water Article Societal Drivers of European Water Governance: A Comparison of Urban River Restoration Practices in France and Germany Aude Zingraff-Hamed 1,2,3,*, Sabine Greulich 2, Karl Matthias Wantzen 2,3 and Stephan Pauleit 1,* 1 Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354 Freising, Germany 2 Interdisciplinary Research Center for Cities, Territories, Environment and Society (UMR CNRS 7324 CITERES), Université François Rabelais, 33 allée Ferdinand de Lesseps, 37000 Tours, France;
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[email protected] (K.M.W.) 3 Applied Aquatic Ecology and UNESCO “River Culture-Fleuves et Patrimoine”, Université François Rabelais, 33 allée Ferdinand de Lesseps, 37000 Tours, France * Correspondence:
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[email protected] (S.P.); Tel.: +49-152-2873-1583 (A.Z.-H.); +49-816-171-4781 (S.P.) Academic Editor: Y. Jun Xu Received: 28 November 2016; Accepted: 14 February 2017; Published: 10 March 2017 Abstract: The European water governance took a decisive turn with the formulation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which demands the restoration of all water bodies that did not achieve sufficient ecological status. Urban rivers are particularly impaired by human activities and their restorations are motivated by multiple ecological and societal drivers, such as requirements of laws and legislation, and citizen needs for a better quality of life. In this study we investigated the relative influence of socio-political and socio-cultural drivers on urban river restorations by comparing projects of different policy contexts and cultural norms to cross-fertilize knowledge.