Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983

GENDER STEREOTYPING: HINA RABBANI KHAR—THE FIRST PAKISTANI WOMAN FOREIGN MINISTER’S FRAMED MEDIA PORTRAYALS Rooh Ul Amin*1 Aneela Gill 2 Muhammad Farooq Alam 3 Abstract: Using 60 articles, news reports, and captioned images containing coverage of the first 15 to16 months of her office, this study extensively explores the media portrayals of Hina Rabbani Khar—the first woman foreign minister of . Critical discourse analysis is used to interpret the data from the social perspective of language use whereas framing helped in highlighting the ways in which the media construct, uphold, and legitimize inequitable portrayals of women politicians. Qualitative content analysis serves as the tool for gauging the potential impact of the news content on the audience. Content analysis of the dataset demonstrates that Khar’sposition as a female politician is framed and stereotyped to a greater extent compared to her accomplishments as foreign minister. Khar has been in the news more for her appearance and style and less for what she has been doing as the foreign minister. Furthermore, in contrast to the national media which concentrated more on agenda and policy issues, the international media indulged more in framing that shows no judicious representation of women politicians compared to men in politics. The salience of the media frames is thus, a conscious selection of a particular (gendered) aspect of the female politicians’ political career that best suits the causal interpretation of media’s own point of view and instantaneously turns the audience’s attention away from policy issues. The Analysis also reinforces the fact that there is a strong interrelationship of the media frames and the audience’s schemata. While upholding the already deep-rooted gender stereotypes, the media keeps selling their news in consonance with the way that suits their approach to influence the audience, and hence, preserve gender polarities. The media’s approach therefore, needs to change for acknowledging rising woman politicians’ position equal to men in politics and thus, work for confirming equitable media portrayals. Keywords: Gender Stereotyping; Media’s Language; Gendered Politics, Mediated Gender, Gendered Portrayals 1 Corresponding Author is Professor in Department of English & Dean Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences at University of Sialkot, E.Mail:[email protected] 2 Author is Assistant Professor in Faculty of English Studies at National University of Modern Languages (NUML), 3 Author is Lecturer in Department of English Language & Literature at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan

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Introduction they do not occupy leading positions required Realization of the need for gender equality to for participation in decision-making. Malik & ensure social stability is one of the essential Kiani (2012) locate the issue of gender aspects of the contemporary cultural sensitivity in the discourses about the role of consciousness that academicians and media and argue that TV channels in Pakistani researchers highlight (Leavy, 2019; Van der could not play their role in discouraging Pas & Aaldering, 2020). This significant social gender stereotypes. The media priorities and development has prompted many moves for filters, they maintain, still have a robust impact ensuring equal rights for both women and men on the issues related to gender and in all contexts ranging from the private affair commercialism of the news continues to to the public and professional contexts contribute to gender polarities (Leavy, 2019). (Haraldsson & Wängnerud, 2019). The history However, visible signs of shift are there that of recent past is marked by the shifts that indicate the increased women involvement in indicate retrieval of the patriarchal system, various kinds of professional arenas and job albeit partial, across the world (Miller & market, and strengthening their position in the Peake, 2013). Nonetheless, these shifts could intellectual domain in Pakistan. But not shatter the “glass ceiling” (Ryan & exploration of the media coverage of the Haslam, 2005) because women’s entrance to women politicians’ is still scarce. politics is treated as intrusion into male- This study centers on representation of women dominated political domain (Campus, 2013; from the Pakistani political sphere on media. Dolan, 2014; Hayes & Lawless, 2016; Focusing on the waythe media portray Hina Trimble, 2014). Gender biases and gendered Rabbani Khar— the first ever female Pakistani identities continue to exist in various forms Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, the study and the hegemonic patriarchy maintains its engages with the socially significant issue. patriarchal institutions such as corporate Since research on Pakistani women business, family conventions, and professional politicians’ media portrayals is scarce, this competence through stereotyping women in study will contribute to filling this wide gap in power (Van der Pas & Aaldering, 2020). literature. Keeping in view the cultural A few studies (e.g., Malik & Kiani, 2012; Zia, dissonance and patriarchal political patterns is 2007) suggest prevalence of the gender not only in Pakistan but across the globe, this insensitivity towards women in the Pakistani study investigates the acceptability of women society, as they have not been given equal in politics in the sociopolitical context of representation in the positions of authority; Pakistan in particular, and across theglobe at rather they have been confined to the spheres large. Having the purpose of enabling of art, fashion and women institutions. In this researchers of language, gender, regard, Zia (2007) observes that women either communication and leadership, this study adds have under-representation or get very little to bringing the media framing to the surface coverage with reference to the matters through critical discourse analysis so that the associated with women due to the reason that

