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Handbook on

Fiona Brookman, Mike Maguire, Harriet Pierpoint, Trevor Bennett

Shoplifting

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781843929680-5 Nick Tilley Published online on: 01 Feb 2010

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niet hs rw mr qiky hn te tps f property/acquisitive of types other than quickly theft more shop grown recorded of has the volume incidents from the War off World Second levelling the before Since more, 1990s. early once rapidly rose incidents numbers recorded which of after 1993), Burrows and (Farrington shoplifters with deal to used then means informal the of artefact an largely was which 1989, and 1985 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.1 of then, and may police noticed, The be police. the not to will reported be incidents not Many will many theft. noticed shop those of level real the of crime. 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 hr ae itnt ifclis n sn rcre so tet asanindicator shop recorded using in difficulties distinct are There 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 50,000 500 0 iue 3.2 Figure –

Indexed tr 1945 Trends inrecorded shoptheftEnglandandWales 1934–2008 1949 1934 hw te rns n ah idxd o 0 i 1945. in 100 to indexed each, in trends the shows 1953 1940 ends inshoptheftandother 1945–2008 1957 1945 1961 1950

1965 1955 hp theft Shop 1969 1960

1973 1965 1977 1970 1981 1975 te theft Other 1985 1980 1989 1985 1993 1990 1997 1995 2000/1 1 99/209 00 Shoplifting 2004/5 2004/5 49 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 50 o itnus so tet fo ohr ore sc a tet y hp workers, shop by theft as such sources unable other be from generally thefts shop will distinguish but to ‘shrinkage’, suffered retailer have The noticed. they be that not know may may incidents many that fact reported the be is not recorded, may or crime where incidents other to compared as theft, about distinctive shop is What them. to reported incidents all record not course, of Handbook onCrime tr oe a hr pro (he wes i oe on n takd ny 500 only tracked and one town only one in at weeks) looked (three They period short small-scale. a perforce, over was, store it Yet execution. and of number total the times BCS. the 243 by covered and in 24 theft respectively ratios shop comprise for these which 306,596,000, figures and 30,659,600 real between that fall the would Wales and Assuming that England in mean 2001/2 69). would this 1984: apply, to Farrington continue and shoplifting (Buckle 1,000 in 1 incidents’ and 100 in 1 ‘between Farrington record and police the Buckle that store, concluded one this to attributed be could was that incidents store proportion of the the estimating roughly which and store in the areafor estimate the the with in located incidents crime recorded of number comparing the By store. the of from taken throughput were week the per items given 500 over that, customers, and estimate store authors the in The of while apprehended. Nine item was one minutes. least none 6.9at stole average cent) per an (1.8 for shoppers store 503 the they the in that andwere were ensure shoppers they 500 while to over followed just observed Altogether try theft. were shop to of instances together miss shoppers not working did researchers These British two small Peterborough. a by in observed in shoppers of samplestore who random numbers a department Farrington the of and study Buckle count painstaking by and a adopted shoppers in was method observe This to shoplifting. in is engage theft shop of levels other. the commercial or direction one in in skewed questions systematically be to may which replyingestimates making shop are In they of surveys victimisation suffered. number the have of sure they composition being incidents of the way theft know no not have They may shrinkage. shops their of of managers and owners indicated, to estimated those CVS. of the to 37 according in place taken one have 2001/2, in thefts shop recorded recordable (Nicholas 306,596 all 5,525,000 just for at total stood the which twice 2001–2, in than crime more year, and same 12,618,000, the in at households stood and which the BCS individuals to against crime close is all figure for that estimate perspective, in of this incidents put To were11,493,000 2002. there in that theft shop estimated was it findings survey (Shury the months 12 previous incidents the 25 over each of theft (median) shop average of an experienced shops previous had Wales that the and found England 2002 in in of suffered (CVS) have Survey Victimisation they Commercial crimes The year. the about businesses selected of randomly a sample ask These theft. shop of levels measuring for data crime wastage. and delivery in shortfalls Buckle and Farrington’s (1984) intensive study was meticulous in its design its in meticulous was study intensive (1984) Farrington’s and Buckle estimating for findings survey and data crime recorded to alternative One already As weaknesses. own their have surveys victimisation Commercial recorded to alternative one comprise surveys victimisation Commercial t al et t al et 20) Tee were There 2007). . 20) Bsd on Based 2005). . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 finding differences in the details of the patterns of offending, cametoa doubt to reasons positive few be to ofoffending, appear There 1999). (Farrington incidents thepatterns of shoplifting of numbers actual to recorded of ratio the about the details conclusion similar although in methods, basic same differences the finding using representativeness. Bedford in its study about later asked a However, be therefore might Questions shoppers. Source stores DIY Hardware, pharmacies stores, Drug , Groceries, stores Discount stores Department Bookshops store of Types 3.1 Table cent in per 11 value for by accounted cent items per stolen 36 stores and Dixons items 15 of the cent Across way. per this 35 theft. as customer the much through as in items lost specified included store the One of stores cent 29 per 10 the least of at lost Ten study made. were measurements which for al Farrington et shoplifters. by stolen number the of estimate an provides on The difference display) put aday. (and oncedisplayed numbers in least change the at and sold numbers the counted between also are floor relevant shop The sold. the number on the of items count a provides This till. the at sold those from labels the removing and items specified to labels sticky attaching involves technique The shoplifters. by stolen are products which at items’ rate the specified gauge of they counting systematic ‘repeated, of method a Using 1990. in Farrington in shops, shown as risk them, low from taken and is risk what and medium risk, high between distinguishes He 1975. shop. of types various from taken be to tends what of 1997) (Hayes study American an quotes Clarke bill. the fit goods Available,consumer high-demand, small, Removable, Expensive, Valuable,Disposable. and Enjoyable Concealable, to refers CRAVED stolen. goods be of to attributes tend the that describe to CRAVED acronym the uses (1999) Clarke stolen? gets What Wales, and England in theft shop crime. of other all volume dwarfing eye-watering indicates an evidence available is there the All that findings. basic Farrington’s and Buckle convenience s at f poet okn a dfeig en o peetn shoplifting preventing of means differing at looking project a of part As in Exeter in stolen was what of picture a paints (1978) Walsh Britain, In fud usata vrain y tr ad y rdc tp aog those among type product by and store by variation substantial found . Cak (99, iig ae (1997). Hayes citing (1999), Clarke :

ot tln tm b tp o store of type by items stolen Most t al et

stores

(94 epoe ies tln rm ios n Cry stores Currys and Dixons from stolen items explored (1994) .

