The Serum Glycoprotein Fetuin-A Promotes Lewis Lung Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Via Adhesive-Dependent and Adhesive-Independent Mechanisms

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The Serum Glycoprotein Fetuin-A Promotes Lewis Lung Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Via Adhesive-Dependent and Adhesive-Independent Mechanisms Research Article The Serum Glycoprotein Fetuin-A Promotes Lewis Lung Carcinoma Tumorigenesis via Adhesive-Dependent and Adhesive-Independent Mechanisms Madappa N. Kundranda,1 Melodie Henderson,3 Kathy J. Carter,3 Lee Gorden,3 Awadh Binhazim,2 Sanhita Ray,1 Trevor Baptiste,1 Masih Shokrani,1 Maria L. Leite-Browning,3 Willi Jahnen-Dechent,4 Lynn M. Matrisian,3 and Josiah Ochieng1,3 Departments of 1Biochemistry and 2Pathology, Meharry Medical College and 3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and 4IZKF BIOMAT, University Clinics, Aachen, Germany Abstract serum concentration drops after trauma, infection, and certain Fetuin-A is a serum glycoprotein in the cystatin family malignancies. Recently, a second protein of the fetuin family called associated with the regulation of soft tissue calcification. We fetuin-B was described in humans and rodents (1). Based on domain tested the role of systemic fetuin in tumor cell growth and homology, overall conservation of cysteine residues and chromo- metastasis by injecting Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells into somal assignments of the corresponding genes in these species, fetuin-B was described as a paralogue of fetuin-A. fetuin-A null and their wild-type (WT) littermate control C57BL/6 mice via the tail vein, s.c., and intrasplenic routes. Fetuin-A has been linked to a number of cellular functions such In the experimental metastasis assay, the lungs of the WT as brain development (2), bone remodeling, and immune function (5, 6). It can also mimic and antagonize the anti-mitogenic effects mice were filled with metastatic nodules, whereas the lungs h of the fetuin-A null mutant mice were virtually free of of transforming growth factor- in test tube assays, in cell culture, colonies at the end of 2 weeks. Lung colonization responded and in intact animals (7, 8). Some of these functions however, can to the levels of serum fetuin-A in a dose-dependent manner, be attributed to a number of proteins, which copurify with fetuin- as observed by the formation of half as many colonies in As, and has therefore made it difficult to assign a particular mice heterozygous for the fetuin-A locus compared with function to fetuin-A without ambiguity (9). Fetuin-A deficiency in homozygous WT mice and restoration of lung colonization mice is associated with a mild soft tissue calcification phenotype by the administration of purified fetuin-A to fetuin-A-null (5). The ectopic calcification becomes dramatically exacerbated mice. Serum fetuin-A also influenced the growth of LLC cells when the fetuin-A deficiency is combined with the genetic injected s.c.: fetuin-A-null mice developed small s.c. tumors background DBA/2, which is sensitive to dystrophic calcification (10). These data prove that fetuin-A is a potent systemic inhibitor only after a substantial delay. Similarly, intrasplenic injection of LLC cells resulted in rapid colonization of the liver with of unwanted ectopic calcification. metastasis to the lungs within 2 weeks in the WT but not Fetuin-A, as the major constituent of bovine fetal serum, has long fetuin-A null mice. To examine the mechanism by which been suspected of being the active cell growth promoter in serum. fetuin-A influences LLC colonization and growth, we showed However, this assignment was challenged on the grounds that that LLC tumor cells adhere to fetuin-A in a Ca2+-dependent fetuin-A is a sticky molecule and thus the contaminating growth fashion, resulting in growth of the tumor cells. These studies factors that copurify with it are most likely responsible for the support the role of fetuin-A as a major growth promoter in growth stimulation (9). The availability of fetuin-A null mice has serum that can influence tumor establishment and growth. enabled us to revisit this problem in the present studies. We have examined the role of fetuin-A in the colonization of lungs and livers (Cancer Res 2005; 65(2): 499-506) of fetuin-A null C57BL/6 mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls by Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells following tail vein and Introduction intrasplenic injections. We have also examined s.c. growth of LLC Fetuin-A is the bovine homologue of the human a 2HS glyco- cells in the fetuin-A null, heterozygous, and WT littermate controls. protein (Ahsg). The fetuin-A family encompasses a related group of We report that the lack of fetuin-A in these mice significantly glycoproteins synthesized by the liver and have been designated protects them from developing tumors in vivo. Furthermore, fetuin- fetuin in sheep, pig and cow, 63-kDa phosphoprotein in rat, and