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 space in leading positions for women leaders entrenched the sociopolitical traditions could be the due place. because male-dominance (Dunaway, For this purpose, we survey the degree to Lawrence, Rose & Weber, 2013) is pervasive which women politicians’ representation is even during the present world. Ibroscheva gendered, stereotyped, and at times trivialized (2008) explains preference of the media for in both the national and international media women politicians’ appearances over their that expands over the global audience. While contribution and its tilt for constructing a bringing women politicians’ gendered (both definite distinction between ‘soft news’ explicit and implicit) gendered portrayals, we depicting feminine gender as fragile and do not merely accumulate scholarly work that ‘hard news’ depicting masculine gender as tends either to undermine of celebrate female stronger that further reinforce both masculine politicians’ capabilities. Rather, we argue that and feminine stereotypes in social settings. the media portrayals (often gendered) have the Besides, same kind of imbalance and potential of reducing the position of women in maltreatment in both private and public life power to never equal to their male contenders. still exists, by and large, through the world While endeavoring to explicate the (Tannen, 2012; Wodak, 1997; Rojo & interrelationship of the media portrayal Esteban, 2007). Cultural representation(s) of challenging women as acknowledged prejudiced gender system (Harp, 2019) is politicians (if true), its effects (micro and best understood through the way the media macro), this study addresses: i) Whether portray politicians as the products (cultural) Khar’s media portrayals as foreign minister are of any given social setting at any given time framed and grounded in gender polarities and that resonate with the themes and priorities diminish her accomplishments? ii) Do the that the society and the era enact and media (national and international) prefer sustains. female politicians’ gender portrayals to policy A few studies on the media’s coverage explain matters and political agenda and sustain the the representational bias that weakens the deeply-rooted gender stereotypes? credibility of women as skilled, thoughtful, The Media: Gendered Portrayals and qualified (e.g., Leavy, 2019; Miller & Gender is a phenomenon based on Peake, 2013; Norris, 1997, 2004; Ross, 2004). conventional characteristics of cultural Norris(2004) deliberate son the agendathat is consciousness that work in generalizing used for misrepresenting women through expectations from and about others, imposes ascribing titles such as ‘newcomers’ and ascribed identities, and sustain stereotypes advocate that they are do not possess the (Baxter, 2018). Though women have started potential occupy higher official positions. showing progress in the leading careers, the Women politicians are portrayed essentially stereotypical role-images such as the time and typically as women (housewives and spent on hairdressing, style, appearance, mothers) having an accepted behavior (Jones, wife, mother, and grandmother, etc. stand 2016) and as politicians on secondary levels unchanged (Baxter, 2018; O’Neill, Savigny (Miller & Peake, 2013; Ross, 2004; Sensales & Cann, 2016). These roles are still deeply & Areni, 2017), and a better behavior is