Tools control birth batteries, cigarettes, aids, beauty Medicines, cassettes video cigarettes, aids, beauty Medicines, CDs undergarments, , items Polo and Hilfiger jeans, shirts, Clothing, magazines tapes, Cassette items stolen Most al 3.1 Table al 3.2 Table rvds oe examples. some provides . Shoplifting 51 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 52 shoplifting) (daily High risk of Level 3.2 Table Handbook onCrime f 04 n ery 05 Treqatr o te fedr wr ml (6 per (76 male with were line in offendersthe secondhalf female, the in quarter a areas of and Three-quarters cent) eight 2005. in early and ofshoplifting 2004 of cases 1,563 to relating files andhandling theft for shoplifting. for were against 2005 in Wales proceeded and England per cent) in goods stolen high (58 a defendants represents five shoplifting three in almost goods: incidents, stolen of handling the of and theft of number cases all of total proportion the processed to without formally shop relation numbers a small in the leave Notwithstanding they item. when an for criminals paying as processed being others than rather some of to and thepatterns watched be to others reflect than rather will some lead attention that suspicion official to come that incidents of subset The with. proceeded and police the by with seen dealt reported, noticed are have fraction those a Weof only and biased. noticed are offences highly all of be proportion small to a rather liable that are shoplifters convicted on Data shoplifts? Who ofthe cent per 24 amassive stores. the and left films that the headphones of cent per 14 audiotapes, the of Source shoplifting) no (virtually Low shoplifting) (intermittent Medium pe ad urw (06 eaie te rw Poeuin evc case Service Prosecution Crown the examined (2006) Burrows and Speed Wlh 17: 73). (1978: Walsh :

ye o so ad tm solfe i Exeter in shoplifted items and shop of Types

Tailors shops Shoe equipment Office Jewellers Greengrocers Fishmongers Butchers clothing Men’s Chemists furnishers House spirits and Wine Chinaware Booksellers clothing Ladies accessories Motor Ironmongers radio and Electrical Confectioners shops Food stores Department type Shop

al 3.3 Table

ipa objects Display spirits of Miniatures Ornaments Stationery Tights instruments sunglasses, Gloves, tools power especially Tools, tapes Cassette bars chocolate Cigars, foodstuffs Pre-packaged items small Most items stolen Most ml items Small Footwear Negligible Rings Negligible Negligible Negligible trousers Ties, medicines) (not Sundries eo, lhuh ie the given although below, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 ace ta o te oa cmuiis Ol 1 pr et ee employed. were cent took offence per the which in area 10 the from away Only address an had cent communities. per 2 Only local the of that matched with closely offenders 69, European non-White to and European 18 White of from proportion and the Europeans, went white were cent range per 90 age Around 29. and The 18 over.between aged half or 18 aged were all sample oh hp. erv rfr, o eape t a esae atce f 1908 of article newspaper New a that: of saying City,YorkAssociation Goods to Dry Retail the example, of Secretary Graff, for Leslie a quoting refers, Segrave from numbers shops. significant in posh shoplifting ladies posh reports over (2001) Segrave concerns centuries, recurrent shop twentieth in early and involved nineteenth been the had In theft. who of impressions different produce research, bewildering! is responses of range The added. young been of asked in were shown as shoplifting people, about questions where studies self-report previous the over cent per 5 to compared cent among year). per ofshoplifting (9 rate females a higher than males accord finding however, in did, Farrington’s findings and Her Buckle year. with past 197) of the (2 over in or 30 shoplifting aged those to of cent admitted per 1 only but 90), of 20– (7 of cent olds per year 8 29 130), of (18 olds year 20 under of cent per 14 that found She 1998). (Tonglet people younger among common more be to tended theft shop 18). 1999: (Farrington Bedford in items 0.4 1.1 with to Peterborough compared in hours customer 10 per 1.1 to comparedthan items 5.3 more females: steal to tended males 18). that found 1999: also Farrington Farrington and 67; Buckle 1984: Farrington and (Buckle shoplift to likely most were olds year 17–25 the where to Bedford, for compared not in but 55 rest), the shoppers over for cent aged per younger 0.6 be 1.0 to than and judged older those cent for for per cent per rates 2.2 (4.9 higher Peterborough and and Peterborough Bedford), in in cent cent per per 1.4 against (2.8 as females than cent males per for rates higher found Bedford and Peterborough in studies observational Farrington’s and Buckle results. contradictory throwup and mixed however, ofshoplifters, been attributes have the sources on findings other Research shoplifting, sought. for system criminal the through caution. a nor convictions neither previous cent no per had offender2 cent only Each per and 5 convictions abode. Only fixed convictions. previous no 19 of of were average an cent had per 8 further a although place, ep n bg o mry Te sy hi hsad wl lae hm if them leave will husbands their say They mercy. for beg and weep they store the of proprietors and before them, brought and take detected just are they they when things; the take to need don’t They stores. women the respectable upon prey who those are supposedly year a $15,000 to $5,000 well-to-do make husbands whose clergymen, of business prominent wives of Wives men, cases. most in poor stores, the the it rob is who nor people … much us bother don’t shoplifters professional The empirical systematic on based not were which times, earlier from Reports British of number a of findings the summarised helpfully (2001) Farrington that found Tonglet by Northampton in shoppers 417 of study self-report A processed and caught those on data in weaknesses intrinsic the of Because al 3.3 Table , o hc to oe eet tde hv now have studies recent more two which to Shoplifting 53 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 54

(1992–3) Bowling rhm and Graham ab (1975) Mawby

esn (1967) Belson cui (1992–3) McQuoid

(1998–9) (1989) (1983) W study of date and Researcher 3.3 Table Handbook onCrime Flood-Page Anderson Riley McQuoid lcc (1963) illcock

n Shaw and

(1990) t al et trbts n so tet eut o mjr rts sl-eot studies self-report British major of results theft shop and Attributes t al et

.

.

