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Introduced Tree Species in European Forests

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Introduced Tree Species in European Forests In Focus – Managing Forests in Europe Frank Krumm and Lucie Vítková (eds.) Vítková Lucie Krumm and Frank Introduced tree species in European forests: opportunities and challenges Frank Krumm and Lucie Vítková (eds.) opportunities and challenges and opportunities Introduced tree species in European forests: in European species tree Introduced Introduced tree species in European forests: opportunities and challenges 1 Introduced tree species in European forests IMPRINT: Recommended citation: Krumm, F. and Vítková, L. (eds) 2016. Introduced tree species in European forests: opportunities and challenges. European Forest Institute. 423 pp. Layout: rombach digitale manufaktur, Freiburg Printing: rombach digitale manufaktur, Freiburg Disclaimer: The present volume is the final report of the In-Tree project carried out by the Central European Regional Office of the European Forest Institute – EFICENT. The viewpoints expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the European Forest Institute. ISBN 978-952-5980-31-8 (print) ISBN 978-952-5980-32-5 (pdf) ©European Forest Institute 2016 Photo credits: F. Krumm, (front page, rear page centre and right, P. 3), L. Vítková (P. 12, 417), I. Kowarik (P. 56), S. Woodward (rear page left), V. Quadt (P. 84). Language edition: Tim Green (European Forest Institute, EFI) 2 Introduced tree species in European forests: opportunities and challenges 3 Introduced tree species in European forests Contents Contributing authors, drafting comittee and reviewers 7 Preface 11 Introduction 12 1 History of introduced and invasive tree species 21 1.1 European tree dynamics and invasions during the Quaternary 22 H. John B. Birks and Willy Tinner 1.2 The history of introduced tree speciesin Europe in a nutshell 44 Bart Nyssen, Uwe Eduard Schmidt, Bart Muys, Pieter Bas van der Lei and Patrick Pyttel 2 From introduced to invasive – the characteristics of invasiveness 56 2.1 Strangers in paradise How culture shapes attitudes towards introduced species 58 Uta Eser 2.2 What determines the invasiveness of tree species in central Europe? 68 Petr Pyšek 2.3 Can we predict whether a species will become invasive? 78 Tina Heger 2.4 Praise and damnation – perceptions towards introduced tree species vary and change with time 86 Uwe Starfinger and Ingo Kowarik 2.5 Co-invasion of invasive trees and their associated belowground mutualists 94 Martin A. Nuñez, Nahuel Policelli and Romina D. Dimarco 2.6 Maximising benefits and minimising harm associated with invasive introduced trees: lessons from South Africa 102 Brian W. van Wilgen 3 Management of introduced and invasive tree species – concepts and approaches 112 3.1 From impact studies to management actions: practicing risk analysis of introduced trees 114 Etienne Branquart, Bram D’hondt, Sonia Vanderhoeven and Sabrina Kumschick 3.2 European databases on invasive alien species 136 Annemarie Bastrup-Birk and Andreas Schuck 3.3 Assessment of invasive tree species in nature conservation and forestry – contradictions and coherence 148 Torsten Vor, Stefan Nehring, Andreas Bolte, Anke Höltermann 4 Contents 3.4 Eradication as an option for managing invasive tree species in protected areas 158 Livia Zapponi, Raffaele Cavalli, Emma Minari and Franco Mason 3.5 Introduced species in Polish National Parks: distribution, abundance and management approaches 168 Anna Gazda and Jerzy Szwagrzyk 3.6 Silvicultural strategies for introduced tree species in northern Italy 176 Fabio Meloni, Renzo Motta, Etienne Branquart, Tommaso Sitzia and Giorgio Vacchiano 3.7 Occurrence of introduced tree and shrub species in Italian regions in relation to the extent of planted and coppiced forests 194 Sabina Burrascano, Laura Celesti-Grapow and Carlo Blasi 3.8 Asian knotweeds – an example of a raising threat? 202 Fanny Dommanget, Paul Cavaillé, André Evette and François-Marie Martin 4 Key aspects of introduced and invasive tree species 212 4.1 Economic aspects of introduced tree species – opportunities and risks 214 Marc Hanewinkel and Jorie Knook 4.2 Importance of species competition and migration limitation for tree distributions during global change 226 Eliane S. Meier and Niklaus E. Zimmermann 4.3 Introduced or native tree species to maintain forest ecosystem services in a hotter and drier future? 