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Rooh Ul Amin , Aneela Gill & Muhammad Farooq Alam expected from female politicians compared to stereotyping in the media make leading male politicians (Vos, 2013).With the political positions as an and rocentric norm exception of few (e.g., Joshi, Hailu& Reising, and ascension of women to such position is an 2020), previous scholarly exploration on exception. women politicians criticizes the media Precisely, the media’s influential role (framed) portrayals and considers them as one in shaping the public opinion and its tendency of the sturdiest impediments in the path of bias towards women (particularly women gender equality (Haraldsson & Wängnerud, politicians) are two significant factors 2019; Ross, 2004; Wright & Holland, 2014) strengthening the gender polarities. We do not for they prefer focusing women politicians’’ offer this as a mere claim, rather conclusions style and appearance to substance (Sisco & of the aforementioned previous studies on the Lucas, 2015). issue of representation of women in power Media portrayals matter (Hoops, 2020) for evince that regardless of gender a gap between women in power are ‘discursively constructed’ theory and practice of the concept of equal (Baxter, 2018) in the news no matter how treatment still exists. A thorough review of barely noticeable it is, but subtle innuendo of previous literature on women in power and gender stereotyping emits messages to the scarcity of research on women politicians in audience through mediated frames that women Pakistan provides the niche for exploring the do not have the potential to be acknowledged woman politician such as Hina Rabbani Khar’s as leaders. Despite remarkable progress of (the first woman Pakistani foreign minister) women in diverse spheres of professional media portrayals in a country where gender avenues, the media still continues to represent roles have constantly been shifting. In women politicians in gendered, essentialized addition, the representational style of and/or stereotyped. This trend in the media portraying woman’s aptitude to hold leading portrayals potentially damage women positions is still in need of revision for politicians’ position in the male-dominated encompassing leadership qualities of women political realm either through overtly critical and coming out of the sturdy circle of cultural but gendered comments or through more assumptions based gendered stereotypes. oblique, subtle, and hidden ways (Baxter, Data and Methodology 2018). Research on women’s inclusion in Grounded in critical discourse analysis different professional walks of life (e.g., (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997; Van Dijk, 2003) Adams 2016; Bengoechea, 2011; Brescoll and complemented with framing (Chong & 2016; Hayes & Lawless, 2016; Hoyt & Druckman, 2007; D’Angelo & Kuypers, 2010; Murphy 2016; Leavy, 2019) argue that having Goffman, 1974) as a conceptual rationale, this a considerable number in holding leading study is based on qualitative content analysis positions women in power still encounter of Hina Rabbani Khar— the woman foreign challenges in achieving acknowledgement as minister of Pakistan. Critical discourse equally competent as their male contenders. analysis helped in critical description and The predominant stance in the previous interpretation of the data whereas framing research is that varying forms of frames and helped in highlighting the ways in which the

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 media construct, uphold, and legitimize (age, physical appearance, fashion icon, inequitable portrayals of women politicians. marital status, and love affair scandal), and (ii) The reason for opting framing as the political agenda and policy issues. The complementary conceptual rationale for this rationale for including approximately all the study is that it is central to the problem of accessible sources (represented via the news reporting where relevant issues are numbers in square brackets) is to gain a ignored while reporting women politicians comprehensive insight into Khar’s overall (McIntosh, 2013). Qualitative content analysis media portrayals. Moreover, qualitative served as the tool for gauging the potential content analysis is significantly effective in impact of the news content on the audience unmasking the underlying themes in mass (Toor & Saleem, 2020). media discourses and portrayals embedded in The dataset comprises 60 articles, news cultural representation, which usually shapes reports, captioned photographs, and editor’s gender system and gender ideologies. opinions portraying Hina Rabbani Khar Analysis and Discussion published in diverse national and international With a desire of depicting a positive image of magazines, newspapers, and the news aired on Pakistan, , the then President national, regional, and international TV of Pakistan appointed Hina Rabbani Khar as channels. As this study aims at exploring federal foreign minister on the 19th of Khar’s trendy media portrayals, the data July2011. Nonetheless, exploration (content sources selection is not confined to the local analysis) of Khar's media portrayals show how media sources only. Instead, the dataset social, cultural, individual (social status, encompasses both private and public TV gender, and so on) variables play the essential channels based in Pakistan or , and role in establishing women office-bearers or India and popular newspapers from officials' character, adequacy and Pakistan, Bangladesh, the , India, appropriateness. Thus, the spotlight of this Australia, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom. study is how Khar's sexual orientation, The dataset extends over the period between personal relationships, and actual appearance Khar’s elevation to position of foreign minister are inseparable from her reasonableness and on the 19th of July 2011 to the 15th of abilities for the position of foreign minister. November 2012incorporating three central The recurring themes that emerged from data phases that have a noteworthy scope in her are, i) ascension to power: gender and position as the foreign minister. First, Khar’s suitability, ii) savvy and striking appearance elevation as the first and the youngest woman matters!, and iii) precedence: media frames Foreign Minister that causes boom in the and policy issues. media, second, her maiden visit to India Ascension to Power: Gender and Suitability covered in lead pages of the media, and last, Asif Ali Zardari, the then the publishing of stories about her alleged love pronounced Khar’s appointment as an affair with Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. The study accolade for her capacities and the Pakistani takes into account two broader categories of government’s obligation to give women their portrayals, which are: (i) gendered portrayals due importance and a justifiable place in the