4 response. 64% niiul interview. Individual Wales. and England from 0 response. 80% self-completion. Group school. Sheffield one from 3 M n 90 ae 14–25 aged F 910 and M 738 13–15 aged F 267 and M 327 neve. 2 response. 92% interview. response. 86% rm efs. Individual Belfast. from interview. Individual London. 5 M n 47 ae 14–21 aged F 427 and M 456 from 13–16 aged M 1,425

epne ae o stated. not rate Response self-completion. Group neve. 5 response. 95% interview. response. 71% interview. Individual response. 71% interview. Individual 9 response. 69% Interview. Computer Wales. and England from schools. Edinburgh four from rm efs. Individual Belfast. from Wales. and England from Wales. and England ,4 pros gd 12–30 aged persons 4,848 11–15 aged F 427 and M 465 4 M n 11 ae 14–21 aged F 161 and M 149 14–15 aged F 373 and M 378 from 15–21 aged M 808 characteristics Sample

hpitd n at year. last in shoplifted hpitd 45 M n 24 F 2.4% and M 4.5% shoplifted. ever F 15.5% and M 23.9% 63 M n 3.% F 38.6% and M 56.3% vr 10.2. ever year. past in shoplifted ..A. uain . years. 4.2 Av. duration 9.7. er v ofne pr offender per Av.year. offences 0 v ofne pr offender per Av. offences 10. n 33 F hpitd n last in shoplifted F 3.3% and 70% ever shoplifted. Av. onset shoplifted. ever 70% 68 ee solfe. .% M 5.7% shoplifted. ever 26.8% . (i store). (big 4.0 fedr at er 2.3. year last offender e ofne 43 sal shop), (small 4.3 offender per ne 1.A. fecs per Av. offences 13. onset £1. than less n at months. 9 last in store. Av. onset 13. Av. offences 13. Av. onset store. big from stole ever 3% shop, hpitd Mda ae of age Median shoplifted. worth item stole F 5.9% and M 12.4% more. or £1 worth at year. last in shoplifted F 2% and M 2% shoplifted F 30% and M 40% % vr tl fo small from stole ever 6% findings Shoplifting 15 M n 2.% ever F 22.4% and M % 21.5 item stole F 1.3% and M 2.4% al 33 otne opposite continues 3.3 Table Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 ae f study of date and Researcher

(2008) Roe and Ashe and Roe

(2006) Butterworth al 33 continued 3.3 Table isrm and Wikström h gos hy at ihu pyn fr hm hud h opruiy arise. opportunity the should them for take paying shops without in want those they of goods proportion the a that Brantingham in generators and crime (Brantingham are They attractors’ 1995). doing ‘crime of and difficulties generators’ and ‘crime shopsact risks terms as the andBrantingham’s if In Brantingham them low. sufficiently steal seem so to liable is to insufficient them are principles dissuade moral whose or them for pay to unable Anyone possible. goods. desired of as supply concentrated a cheaply provide Shops free. as them makes goods Theft those obtain to consumers of interests the in is It market. to not together is goods wanted It show. bring Shops why. term understand the to of difficult origins the as history, long very a has Shoplifting theft shop of Patterns shoplifting for Explanations have to recently which more steal, seem that will patterns more emerged. the shop, explaining to to way come some men goes more Where 9). 2001: (Segrave centuries twentieth early and nineteenth the appear in culprits women main the why been explains have to which too, shoplifters main the be to likely they are then shoppers main the are women Where kinds stores. the the to reflect going presumably people Yorkof New in shoplifters The shops. the who to and sold goes is what of function a partly are shop any in shoplifters seem the the would that reflect it equally not shops, into do going customers shoplifters the that or population research general systematic from clear is it While (2008). Ashe and Roe Source o n h ftr. Sgae 01 1, utn the quoting 14, willnotdo 2001: They (Segrave future. the pass. in letit so the merchants and usually out, it find they

Frigo (01 2) Frigo (99 1) Wktö ad utrot (2006); Butterworth and Wikström 15); (1999: Farrington 25); (2001: Farrington :

ape characteristics Sample n 8% 454 n all). in (4,554 85% and all) in (799 respondents fresh for rate response optr neve. 67% interview. Computer rm nln ad Wales. and England from ,0 pros gd 10–25 aged persons 5,000 2 rsos rate. response 92% opein questionnaire. completion rm eebruh Self- Peterborough. from ,1 pros gd 14–15 aged persons 2,118