A is capable of promoting the growth of more aggressive tumor cells countertrypin in mouse (1). The serum concentration of the bovine but not benign and normal cells in vitro. The cells adhere and divide protein is high during fetal development f20 mg/mL but drops to on immobilized fetuin-A in the presence of 2 mmol/L Ca2+ ions. The a level of f0.60 mg/mL in the adult serum (2). The fetal levels in binding of fetuin-A to the surface of the cells triggers the PI3 kinase/ human (f1.5 mg/mL) is lower than in bovine and yet adult levels of Akt signaling pathway and cell proliferation. Ahsg in the blood of humans is comparable to the bovine blood levels at f0.50 mg/ mL. Ahsg/fetuin-A is a member of the cystatin family of proteins and is a negative acute phase protein (1, 3, 4) in that its Materials and Methods Animals. The strategies for producing fetuin-A null mutant mice were as described (5). The original null mutant strain 129,B6,Ahsgtm,Mbl was crossed to pure-bred C57BL/6 mice from a commercial breeder (Charles River, Requests for reprints: Josiah Ochieng, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208. Phone: 615-327-6119; Fax: 615-327-6442; E-mail: [email protected]. Sulzfeld, Germany) for five successive generations resulting in the strain I2005 American Association for Cancer Research. B6,Ahsgtm1Wja according to Institute for Laboratory Animal Research www.aacrjournals.org 499 Cancer Res 2005; 65: (2). January 15, 2005 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 24, 2021. © 2005 American Association for Cancer Research. Cancer Research nomenclature. Animals used in this study originated from sibling crosses of tumor growth monitored and measured for up to 7 weeks. The length and heterozygous offspring of the fifth back-cross (>99.9% pure C57BL/6 genetic width (in mm) of the tumors were measured by Verner Caliper and tumor background). Littermate homozygous B6,AhsgÀ/À and B6,Ahsg+/+ mice were volume determined as 0.5 Â width2 Â length. used. All animal experiments conformed to established procedures and were Adhesion of Cells to Fetuin-A–Coated Wells. Cells (4 Â 104 cells approved by the local animal experimentation review board. per well) were allowed to adhere to microtiter wells coated with 100 AL For genotyping during mouse breeding, DNA was obtained by proteinase of 0.5% fetuin-A or asialofetuin-A in serum-free medium in the absence and K digestion and extraction of tail biopsies taken at the time of weaning as presence of Ca2+ ions. After 1 to 2 hours of incubation, the nonadherent cells described. The identity of animals was confirmed by PCR analysis. WT– were washed off using the same medium and the adherent cells fixed with specific primers were Fet1: 5V-GAGACTGTGACTTCCACATCC-3V and Fet2: 5% glutaraldehyde in PBS followed by staining with crystal violet and pho- 5V-GGTTCCATTATTCTGTGTGTTG-3V, whereas the null mutant tographed. To the stained cells in the microtiter wells, 100 AL of 0.1 mol/L (knockout) primers were Neo1: 5V-ATCTCCTGTCATCTCACCTTGC-3V and acetic acid were added per well and the absorbance of the eluted stain was Neo2: 5V-ACCCCACCCCCACCCCCGTAGC-3V. The PCR conditions were recorded at 570 nm using a microplate reader MRX (Dynex Technologies). optimized at 95jC for 15 minutes for 1 cycle and then 94jC; 1 minute and Growth and Analysis of Cell Cycle of LLC in the Presence and Absence 57jC; 1 minute and 72jC; 1 minute for 4 cycles and lastly 91jC; 30 seconds of Fetuin-A. To the wells of a 96-well tissue culture microtiter plate, 2 Â 104 and 57jC; 30 seconds and 72jC; 30 seconds for 28 cycles. The product cells per well were added in DMEM/F12 (lacking Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) (25 AL) was resolved on a 1.5% agarose gel. The WT product is a 500-bp containing 0.5% bovine fetuin-A (w/v) and 0.04 or 2 mmol/L CaCl2. As positive band, whereas a knockout product is 650 bp. control, cells were also allowed to grow in DMEM/F12 supplemented with Cell Culture. LLC is a spontaneously occurring lung cancer in C57BL/6 10% FBS (complete medium). Growth was measured every 24 hours for at mice. The tumor cell line was obtained from American Type Culture least 5 days. The number of viable cells was determined by the Alamar blue Collection (Rockville, MD) and is routinely maintained in DMEM medium assay (14, 15). In this assay reducing conditions, which reflect mitochondrial supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mmol/L activity turns the Alamar blue dye from blue to pink with increased glutamine, 100 Ag/mL streptomycin, and 100 IU/mL penicillin. Other cells fluorescence at 590 nm after excitation at 544 nm. Every 24 hours, Alamar blue used in the study were breast epithelial cell lines, BT-549, galectin-3 dye was added to the conditioned medium in the wells of microtiter plates at a transfected subclone of BT-549 named 11-9-1-4 (11–13), MDA-MB-231, and dilution of 1:20 and initial fluorescence taken using a luminescence ZR-75-1.
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