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Rooh Ul Amin , Aneela Gill & Muhammad Farooq Alam mainstream of public affairs (AFP, 2011; Khar’s feudal political benefaction precedes Crilly, 2011). While bunching around her her Western schooling and experience as a experience, appropriateness for the political politician that offered her opportunity to be position as foreign minister, and sexual raised to a higher political position. This might orientation, the media however, portrayed also be true about male politicians however; Khar’s ascension to such a higher position such depictions are not featured in the media meant only on the merit (Crilly, 2011)for few. with regards to men. , a widely read newspaper in Pakistan Likewise, expressed pronounced her as the unmistakable most apprehensions that her career as the foreign youthful and first lady unfamiliar clergyman minister would have a dramatic end on the holding a position normally held by men. For grounds that she is youthful and inexperienced Dawn, Khar’s elevation to the distinctive for such a higher political position(Khan, political position as the first and the youngest 2011). took the stance, “Khar’s woman foreign minister of the Islamic position as the foreign minister will not be an Republic of Pakistan was a big leap towards easy ride…in a culture that “reveres the old” tolerance after the renowned Benazir Bhutto and a society that favours men will…really who was elected as the prime minister twice test her maturity” (Aziz, 2011). In the same (Buncombe, 2011). While citing Nawa-e- vein, Express News in Washington, DC Waqt, Pakistan, the Message, London based remarked that we cannot start cheering at newspaper pronounced Khar as an incredible Khar’s the youngest woman parliamentarian’s resource for Pakistan because expecting elevation to the position of foreign minister women head of government, state, and because in all likelihood she will be an ministries in Islamic countries (Crilly, 2011). overseer, and not a visionary (Shah, 2012). Few male editors, columnist, and journalists For BBC News, Khar’s appointment as the welcomed Khar's rise to the rank of foreign foreign minister was a positive step towards minister and implying to her sexual orientation building a soft image of Pakistan but as the representation of Pakistan as a country supplemented it with fear“… to be fair to her, believing in gender equity. countless men in this role have in the past While citing Rasul Bakhsh Rais, a renowned failed to challenge the military’s perception of Pakistani political columnist, the Independent, how to run the country's foreign affairs. Will a London-based newspaper passed on a she fare any better?” This was expressed due message that females do not accomplish well to a strong political power of the military on the social and political ladder in Pakistan. (Khan, 2011) and the demanding position Nevertheless, women graduated from the West (Buncombe, 2011; Gosh, 2011; Khan, and having well-off family background such as 2011)she was elevated to (‘The Age’, Khar have the potential to gain higher political 2012).The above-cited instances from the position. For Rasul Bakhsh Rais, Khar media reports underline that Khar’s anticipated possesses “the political clout of her family impact while heading the foreign ministry of name and the rich, feudal, patriarchal aura that Pakistan is t a fanciful since she was criticized comes with it” (Crilly, 2011). Subsequently, being youthful compared to skilled male