hpitn findings Shoplifting a solfe i ls year. last in shoplifted had gd 01 ad % gd 18–25 aged 2% and 10–17 aged % ad % , n 3% and F, 3% and M 2% o by ad . fr girls. for 2.6 and boys for fecs e ofne 3 offender per offences shoplifted in last year. Av. year. last in shoplifted 18 M n 1.% F 16.1% and M 11.8% e Yr Times York New 10: 3) 1908: , Shoplifting 55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 56 erv (01 rfr t te rwh f eatet trs ih h large the with stores department of growth the to refers (2001) expected Segrave the of because theft shop committing to view shops opportunities. a the to with go so who those do of proportionwill a that in attractors crime are They Handbook onCrime itato, o okt n wtot en ntcd eoe evn te shop. the leaving before noticed being to provide letter without a ‘T.W.’ in to one accomplice pocket an point to using that distraction, perhaps At counter. legerdemain, the on employ put would be would they which items at of look in number to theft ask large and shop a customer fussy to a refers as pose (1978) would Walsh thief crime. the where ‘craft’ jewellers, a was theft Shop steal. wished they to goods the to access obtain to many ruses adopt of to had outthen shoplifters Determined steal. steal, to available to population the likely affected have most will which believed shops, were who orders’, social ‘lower archetypal sell who jewellers in operates still goods. CRAVED that style a or is his This and wares. shopkeeper the her and customer the between as barrier emerged conventional counter a the Eventually the taken. keeping be might readily of that means goods were the a from goods as thief developed where then fairs, Structures thief. medieval the in to accessible common was theft shop suggests that He shoplifting. in development the and retail of development the in and made adjustments goods mutual the describes Walsh(1978) theft. shop of wide-scale of as display washappening growth the favouring what century nineteenth open the watch in States United the to in conditions the assistants around, shop for difficulties milling consequent customers of numbers hne i mtos f ealn cet cags n atrs f opportunity. of patterns in changes create retailing of methods in Changes u get upie e on ta se a te ay f n o te most the of 6) one (T.W. day. 1844: of the of lady physicians the benevolent was and eminent she that found to we and Being surprise evasion, great at guilt. attempt our her further during without denied it clothes gave longer she her no name, under her she asked other and the found was to it side property,examination, one stolen milder from the the it chose conceal removing She to by police. attempts the various of after told, hands and was the alternative, she in otherwise, placed be or must establishment, she the of of one by servants room female private a the in searched be to herself permit to requested was she fact, the to positive the being at man young indignation the However, and imputation. surprise great affected she the suppose, may and, of you shawls, as these One taking with her reluctance. charged then suspicious house the of very principals evidently with consented which she to return, to her requestedlady, the after sent being peculiar and, a pattern, had of shawls Scarcely several missed buying. he when without warehouse the left she quitted she finally variety; large and a trouble, no her much before him Having placed gave her shawls. thief, served a who silk be man could some young she the that see manners and to appearance her asked from suspicion and with introduction, customer city a of the an name in the as of warehouse use making silk by connected, a then into was I came which lady a since years Some the of members keep to efforts were there century nineteenth the In h Times The n 88 ans vvd picture: vivid a paints 1818 in Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 potnte fr hpitn ad e t rpd nrae i i. hp became Shops it. in increases rapid fundamental to led for the and time stressed shoplifting for (1978) took opportunities Walshexpanded War,World which it Second the norm. following Britain 18), selling in the retail in 2001: changes US become (Segrave the to display in pattern 1879 open this from on stores goods operated inexpensive Woolworth W. F. Although to be made is complex and difficult. Paralysis would follow ifindividuals follow would Paralysis difficult. and complex is made be are choices to where point individual each to relation in separately benefits costs and estimating Second, disincentive. greater a have lose to more disincentive. with little eyes Those have the will identify, in closely least most atthey whom reputation, higher. with of people much way of be by to lose to liable little are relatively the reputation with from of Those utilities terms the in to costs relation the in goods, enough stolen low be might penalty formal of terms in costs the where Even high. in very is engaged period, is sustained a shoplifting over if routinely time, some at caught although getting of very First, chance are the occasion one. small, single any simple on shoplifting a from caught is being response of chances choice the rational The arise. they as them of advantage take nor opportunities pursue neither by many shoplifting of goods obtain to tempted be them. will for paying by people than rather byvery many shoplifting detection, isconfirmed this of rates and where low low are potential the risks outweighs apparent than Where more that benefit. penalty a of prospect the is arises, for it opportunity the where selling shoplifting, to stores disincentive The ladies shoplifters. posh posh the example, are for In ladies, posh accordingly. by frequented are the changed which and goods, luxury have shoplifting of shoplifters rates The of shopping. retail attributes go of habitually forms in who produced, those goods in in and changes with time, over theft altered shop have for Opportunities prevent payment. to without try goods will taking suppliers from time customers option, same an the is At them. cost take no just if will and, they cost then least at want they what obtain to try in shops Customers choice. rational is shoplifting for explanation obvious most The Shoplifters them. of all or some for paying without shop the leave and up items pick to became straightforward more It skills. craft on depended longer of no form shoplifting Moreover, prevailing retailing. the in changes with coincided which years theft postwar shop in the rise in dramatic a suggest do they figures, theft shop recorded the in weaknesses the dramatically.Notwithstanding rise will theft shop of levels that plentiful expected be provide to is display,it circumstances these she on In opportunities. or are and temptations he goods CRAVED where self-service where goods, and the Large-scale to anonymous access uncommon. is examples direct has relatively ofcourse, customer are the where they shops, are, but jeweller exceptions, and of fishmonger butcher, specialist shop. goods of types The the all almost and from customer disappeared the largely the now became has between purchased Self-service being stood turnover. once the which counter to The relation norm. in staff fewer with larger An objection to this account is that although there is an enormous amount enormous an is there although that is account this to objection An Shoplifting 57 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 58 ubr f individuals of Number agt hpitn wud e ey oty n em o ter euain I will It reputation. their of terms in costly very be would shoplifting being people caught many For shops. in goods for therefore paying is includes done this is and that habitual Much do. to what decided they before long- be them might and to that open short alternatives the likely all of of consequences range negative and full positive term the of calculation bespoke a undertook Handbook onCrime * Source Total Bereavement break-up Family Illness money of Lack motive clear No Greed pressure Threat/coercion/peer 3.4 Table than less but them 16. of than less third aged a those of to ten close in one for accounting olds, year 16 over the for significant more be to appeared illness) over.and money and of (lack needs 16 External aged those age. of of regardless third, a six under little a in in motive main one the deemed was only Greed but 16 under were who those of half almost 1994. for accounting shoplifters, novice in younger, for important more Keynes are Milton in in police shown are the findings Her by interviewed were who shoplifters (apparently book. distant to brought any and caught outweigh being to of costs liable unlikely) are approval group from theft peer shop for salient rewards perceived cases these In work. at are behaviour, criminal in join to or footwear) of types particular example (for goods lifestyle obtain to either pressures, peer-group when ages into impressionable at drawn theft are shop Others habits. short- their satisfy high to have income for also needs They or especially wants theft. term reputation, shop of for convictions way previous by those have lose Likewise, they to if wants. less have own dependent their drug satisfy are who to spend that to out income points discretionary 27) disposable lacked (2001: often they well lived have may Segrave involved women the though shoplifting. stimulating in opportunity alongside part a played have may need circumstances, family any affluent in living on if even low. very goods, are them for stealing caught pay being of to chances the routinely occasion particular them for rational be therefore h pretgs d t 9 de o rounding to due 99 to add percentages The culc (96 smaie te paet ao mtvto fr 265 for motivation major apparent the summarises (1996) McCulloch be to appeared shoplifters female many where century, nineteenth the In

MCloh 19: 13). (1996: McCulloch :

oie fr hp hf a fud mn Mlo Kye novices Keynes Milton among found as theft shop for Motives

Table 3.4 Table

ne 16 Under . This suggests that peer group influences group peer that suggests This 156 % 99 13 31 46 1 1 1 6

