codes of press conduct. Other measures of controlling the press include government licensing of journalists, taxation of such imports as printing equipment and paper, establishment of press councils with power to censor of punish, and subsidization of the press. Freedom of the press is guaranteed in the United States by the First Amendment to the Constitution, which states: “Congress shall make no law…abridging the freedom of speech, or the press”. But that guarantee has never been without limits and these limits have tended to narrow in times of conflict. An early attempt by Congress to abridge press freedom was the Sedition Act of 1798, which outlawed false, scandalous or malicious writings about government and its officials. The act was extremely unpopular and was not renewed when it expired in 1801.

Another limitation on freedom of the press is prior restraint, which became highly controversial in national security and criminal cases in the 1970’s. In the 1971 the Justice Department obtained a court order to halt the publication of the New York Times and the newspapers of the Pentagon Papers, a secret government study of the US involvement in the Vietnam War. But the Supreme Court lifted the restraining order, ruling that a government attempt to block news articles prior to publication carried “a heavy burden of presumption against its constitutionality”. In 1976 the Supreme Court ruled that it generally was unconstitutional for judges to impose gag orders forbidding publication of information about criminal cases. The decision came at a time of rapidly increasing number of gag orders and was praised by many constitutional scholars as a victory for the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press. However, limitations on freedom of the press have generally been upheld in obscenity cases. In Roth v. United States (1957) the Supreme Court ruled that “obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech of press”. It ruled that material that appealed to “prurient interest” and was “utterly without redeeming social value” could be banned. In 1973 the court decided that to be “obscene” material need merely lack “serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value”. Paul Fisher Director, Freedom of Information Center University of Missouri

Exercise 9. Answer the questions. 1. In what countries do the laws protecting freedom of the press exist? 2. How is the press made dependent in different countries? 3. What measures of controlling the press can you name?

Exercise 10. 1. Speak about freedom of the press in the USA. Give a brief outline of its development. 2. Speak about freedom of the press in this country. Do you think it exists? Can you name any laws protecting freedom of the press? Do you know any statesmen or famous people who fight for freedom if the press? Do you know anything about historical development of press in Russia (before the Revolution, during Soviet period).

SUPPLEMENT Take any American newspaper and analyse its component parts. The following information will be helpful.

Parts of a Newspaper Layout, typical features and technical terms

Box-out – A small part of the page, shaded in a different colour.

By-line – he name of the reporter, if they are important is often included at the beginning of the feature, rather than at the end, or not at all.

Caption – typed text under photographs explaining the image.

Credits – the author of a feature may be given credit in the form of a beeline. Photographs may have the name of the person who took them or the agency that supplied them alongside them.

Crosshead – this is a subheading that appears in the body of the text and is centred above the column of text. If it is se to one side then it is called a side- head.

Exclusive – this means that newspaper and no one else solely cover the story. The paper will pay their interviewees, buying the story so it cannot be used by another paper.

Feature – not necessarily a ‘news’ item (current affairs), but usually with a human-interest angle presented as a spread.

Headline – this is the main statement, usually in the largest and boldest font, describing the main story. A banner headline spans the full width of the page.

Kicker – this is a story designed to stand out from the rest of the page by the use of a different font (typeface) and layout.

Lead Story - the main story on the front page, usually a splash.

Lure – a word or phrase directing the reader to look inside the paper at a particular story or feature.

Masthead – the masthead is the title block or logo identifying the newspaper at the top of the front-page. Sometimes an emblem or a motto is also placed within the masthead. The masthead is often set into a block of black or red print or boxed with a border; the ‘Red-tops’ (The Sun, The Mirror, The News of the World) are categorized by style and the use of a red background in the masthead.

Menu – the list of contents inside the paper.

Pugs – these are at the top left and right-hand corners of the paper and are known as the ‘ears’ of the page. The prices of the paper, the logo or a promotion are positioned there. They are well placed to catch the reader’s eye.

Secondary Lead – this is usually only a picture and headline, it gives a sneak preview of a story that you might find inside the paper.

Sidebar – when a main feature has an additional box or tinted panel along side of it.

Splash – the splash is the main story on the front of the paper. The largest headline will accompany this, along with a photograph.

Spread – a story that covers more than one page.

Standfirst – this is an introductory paragraph before the start of the feature. Sometimes it may be in bold.

Strapline – this is an introductory headline below the headline.

Tag – a word or phrase used to engage a reader’s interest in a story by categorising it e.g. ‘Exclusive’, ‘Sensational’.