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 politicians who failed to run the affairs of the regulations of having a bachelor’s degree to foreign minister’s office effectively while qualify as a contender for elections. holding the said post for quite a long time Most importantly, her sexual before her. orientation and media-bashfulness was viewed While alluding to the media depictions of as an issue. For example, one of the leading , DAWN, one the leading Pakistani commentators feared, “Rabbani is newspapers in Pakistan profoundly condemned very media-modest, so it is difficult to the media (especially the media in Pakistan) understand her opinion or what her and proclaimed that Khar’s appointment on the perspectives on specific subjects are, even apex political position was not heartily greeted those relating to her portfolios”(Gosh, 2011). because of her physical appearance and age. It This fear reinforced through proclaiming her was contended that in the media, the women deficient of diplomatic potentials, a pre- politicians’ rise to important political positions requisite to be recognized as foreign minister. is usually not celebrated on account of their The media portrayed, “She will be no match accomplishments yet their age and looks make for her counterparts abroad…no match for quite a height conceivable. Furthermore, Khar your Indian foreign minister either. So how was being praised as the most youthful will she be able to stand her ground on thorny Pakistani foreign minister yet, her handbag issues, and do the best for Pakistan? (Gosh, and shades (Munawar, 2011; Walsh, 2011) and 2011). alleged scandals (Gayathri, 2012; Nadeem, Khar being depicted as a glamorous (Nadir, 2012; Nelson, 2011; Shah, 2012; Shinwari, 2011) woman in the world (‘Women in the 2012; Times of India, 2012)were consistently World’, 2011) was declared as “Pakistan’s the focal point of the media depictions and weakness, not strength’ and an intellectual “her activities as Pakistan’s highest-ranked poverty of Pakistan people’s Party”(Rizvi, foreign diplomat” are less valued (Shah, 2011), and “a novice”(Ved, 2011). Khar was 2012). also described as “having horrible voice, poor Khar’s appointment as foreign minister personality, nil experience, even not good for welcomed a blended ray of reactions both being a private secretary of any 'astute boss from Pakistani political arena and across the (Shah, 2012). In spite of the fact thatAwaz TV, world. For some, her appointment was the first Pakistan, Pakistan television (Sochta Pakistan, female foreign minister of Pakistan a historic 2011; Hina Rabbani Khar, 2011), and NDTV, move and “presently the most youthful foreign India (‘Pak Foreign Minister’, 2011) minister in the world.”Nonetheless, owing to concentrated on policy issues and the issues Khar’s feudal background, others blatantly she may confront or may have confronted labeled her as ‘just another feudal’ (Islam, because of her difficult task as foreign 2011), making her a politician as a ‘default’ minister; nonetheless, those depictions appear (Khan, 2011). Another reason that assisted to be essentially insignificant contrasted with Khar to such an elevated political position was the remainder of her depictions that are of , ex-military despot’s new exceptionally gendered. Thus, Khar is supposed to maneuver the delicate political

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Rooh Ul Amin , Aneela Gill & Muhammad Farooq Alam terrain due to being a female politician within preserve their identity as a female and essentially patriarchal Muslim conventions and feminizing the key political positions too. politics that is “still a man’s world”(Imtiaz, Rather than taking the popular opinion on 2011). Khar's appointment as the foreign minister of It merits seeing that Khar has a remarkable Pakistan, the media clung to the language that experience as a politician since she has served develops the popular conception (Falk, 2010) Pakistan as both the acting foreign minister through the emotional misuse of language and secretary on foreign affairs, yet with the discourses. The media in this way, painted the exception of the few (Sochta Pakistan, picture of depicting her as a powerless 2011)that extensive experience could not gendered being and her appointment on such a suffice the media’s expectations from a remarkable political position was right to be woman politician. While alluding to her so- treated as an unwelcomed arrangement in called deficient diplomatic skills, the media politics, the male-dominated arena. Khar’s portrayed her as undiplomatic while talking to media depictions astoundingly reflect the the media personnel during the Territorial media’s conventions driven approach to Gathering meeting of South East Asian politics wherein women are either not are Country (ASEAN) in July 2011. The Times of rarely welcomed to hold the leading political India reported, “…Khar's statement was positions. In case women get a chance of undiplomatic…Ms Khar's comment sounded elevation to higher political position(s), they more familiar with the undiplomatic statement must be exceptionally competent to counter of Pakistan’s ex-FM Gohar Ayub who had their male counterparts with average said that one Pakistani soldier is equivalent to diplomatic capabilities. In addition, they have ten Indian soldiers”(Khan, 2011).The media to beat the media bias through paying the cost communicated the dread that she probably of their gender and enduring the social would not have the option to contend with “the pressure that the media advocates. seasoned and experienced S M Savvy and Striking Appearance Matters! Krishna”(Khan, 2011), because of her Cultures across the globe have some diplomatic incapability. imperceptible gender norms and individuals The media’s arbitrary judgments about Khar’s are expected to be aligned with those expected potentials are thus highly gender-oriented and behaviors and conventions (Jones, 2016) for correspond with Lakoff’s (2004) findings of accomplishing their tasks and responsibilities typical word choices for women such as (Kendall & Tannen, 1997). Khar’s ascension ‘articulate and ambitious’ and ‘shy’ (Gosh, to the leading position of a Pakistani diplomat 2011) not used for men. Additionally, was depicted as an unwelcomed step on the referenced to former political record and male-dominated political arena. For instance, expressions such as ‘a mother of two’ (Khan, on her maiden visit to the Republic of India, 2011) undermined Khar as an appropriate the media adorned the news with Khar’s choice to be assigned the office of foreign personal life, style, age, and physical minister for woman politicians are believed to appearance. The daily Telegraph stated, “A picture of the young mother of two wearing a