*

6 over & 16 109 100 % 10 21 18 32 18 0 1

Total 265 100 % 12 15 31 35 1 1 5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 hpitr wl, f ore tn t b mr eprecd hn hs included most the thoseas emerge drugs than study Burrows’ and experienced Speed study. Crown In more McCulloch’s in be of Herethe to 2004. tend examination course, in of an will, sentenced shoplifters cases from to relating emerged files (CPS) they Service Prosecution as shoplifting for motives s eun o h 14 cs dsrbd y .. hc ocre wtot store without occurred which T.W. by described Let case response. 1844 punitive the heavily to a return the adopting us wanted with not goes This evidently that reputation. have publicity shopkeepers of adverse Most loss case. of the be fear to for continues prosecute was, to There 2001). reluctance (Segrave some offenders catch however, to effort an in detectives store of employment the involved typically 1878, fromleast responsesshops, at Early of shops By shoplifting to Responses drugs. for Shop need the habits. meet to drug income reliable with a yields offending particular, in of theft, so pattern did this eight associates further She a shoplifters. and basis prolific be daily to also tended burglars prolific a these is, That on week’. a times ‘several so did 26 these Of in and shoplifting. This burglars prolific offenders. undertook also 50 them of 44 that serious found of She 2005). (Schneider Shrewbury around study more Schneider’s become in who reinforced is those impression among particular in and offenders older among found not are pressures same the but influences group fewer for factor key the was pressure 25. group in Peer one than 10. in 1 than less just for accounting ‘need’ with cases, the of quarter a for factor motivating significant al 3.5 Table ay on pol apa t ebr o solfig s rsl o peer of result a as shoplifting on embark to appear people young Many hw wa Sed n Bros 20) on t b te main the be to found (2006) Burrows and Speed what shows ubr f cases of Number o rounding. to * 27). Source Total know Don’t Other Enterprise Status/pressure Need Drugs Motivation cases CPS among Table3.5 h pretgs d t 9 due 99 to add percentages The

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Motives for shoplifting for Motives

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* Shoplifting 59 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 60 n eln wt sm ofnes n as te nares f h responses: the of unfairness the also and by shops offenders some with faced dealing difficulties in chronic the illustrates nevertheless but detectives Handbook onCrime • • the of found: many were them for of the records indications which of at with dates some earliest shops, lists many following in The taken agencies. routinely hand justice measures and criminal offenders the detect to to over trying them simply than other shoplifting, prevent be will this that hope offending. further the from in them offenders dissuade to to enough rebuke severe a strategy issue Another to penalties. been higher has attracting offence serious more much a is burglary,which for prosecution to should open be case, would latter they the return, as In individual the or shop. the court from to individual taken the is excluding in offender for the basis on whicha drawn for incident be repeat a a then as of is offence might event the the adopted document admitting This been document non-prosecution. a sometimes for sign has condition to caught that those strategy asking of also One they that it. practice in sidestep enforcement, of often idea the very like might many as much As through. followed go. been ever, if rarely, cases, suspects has all this of let practice prosecution in although for often press to have commitments periodic therefore been Shopkeepers have There those will. from their staff been against also against violence of have held or there arrest wrongful suspects for shoplifting litigation of with fears do to what determining In

en te sn fr rmty tedd n ws uh fetd y the by affected much physician] was benevolent and attended and promptly for eminent sent the then being [remember: husband Her … a cekn (1944); checking bag time; a at child one only admitting to try to done have often and do can shopkeepers that much is There theft. shop by faced when shops in those for dilemmas indeed, are, There 6) (T.W. 1844: her. as against or adduced for result evidence the collateral and examined, are lodgings and person her police, the than to over delivered she is sooner no shoplifter; poor of the so traces Not the afforded. that not are so disclose, might search place, such which takes depredations sphere similar residence high the a of in search is,that moving no personssociety,that by of and shoplifting alleged ofnon-prosecution, of cases all favour in … in influence may time which its of case had this loss of have with and fire connected circumstance expense constant another is of the there nothing But and say motives, to and hired invective, character of newspaper insinuations our impudent to the as spared were advocates we As doing, … so right; life by were in we for, concerned partner are inconvenience distressed and further feeling but personal without worthy, as carriage far her her or in herself off to drive trouble responsible to a her not permitted was income she and of that handsome reachagent, believe the a to beyond willing had her were placed she we she which temptation, as own, that insane, her representation of be establishment hisextent and certain Upon a wife. to his must of situation humiliating Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 • • • • • evaluation studies. Gill and Turbin (1999) found that the effects of CCTV and interestingCCTV of effects some the that to found (1999) Turbin subject and Gill been studies. evaluation has particular in more attracted CCTV have attention. these research and certain less is effectiveness others In reach. of out cigarettes putting is example for it effect, no however, have they instances, that believe some to difficult In 2002). (Clarke shops by adopted measures the on). to another one admitted egg is to unable time are a they and at shop child one only when example, in (for reductions even provocation or till) the reach by they tags). when example, all?’ (for that dye sale ‘Is customers, of attaching asking point the by at reminders example, rule comprise (for also rewarding may They less or goods) example, value (for high difficult more offence the alarming example (for morerisky cabinets), locked in goods make high-value putting to designed Clarke by are described They sort the(2008). of measures situational comprise these of Most • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

