Contents

Part I Basic Research

1 Electromagnetic Radiation and in the Male Germ Line ...... 3 Geoffry N. De Iuliis, Bruce V. King, and R. John Aitken 2 Mitochondria as a Source of ROS in Mammalian Spermatozoa ...... 21 Adam John Koppers 3 Cryostorage and Oxidative Stress in Mammalian Spermatozoa ...... 41 Stuart A. Meyers 4 Sperm Capacitation as an Oxidative Event ...... 57 Eve de Lamirande and Cristian O’Flaherty 5 Protection of Epididymal Spermatozoa from Oxidative Stress ...... 95 Joël R. Drevet 6 Lipid Peroxidation in Human Spermatozoa ...... 119 Juan G. Alvarez and R. John Aitken 7 Age and Oxidative Stress in the Germ Line ...... 131 Bernard Robaire, Catriona Paul, and Johanna Selvaratnam 8 Heat and Oxidative Stress in the Germ Line ...... 149 Koji Shiraishi 9 Cytokines and Oxidative Stress in the Germ Line ...... 179 Monika Fraczek, Anna Czernikiewicz, and Maciej Kurpisz

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10 Metabolic Strategy in Mammalian Spermatozoa and Oxidative Stress ...... 207 Juan G. Alvarez 11 Role of Protamine Disulphide Cross-Linking in Counteracting Oxidative Damage to DNA ...... 221 Juan G. Alvarez and Jaime Gosalvez 12 Role of Caspase, PARP, and Oxidative Stress in Male ...... 237 Tamer M. Said and Fariba Khosravi

Part II Clinical Practice

13 Methods for the Detection of ROS in Human Sperm Samples ...... 257 David Benjamin, Rakesh K. Sharma, Arozia Moazzam, and Ashok Agarwal 14 Direct Methods for the Detection of in Human Semen Samples ...... 275 R. John Aitken, Geoffry N. De Iuliis, and Mark A. Baker 15 ROS and Semen Quality ...... 301 Ralf Henkel 16 Oxidative Stress and : A Clinical Perspective ...... 325 Kelton Tremellen 17 Oxidative Stress and Testicular Torsion ...... 355 Dikmen Dokmeci 18 Varicocele and Oxidative Stress ...... 399 Armand Zini and Naif Al-hathal 19 Recreational Drugs and ROS Production in Mammalian Spermatozoa ...... 417 Fábio Firmbach Pasqualotto and Eleonora Bedin Pasqualotto 20 Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis in Male Infertility ...... 433 Tamer M. Said, Constanze Fischer-Hammadeh, Mohammed Hamad, Khaled Refaat, and Mohamad Hammadeh 21 Effect of Oxidative Stress on ART Outcome ...... 449 Mohamad Eid Hammadeh, Mohammed Hamad, Khaled Refaat, Tamer Said, and Constanze Fischer-Hammadeh Contents xi

22 Oxidative Stress and the Use of Antioxidants for Idiopathic OATs ...... 485 Ashok Agarwal, Anthony H. Kashou, and Lucky H. Sekhon 23 Leukocytospermia and Oxidative Stress ...... 517 Margot Flint, Ashok Agarwal, and Stefan S. du Plessis 24 Clinical Consequences of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility ...... 535 Tamer M. Said, Sheila R. Gokul, and Ashok Agarwal 25 Oxidative Stress and Infection ...... 551 Enzo Vicari, Sandro La Vignera, and Aldo E. Calogero 26 The Role of Obesity in ROS Generation and Male Infertility ...... 571 Anthony H. Kashou, Stefan S. du Plessis, and Ashok Agarwal 27 Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia ...... 591 Murat Savas 28 Role of Oxidative Stress in ED: Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism ...... 617 Biljana Musicki and Arthur L. Burnett

About the Authors ...... 645 Index ...... 649