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 tight pair of blue jeans published in local trivializing one of the most celebrated women newspapers raised eyebrows in a country in the world for everyone was doing so (The where most women are expected to wear loose Guardian, 2011). While going a bit further The clothing” (Crilly, 2011). Guardian stated, “… more glamorous than Moreover, Khar was described as “a fresh, William Hague… more glamorous than any stylish figure, dashing, modern, a swish” foreign secretary you can name…a polo- (Buncombe, 2011). Instead of covering the loving heiress who looks like a million political content of her visit, Khar was dollars”(, 2011). Similarly, the awarded “full marks” for her branded (Roberto choice of words focused on Khar’s gender and Cavalli) sunglasses, branded bag (Hermes physical appearance in reporting policy issues. Birkin) and expensive classic pearl jewelry For example, Times of India reported her vital (Nadir, 2011; Ved, 2011). The media also visit to the US as, “Pakistan’s savvy and labeled her with words such as “Pakistan’s striking foreign minister visits Washington, new weapon of mass distraction” (Nelson, DC, “to restore her country’s battered image 2011), and “First they sent bombs, now they and kiss and make up with the United send bombshells” (Taseer, 2011). Instead of States”Rajghatta, 2012). celebrating the breaking of a prolonged Stereotypical approach of the international deadlock on Kashmir issue with India (after media also manifests in the comments, “She her visit to India as the foreign minister), the could be Pakistan's new weapon of mass media adhered to the gendered colour of her distraction” (Nelson, 2011) and aligned that achievements. It was proclaimed, “… her with the apprehensions Pakistan has ‘weapons youth and glamour had been a factor in of mass destruction’. For some she had a creating a “fresh start atmosphere”, which led ‘flirting and shrewd smile’ (Rajesh, 2011) to the most productive talks since the nations whereas others called her “a definite came close to war following the 2008 terrorist fashionista” (‘Profiling Hina R. Khar’, 2011), attacks on Mumbai”(Nelson, 2011). While “a rare combination of beauty and brains” quoting, Mumbai Mirror, an Indian newspaper, (‘Profiling Hina R. Khar’, 2011)famous for her The Guardian stated, “Pakistan bomb lands in “Birkin bag”(Munawar, 2011; ‘Profiling Hina India” (Walsh, 2011). R. Khar’, 2011).She also was labeled as Widely read newspapers across the globe “Glamorous women in politics”(Dogra, 2011; depicted Khar as a “new smiling face” (Elliott, ‘Glamorous Woman in Politics, 2011)scoring 2011) with “red lipstick”(India Today, 2011) “full marks on the style meter” (India Today, and “age is no barrier. Hot is hot!” (India 2011; ‘Profiling Hina R. Khar’, 2011)in a Today, 2011)which reflect injudicious “monotone blue suit” (Glamourous Woman in portrayals of a female politician. Likewise, the Politics, 2011; Weekly Blitz, 2011). Khar’s international media had a shrewd response to branded Birkin handbag, Cavalli sunglasses, gender stereotyping and undermining and physical appearance, and being a suitable trivializing women politicians’ capabilities. choice to be elevated to such a higher political For instance, The Guardian justified Khar’s position were prioritized to the purpose of her portrayals through saying that they were visit India (Denyer, 2011)as a high-ranked