einn gos ht a b rmtl disabled; remotely be can that goods designing (1953); practices greet and meet customer (1930); penalty) prosecution/heavy (routine crackdowns (1957); mirrors convex (1956); television circuit closed hr i n hr eiec o te ucm efciees f ay f the of many of effectiveness outcome the of evidence hard no is There (1930s). signs warning (1967); leaflets warning IDentification); Frequency (Radio RFID of use (1925); guards uniformed phones); mobile as (such items display CRAVED tethering (1961); goods CRAVED for alarms and tags (1967); allow to layout store all?’; that ‘Is checkout, at customers asking routinely rooms; changing into taken items of numbers restricting checkouts; near items CRAVED putting jewellery; and watches as such items high-value very for sales over-the-counter providing counter; the behind conceal coffee) to instant and razors products, tobacco as CRAVED(such difficult placing items them make that (1967); ways in items CRAVED packaging (1967); rooms changing to mirrors one-way 32); 2001: Segrave (1921; shame and name goods; CRAVED for cabinets locked lighting; improved (1967); peepholes hidden shoplifters; known of exclusion theft; shop discourage to signs erecting clothes; CRAVED on tags dye pairs; than rather shoes single of display exits; and entrances from away goods of display CRAVED for items; CDs the without cases tapes CD/records/cassette of display Shoplifting 61 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 62 o i wre dpne o te icmtne. hy ocue fr example, for conclude, that: They circumstances. the on depended worked it how Handbook onCrime ed o cie nlss o ok u cie rvnin needs. prevention crime out work to the analysis stress crime also and for they need (1986), (2002), Clarke Ekblom and (1999) AlongsideTurbin and effect. Gill with no consistent guards uniformed and fall but immediate fading an redesign store that falls, concluded sustained produced They tagging shoplifting. electronic preventing of means as redesign guards store uniformed and tagging, granted. electronic of for effectiveness taken relative the be comparing can success are whose They effective. bullets Farrington be magic to provide are to they unable if implementation sensitive and thought careful require shoplifting to respond to shops by used be may that measures ininformed addressed ways. and identified be to readily zones theft of risk patterns allowing high of exits systems management and at tagged) be would (triggeredCRAVED items value high where alarms areas), sight), of key line at improve the (targeted to stands pocketing), CCTV realigning prevent example, to (for store packaging the example of (for layout goods the included of These theft. design shop reducing the in effective more and costly less be will that measures situational targeted of variety a suggests he pockets), into goods the and (slipping operandi soul modus the pop, and store) and the of (rock zones computer thefts and disco the of locations the cassettes), (audio computer risk and at most items the stealing of analysis shop thieves an 200 day.Through each shop estimated the from the to of likely five were than calculates, fewer process he and detectives, catch store four The theft. shop control to trying of method inefficient an is detectives store of use that 4). suggests 1986: Ekblom (Ekblom cost’ unit high relatively a having wereand resale, as time well as the use at own their which for young boxes, the to attractive their pocketable, easily in ‘light, CRAVEDitems: display on of cassettes audio 1,074) sold the detectives and store of of number large (420 a employed HMV cent period. two-month per a came over Station 39 Police Street Marylebone which the by fromwith dealt theft study shop for arrests case with a dealing as Street’s Oxford formally store takes from He HMV arrest. public false of the accusation of to risks and costs offenders the the display), to protect on try can (which goods stores they the where within floor shop suspects the from process away to detectives takes taken also time assault the of staff, risk the shop notes against He detectives. store of employment the shoplifting: to response traditional the of shortcomings the highlights (1986) Ekblom Paul hn a peiul be rcgie. sse itoue t a store a to introduced system A recognised. been previously has than [S]taff attitudes and management with the system [are] far more important Both Gill and Turbinsituational and the Gill which Both in ways the out bring Ekblom and 194–5) 1999: or Turpin and vigilance (Gill staff theft). reducing shop about (by concern losses the increase to potential the mechanisms, differentwith trigger may system the resent staff where store a Equally, mechanisms. crime-reducing triggering for context appropriate the create may it with work to want and CCTV the welcome staff where t al et (94 cnutd n xeiet n h Dxn Group, Dixons the in experiment an conducted (1994) . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 lo ae h lcl oie n CT oeaos s atcpns Rti Radio Retail not participants. may as or operators CCTV may and work which police local retailers Links’ the where Radio have also ‘Retail example, include for often schemes, These Watch together. Shop many are vulnerability. their There reducing at efforts cooperative in part take to encouraged h lt 19s D (ae Sr rhr oa Dye rt a etr to letter a wrote saying: Doyle In Conan 25). Arthur Sir) 2001: (later Segrave Dr 134–5; 1890s, late 1982: the Epps (see War World Second the lasted after broad concerns till andthese of kleptomania form specific a was insanity’ ‘ovarian shoplifting: of causes particular as invoked sometimes were disorders their of impugnment the or prosecution character.Menstrualincompetent. and weak as women of image an on traded It escape It to them shops. for from way early stole a the who provided women into well-to-do and to century especially century, nineteenth twentieth the through applied was The 20). basis‘diagnosis’ 2001: (Segrave a time as that before used shoplifters been female some evidently releasing hadfor imbalance’ ‘mental that to prior though and comfort the for hanged was 3). p. woman 1818: ( Ludgate-street’ ‘This in it, shopkeepers some put of satisfaction he As time. the at unsuccessful was he though , capital to to related Meredith it Williamas law the Sir reform by put persistently case the of part as used was in 1771 shoplifting for Jones, Mary old, year in 19 impoverished passed. the although of sentence century,execution severe The most eighteenth the the generally more in was executed transportation practice were some and was punishment option capital offencean serious very a deemed was it When history. throughout widely varied have theft shop to responses justice criminal Formal system justice criminal the By uncertain. are theft shop of levels on effects The 1995). Gibson and Wright (see for out looked be to suspects of presence the of to another one operators) forewarn to or CCTV offenders with dealing and in needed where police help elicit maybe can (and they another which of one means with by communicate network radio a joining retailers involve Links n diin o hi on niiul euiy esrs rties ae been have retailers measures, security individual own their to addition In et (oa Dye 86 10) 1896: Doyle be should (Conan she sent. that our cell, a to to claim not room double consulting a a to is her It give consideration. sexand us whose amongst to one visitor