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Research Report 453. Trips and Parking Related to Land

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Research Report 453. Trips and Parking Related to Land Trips and parking related to land use November 2011 Malcolm Douglass Douglass Consulting Services Steve Abley Abley Transportation Consultants NZ Transport Agency research report 453 ISBN 978-0-478-38036-1 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-38035-4 (electronic) ISSN 1173-3756 (print) ISSN 1173-3764 (electronic) NZ Transport Agency Private Bag 6995, Wellington 6141, New Zealand Telephone 64 4 894 5400; facsimile 64 4 894 6100 [email protected] www.nzta.govt.nz Douglass, M1 and S Abley2 (2011) Trips and parking related to land use. NZ Transport Agency research report 453. 156pp. 1 Douglass Consulting Services Ltd, PO Box 1162, Nelson, email: [email protected] 2 Abley Transportation Consultants Ltd, PO Box 25 350, Christchurch 8144, email: [email protected] This publication is copyright © NZ Transport Agency 2011. Material in it may be reproduced for personal or in-house use without formal permission or charge, provided suitable acknowledgement is made to this publication and the NZ Transport Agency as the source. Requests and enquiries about the reproduction of material in this publication for any other purpose should be made to the Research Programme Manager, Programmes, Funding and Assessment, National Office, NZ Transport Agency, Private Bag 6995, Wellington 6141. Keywords: city centre, database, design hour, education, industrial, land use, modes of travel, New Zealand, parking demand, recreation, residential, retail, surveys, trends, trip generation.. An important note for the reader The NZ Transport Agency is a Crown entity established under the Land Transport Management Act 2003. The objective of the Agency is to undertake its functions in a way that contributes to an affordable, integrated, safe, responsive and sustainable land transport system. Each year, the NZ Transport Agency funds innovative and relevant research that contributes to this objective. The views expressed in research reports are the outcomes of the independent research, and should not be regarded as being the opinion or responsibility of the NZ Transport Agency. The material contained in the reports should not be construed in any way as policy adopted by the NZ Transport Agency or indeed any agency of the NZ Government. The reports may, however, be used by NZ Government agencies as a reference in the development of policy. While research reports are believed to be correct at the time of their preparation, the NZ Transport Agency and agents involved in their preparation and publication do not accept any liability for use of the research. People using the research, whether directly or indirectly, should apply and rely on their own skill and judgement. They should not rely on the contents of the research reports in isolation from other sources of advice and information. If necessary, they should seek appropriate legal or other expert advice. Acknowledgements The authors thank Don McKenzie, Ian Clark, Professor Alan Nicholson and also Mark Apeldoorn, Andy Milne, Anna Sunter and other members of the Steering Group for their comments and contributions. In particular we thank Paul Durdin and Cynthia Edmonds of Abley Transportation Consultants for their work in revising the text and overseeing the changes and Ryan Rolston of Traffic Design Group for preparing and checking the many trip generation and parking demand tables. These people have greatly assisted in the expansion of the earlier Report 209 and the additions and quality of this new version. Abbreviations CBD central business district EFTS equivalent full-time student ex-2001 Indicates earlier data and figures from Transfund NZ research report 209 published in 2001 which have been retained unchanged in this revised version. FTE full-time employed GFA gross floor area GLFA gross leasable floor area GP general practitioner hh households IPENZ Institute of Professional Engineers, New Zealand ITA integrated transport assessment ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers (US) MoT Ministry of Transport MUAs metropolitan urban areas NZHTS New Zealand Household Travel Survey NZTA New Zealand Transport Agency NZTPDB New Zealand Trips and Parking Database Bureau (now the TDB) OGV ordinary goods vehicle PFS petrol filling station RAs rural areas Report 209 Transfund NZ research report 209 (2001) RFA retail floor area RTA Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales SA site area SH state highway SUAs secondary urban areas TDB Trips Database Bureau TOD transit oriented developments TRICS Trip Rate Information Computer System (UK) UK United Kingdom veh vehicle vpd vehicle per day vph vehicles per hour Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Research brief ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Past research and New Zealand references ................................................................................ 11 1.3 Comparison of trip generation databases .................................................................................. 12 1.4 How to use this research ............................................................................................................ 14 1.5 Changing attitudes and practices ............................................................................................... 15 1.6 Practitioner needs ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.7 Summary of report content ......................................................................................................... 17 2 Seasonal factors and design hours ............................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Factors affecting trips and parking............................................................................................. 19 2.2 Selection of parameters .............................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Selection of seasonal design level .............................................................................................. 20 2.4 Selecting the design hour ........................................................................................................... 23 2.5 Hour-of-day factors (H) ............................................................................................................... 24 2.6 Day-of-week factors (W) .............................................................................................................. 26 2.7 Seasonal or yearly factors (Y) ...................................................................................................... 27 2.8 Longer time – for future year assessments ................................................................................ 32 2.9 Application of scale factors ........................................................................................................ 33 3 Daily trips, modes and purposes ................................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Source of information and definitions ........................................................................................ 34 3.2 Trip legs by private and public modes ....................................................................................... 37 3.3 Trips and modes in different regions ......................................................................................... 39 3.4 Variation in travel by household car availability ......................................................................... 40 3.5 Variation in travel by household size ......................................................................................... 42 3.6 Walking duration by purpose in metropolitan urban areas ........................................................ 44 3.7 Cycling duration by purpose in MUAs ........................................................................................ 45 3.8 Mean distance and time by purpose ........................................................................................... 46 3.9 Trip leg by purpose and mode ................................................................................................... 47 3.10 Summary on trips, modes and purposes .................................................................................... 49 3.10.1 Trips ............................................................................................................................. 49 3.10.2 Purposes ....................................................................................................................... 49 4 Residential trips and parking .......................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Background ................................................................................................................................
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