236 Andreas Rigling, Arthur Gessler, Linda Feichtinger, Valentin Queloz and Thomas Wohlgemuth 4.4 Pathogens of introduced trees: prospects for biological control 248 Steve Woodward, Alberto Santini and Tuğba Doğmuş 4.5 Introduced tree species in central Europe – consequences for arthropod communities and species interactions 264 Martin M. Gossner 4.6 Introducing tree species in forests and the implications for biodiversity 286 Yann Dumas 4.7 Natural disturbances and invasive introduced plants – a specific view on fire 294 Daniel Kraus, Joaquim S. Silva, Alexander Held, Marc Castellnou and Frank Krumm 5 Case studies of introduced tree species 304 5.1 Black locust: from global ecology to local management – a case study from the Czech Republic 306 Michaela Vítková, Jan Pergl and Jiří Sádlo 5.2 Douglas fir in Freiburg City Forest: an introduced tree species in the light of multifunctional management objectives 320 Nicole Schmalfuss and Lucie Vítková 5 Introduced tree species in European forests 5.3 Quantifying invasiveness of Douglas fir on the basis of natural regeneration in south-western Germany 330 Anja Bindewald and Hans-Gerhard Michiels 5.4 Challenges and opportunities – Sitka spruce in Ireland 344 Padraig O’Tuama, Paddy Purser, Faith Wilson and Áine Ní Dhubháin 5.5 Tasmanian blue gum in Portugal – opportunities and risks of widely cultivated species 352 Joaquim S. Silva and Margarida Tomé 5.6 Integrating black cherry in forest management in the Netherlands and Belgium 362 Bart Nyssen, Jan den Ouden, Kris Verheyen and Margot Vanhellemont 5.7 The spread of tree of heaven in Switzerland 374 Jan Wunder, Simon Knüsel, Daniela Gurtner and Marco Conedera 5.8 Eastern white pine in the Czech Republic 386 Pavel Bednář, Petr Vaněk and Lucie Vítková 5.9 Using National Forest Inventories to assess the factors driving invasion in forest ecosystems: the case of silver wattle and blackwood in north-western Spain 396 Laura Hernández, Isabel Cañellas and Ignacio Barbeito 5.10 Management of invasive tree species in the Donau-Auen National Park, Austria 404 Verena Quadt, Gerald Oitzinger and Karoline Zsak Text boxes I. The challenge of ash dieback – conceptual framework for practitioners based on forest management in Ortenaukreis, Germany 126 Bernhard Mettendorf and Daniela Vetter II. Code of Conduct on planted forests: recommended management for introduced and invasive tree species 144 Giuseppe Brundu and David M. Richardson III. Insights into certification in relation to introduced and invasive tree species 190 Marion Karmann, Owen Davies and Antonio Brunori IV. Interactions between game fauna and flora 260 Alexander Held and Frank Krumm V. Research gaps for a reliable assessment of the effects of Douglas fir on forest biodiversity 284 Kurt Bollmann and Rolf Holderegger Synthesis and conclusions 412 Glossary 422 Project partners 423 6 Contributing authors Authors Ignacio Barbeito, AgroParisTech and INRA, Nancy, France Annemarie Bastrup-Birk, European Environmental Agency (EEA), Denmark Pieter Bas van der Lei, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Pavel Bednář, The Czech Academy of Sciences - Global Change Research Institute, Czech Republic Anja Bindewald, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Germany H. John B. Birks, Bergen University, Norway and University College London, United Kingdom Carlo Blasi, University of Rome, Italy Kurt Bollmann, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland Andreas Bolte, Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Germany Etienne Branquart, Directorate General for Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Service Public de Wallonie, Belgium Giuseppe Brundu, University of Sassari, Italy Antonio Brunori, PEFC, Italy Sabina Burrascano, University of Rome, Italy Marc Castellnou, Bomberos de Generalitat de Cataluña, Área GRAF, Spain Isabel Cañellas, INIA-CIFOR Madrid, Spain Paul Cavaillé, Université Grenoble Alpes and Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, France Raffaele Cavalli, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Italy Laura Celesti-Grapow, University of Rome, Italy Marco Conedera, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Cadenazzo, Switzerland Owen Davies, FSC UK, United Kingdom Bram D’hondt, Ghent University, Belgium Romina D. Dimarco, INTA-CONICET, Argentina Tuğba Doğmuş, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey Fanny Dommanget, Université Grenoble Alpes and Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, France Yann Dumas, Irstea, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France Uta Eser, Office for Environmental Ethics, Germany André Evette, Université Grenoble Alpes and Irstea, UR EMGR, Centre de Grenoble, France Linda Feichtinger, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland Anna Gazda, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland Arthur Gessler, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland Martin M. Gossner, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland and TU Munich, Germany Daniela Gurtner, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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