given a be be as position not it should whose surely of benefit can the then It doubt there a trunk. if is responsibility,and moral her her to as in doubt least away at among is there were packed denied used, had nor she sold neither objects be mark the could hotel they the that with toast so silver four them, of – articles upon Small triplicates right. and remember duplicates I if steal racks, would position her senses of sane woman her any that in inconceivable is it three experts, evidence medical to the fromof yesterday Apart theft? of condemned charge a was upon imprisonment who months Castle, Mrs lady, American unfortunate the of behalf on intercession powerful your implore I Might 1816, in condition distinctive a as France in ‘discovered’ was Kleptomania h Times The 2 December 26 , h Times The Shoplifting 63 , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 64 on, t es i pplr scooia dsore fr xml, yo 2007). Byron example, (for discourse be psychological still popular can in They least kleptomania. at of found, case the in have earlier saw shoplifters we of as treatment history for long a basis a provide condition or psychological excuse explain, and will medical that underlying some identify to Attempts Handbook onCrime rm hs wo ee lgbe o te scheme. the for eligible were who cent those per fromdiffer 70clearly groups and comparison caution’ these although ‘normal charged, were a who given those 26 for the of for out cent dropped per who 30 50 by scheme, the coveredthe for cent period per 16 two-year to to compared This two-month evaluation. the the over reoffended cent scheme per the in 13 part took who face. period losingexperimental the without in offenders shops 422 from the Of steal to peers from pressure ways the on resisting guidance group of include also could It customers. and the the staff on business, has theft in shop that impact ‘modules’ the them appropriateon impressed the who manager,with to store interview an include them would this offenders assigning the of most then For motive initiative. and the scheme offence about The the offenders 1996). juvenile for (McCulloch mostly responses put eligible, improve was interviewing to offenders, example, effortinvolved first-time an for at in mid-1990s, aimed place was the in which effective in Initiative, more Keynes Theft find Retail Milton to a In keen offenders. been to have Many responses offenders. repeat with often crime’ shop of proliferation the 2006). to Consortium Retail led (British has enforcement its poor of and publication penalties the weak of with combination a that ‘believes coincide it that Survey,states to Crime Retail annual Consortium, Retail British the from ( sentences’ custodial with Bill, FPNs replace ten-minute ‘to Businesses, a Small of in Federation the bring of support to the with attempted York, of Vale the for MP unclear. McIntosh, Anne are example, for shoplifter 2008, July In of penalties. tougher subsets for calls varying periodic are There among reoffending of rates on or were The remainder cent). per (16 disposals. fined other of were range a six across spread in one custody and toimmediate cent) sentenced per were (18 fifth a about cent), per (24 discharges conditional given were quarter a sentences, were community received individuals cent) third per a (33 67,544 guilty found of those guilty.Of total found were A62,565 whom £200). of trial, than to sent less is stolen goods of value of£80 the where (FPNs offenders first-time with deal to forshoplifting 2004 In late since available Wales.been (FPNs) have notices and penalty fixed England 45,146 2007, were in In there cent). per theft (64 detections sanction shop 185,840 were there of these to relation incidents there 2007–8 reported In 290,625 2008). Panel were Advisory (Sentencing warranted be rarely will maxima these that suggest guidelines sentencing summarily,although both, or maximum, statutory the exceeding not fine a or imprisonment months’ six and indictment on imprisonment years’ seven of penalty maximum a for provides which 1978, Act Theft the of 1(1) section under falls theft offender.Shop the of career criminal previous the and stolen amount the on particular in depending rsnl tee s rne f rmnl utc rsoss o utmr theft, customer to responses justice criminal of range a is there Presently o te oie hp hf i a iecnuig n futaig offence, frustrating and time-consuming a is theft shop police the For theft shop of rates overall the on disposals different of effects relative The Hansard 1 Jl 20: o. 2) Lkws a rs release press a Likewise 125). col. 2008: July 15 , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 it that there is a fixed amount of crime and all that is achieved byblocking isachieved that all and of crime amount fixed a is there that it have would hypothesis ‘hydraulic’) (or displacement strong the of Adherents policy public For matter? shoplifting does Conclusion: dac o prhs las o om o rti ta tn t fcltt so theft. shop facilitate to tend that retail of forms to leads purchase of advance hollow. rather ring it for pay all we that claims the And theft. shop eliminate would that ways in profitably businesses their run could retailers many that unlikely likewise is it and shoplifting facilitate accustomed become have public the which to retail of businesses methods jeopardy.the in But their put are well sufficiently shoplifting control to fail retailers occur. if otherwise Indeed, would that theft of volume and the businesses, reduces their certainly run almost they this way the earlier. in indicated seen shopkeepers be as can that do, efforts certainly say extensive They Their to theft. not shop is contain This to talk. attempt they not do as tough as act reluctant to be to practice tended in also have They models. business their into theft, shop from that including shrinkage, of ways rates expected build in and crime retail facilitate that operate to continue they collectively Yet consumer. honest the to ultimately and them to costs its of because it with deal to action authorities the stronger by for call takes They indignant. it be If to understandably theft. tend shop they place towards ambivalence some show shops of Proprietors retailers For harms. public typically greater create are would that who offending serious more offenders, to them drive such would habit, drug among a feeding income illegal of relatively sources off cutting reliable that be would view Another found. are from goods might stolen when burglars caught convicting and are catching of who way fruitful shoplifters a provide of homes the searching more that anintrinsically and burglary than detected readily with burglary, more is theft shop that is its association argument Her offence. serious is offenders shoplifting prolific on focus by to police the for reason one that argues (2005) offences. Schneider serious more commit otherwise would and offence it easy find relatively who a offenders determined by undertaken is theft shop some that case crime. of volume the in change no be would there removed were doubted precautions be situational routine must all It if that mistaken. believes is really anyone it whether that show sense and common of evidence dose Research small 1994). a (Hesseling discredited been now by the however, to proportion in roughly all, us among spend. shared we amount are theft shop more costs The such better. the the of stores, impact, multiple large substantial in particular more in is, a there theft have shop will other incidents from such crime whom draws For on it another. If victims to welcomed. be diverted to be presumably is will theft it shop folk, that is crime one for opportunities hpes rtoa cocs o cep od te cn e ad ade in handle and see can they goods cheap for choices rational Shoppers’ the be still might it mistaken, is crime of theory hydraulic strong the if Even has, circles, some in held widely though crime, of theory hydraulic The Shoplifting 65 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 66 eetd ute reading further Selected place. in put are preferences, shopping our with consistent efforts, retailer reasonable once remain that costs the covers this for pay all we price small The Handbook onCrime uke A ad arntn D (94 ‘n bevtoa suy f shoplifting’, of study observational ‘An (1984) D. Farrington, and A. Buckle, and Government by Abandoned Feel ‘Shopkeepers (2006) Consortium Retail generators British crime place: of ‘Criminality (1995) P. Brantingham, and P. Brantingham, References problems. shoplifting specific a address to trying provides those for (2002) guide evidence-based excellent Clarke but brief prevention. crime situational in developments later various in empirical reports developments book anticipates discussion readable of theoretical The published. very was it account time and the at undertaken research short thoughtful This very it. hold to and responses get interesting and to shoplifting an difficult shoplifters, however, relatively to be is, responses may It (1978) justice of. Walsh criminal (2006). Burrows on and data research, Speed recent see British For twentieth-century late (1999). of Farrington patterns overview to see thorough references some a are rates, For there The also. although changing (2001). States elsewhere Segrave United discusses see the shops, on that from mainly steal is shoplifting who focus people of of types account and responses historical costs, accessible an For yo, . 20) I’ nt h nw ar f he, ts h “high”’, the it’s shoes, of pair new the not ‘It’s (2007) T. Byron, klm P (1986) P. Ekblom, Castle’, Mrs of case ‘The (1896) A. Doyle, Conan (eds), Mazerolle L. and Wortley R. in prevention’, crime ‘Situational (2008) R. Clarke, (2002) R. Clarke, (1999) R. Clarke, (1964) M. Cameron, arntn D P (2001) P. D. Farrington, of review a shoplifting: preventing and explaining ‘Measuring, P.(1999) D. Farrington, Prince, J. and Gibbens T. in Prison’, Holloway in shoplifters ‘Women (1982) P. Epps, Farrington, D. P. and Burrows, J. (1993) ‘Did shoplifting really decrease?’, really shoplifting ‘Did (1993) J. P.Burrows, D. and Farrington, oie BC uvy. rs Rlae aalbe nie t http://www.brc.org.uk/ at: 2008). October online 24 (accessed available details04.asp?id=1010&kCat=&kData=1 Release, Press Survey’. BRC – Police attractors’, crime and ora o of Journal niomna Ciiooy n Cie Analysis Crime and Criminology Environmental Services. Policing Oriented Community of Office Justice of Department US DC: Washington, Goods Stolen the_way_we_live/article2923565.ece. http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/ at: Online November. rts research’, British Shoplifting Office. Home London: 5. No. Paper Unit Prevention Crime f Criminology of www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/farrington.pdf. Offending of Causes the and Careers Lno: ISTD. London: . Plc Rsac Sre Ppr o 12 Lno: oe Office. Home London: 112. No. Paper Series Research Police , 3 () 57–69. (1): 33 , o Pout: nesadn, niiaig n Rdcn Dmn for Demand Reducing and Anticipating Understanding, Products: Hot h Peeto o So Tet A Apoc truh rm Analysis Crime through Approach An Theft: Shop of Prevention The Shoplifting euiy Journal Security h Botr n te Snitch the and Booster The 3 () 63–73. (1): 34 , ht a Be Land rm efRpr Suis bu Criminal about Studies Self-Report from Learned Been Has What uoen ora o Ciia Plc ad Research and Policy Criminal of Journal European PolmOine Gie fr oie eis o 11. No. Series Police for Guides Problem-Oriented , 1 () 9–27. (1): 12 , , Report to the Home Office. Online at: http:// at: Online Office. Home the to Report , NwYr: re Press. Free York: New . Clopo: Willan. Cullompton: . h Times The 8 oebr p 10. p. November, 8 , Timesonline 3 3: 5–26. (3): 3 , British Journal British British 27 , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:26 01 Oct 2021; For: 9781843929680, chapter3, 10.4324/9781843929680-5 etnigAvsr Pnl (2008) Panel Advisory Sentencing isrm P-. n Btewrh D (2006) D. Butterworth, and P.-O.Wikström, (1978) D. Walsh, behaviour’, shoplifting and shoplifting of perceptions ‘Consumers’ (1998) M. Tonglet, ‘Shoplifting’, T.W. (1844) (2006) J. Burrows, and M. Speed, (2005) S. Nicholas, and A. Kuechel, D., Vivian, M., Speed, J., Shury, (2001) K. Segrave, (2007) A. Walker, and C. Kershaw, S., Nicholas, motivational and Times York New patterns America: Middle in ‘Shoplifting (1984) H. R. Moore, (1996) H. McCulloch, Gill, M. and Turbin, V. (1999) ‘Evaluating “realistic evaluation”: evidence from a study a from evidence evaluation”: “realistic ‘Evaluating V.Turbin,(1999) and M. Gill, (1962) J. Prince, and T. Gibbens, M. Speed, and J. Burrows, T., Burns-Howell, A., Buckle, S., Bowen, D., Farrington, rgt M ad isn C (1995) C. 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Justice Criminal Prevention Crime and Lighting (eds), Tilley N. and Painter K. in CCTV’, of Delinquency. of Treatment (ed.), Clarke R. in shoplifting’, Studies Prevention of prevention the on experiment ‘An (1994) rm Peeto Studies Prevention Crime , Home Office Online Report No. 57/05. London: HomeOffice. London: No. 57/05. Report Online Office Home , Clopo: Willan. Cullompton: . nentoa Junl f fedr hrp ad oprtv Criminology Comparative and Therapy Offender of Journal International 10) Wr n hpitr’ 1 Fbur, . 3. p. February, 15 shoplifters’, on ‘War (1908) hpitn: otoln a ao Crime Major a Controlling Shoplifting: hpitn: Sca History Social A Shoplifting: Crime at Work: Increasing the Risk for Offenders for Risk the Increasing Work: at Crime Vl 1 Mne, Y Ciia Jsie Press. Justice Criminal NY: Monsey, 1. Vol. , hp hf: mrvn te oie Response Police the Improving Theft: Shop Lno: etnigAvsr Panel. Advisory Sentencing London: . h Times The , Home Office Statistical Bulletin No. 09/08. London: Home London: 09/08. No. Bulletin Statistical Office Home , , Home Office PRG Report. London: Home Office. London: Report. PRG Office Home , on Pol ad rm: idns rm h 20 Offending, 2006 the from Findings Crime: and People Young 4 () 395–401. (3): 45 , Vl 3 Mne, Y Ciia Jsie Press. Justice Criminal NY: Monsey, 3. Vol. , Sentencing in Cases of Theft from Shops from Theft of Cases in Sentencing Cie rvnin tde, o. 0 Mne, NY: Monsey, 10. Vol. Studies, Prevention Crime , die o h Snecn Giac Cucl Sentencing Council: Guidance Sentencing the to Advice ai Lns Cmuiis ikd oehr y Two-way by Together Linked Communities Links: Radio 1 Dcme, . 6. p. December, 14 , Shoplifting dlset rm: niiul ifrne and Differences Individual Crime: Adolescent Jfesn N: McFarland. NC: Jefferson, . Lno: nttt fr h Suy and Study the for Institute London: . Surveillance of Public Space: CCTV,Street Space: Public of Surveillance rm i Egad n Wls 2006/7 Wales and England in Crime Lno Macmillan. London . Cie rvnin and Prevention Crime , . Leicester: Perpetuity Leicester: . , Research Report Research , Security Journal Security rm Against Crime Shoplifting Crime 28 , 67 , ,