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Pakistani foreign diplomat. Being a young have been appointed on superior political posts female politician, she was even scandalized and the media thus, foster undermining (Niarita, 2012) as having a love affair (‘India opinions of women’s leadership potentials Today, 2012) with Benazir Bhutto’s son, (Heflick & Goldenberg, 2009). It is also Bilawal Bhutto Zardari that was proved to be evident from Khar’s media portrayals that fake news and the editor of was arrested instead of concentrating on significant political (Dublin News, 2012; Khan, 2012). Similarly, issues and the female politicians’ Weekly Blitz asserted that being a minister, on accomplishments, the international media ought to be more cautious in appearance and favor upholding gender stereotypes through public outfit. Being in the news due her new focusing more on femalepoliticians’ physical political position, Khar the media expected appearance (‘Profiling Hina R. Khar’, 2011) Khar to be a superwoman (Women in the and less on their capabilities. World, 2011). Further, it was considered It is evident from the above-cited excerpts that essential for Khar to be fair to herself and to while welcoming her to power, sexist the high office through showing sobriety to her portrayals found the central place in Khar’s outfit and make-up(Weekly Blitz, 2012). It media portrayals and was downgraded to the was also stated, “She can dance diplomatic symbol of style. Khar’s ascension to a leading circles round the best. But… the question … is political position was blatantly contested whether this dazzle could singe us, and our through gendered portrayals. As gender vital interests?” (Dogra, 2012). In the same stereotypes are produced and sustained vein, Times of India decorated its pages with through culture, expressions such aspopulist, the Khar’s captioned pictures and reported that glamorous, having horrible voice (Shah, let’s meet the most stylish women in politics, 2012), and Diva (Rajesh, 2012) etc., were Khar who has been in the news for her associated with Hina Rabbani Khar. Thus, the fashionista ways… spotted at the Delhi media market is full of women’s international airport in a “monotone outfit of representations through gender-stereotypical blue—the colour of the season”(India Times, commentaries such as a celebrity, a rock star, a 2011). bitch, and or someone having incredible legs The above-cited media coverage of the first (Milligan, 2007), which become the most cost- Pakistani woman foreign minister effective commodity. Such type of gendered demonstrates that even though countries such media representations demonstrate that woman as Pakistan are promoting the political arena politicians are often ridiculed in the media for not only to be masculine. Additionally, these their so-called un skillfulness and naive portrayals affirm that in place of underlining political conduct reducing as being females women politicians’ competencies, the media first, and politicians second. not only uphold stereotypical and conservative Scrutinized through the lens of framing presentations of women politicians (Corner, (D’Angelo & Kuypers, 2010) and critical 2003) but also promote gender stereotypes discourse analysis (Fairclough & Wodak, (Baxter, 2018; Hall, 2007). This is 1997), the above-cited excerpts from the data exceptionally true about those women who show that the media highlighted a bleak

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 picture of Khar’s future as the foreign minister owing to her deficiency as a seasoned Precedence: The Media Frames andPolicy politician and being a woman. It is reasonable Issues to say that women politicians such as Khar are Feminine gender being the controlling aspect usually evaluated on the basis of their youth, of politics (Wright & Holland, 2014), women beauty, and physical appearance instead of in politics still have to direct their behaviors their achievements and capabilities (Baxter, via the conventional, robust, political terrain 2018; Ibroscheva, 2010). Khar’s gendered (male-dominated) so as to acquire acceptance portrayals eclipsed her accomplishments and and to preserve their individuality of being experience as a politician because the media equally socially. Taking the recurring patterns per iodized her feudal patronage to policy and categories of physical appearance, age, issues. This confirms that Khar’ media fashion icon, and marital status as a collective depictions are aligned to contention that the depiction of Khar’s media portrayals, 80% of real power of the media is in showing people them were concentrated on her gender whereas what and how is something important in the remainder of 20% concentrated on policy politics to think about (McIntosh, 2013; issues and political agenda (see Table 1). Terkildsen & Schnell, 1997).

Table 1

Gendered Portrayal Versus Policy Issues and Political Agenda Topics/Themes No. of Occurrence Frequency/Percentage Gendered Portrayal 132 80% Policy Issues &Political 33 20% Agenda Total 165 100%

A reasonable standpoint is that in Pakistan, the higher that is 75% and the national media’s political culture has seen a remarkable change contribution was only 5% (see Table 2). when it comes to acknowledge female As sexual orientation is still intact in society, politicians and women in workplace as having Hina Rabbani Khar has been in media reports competencies like men. Representation in the and news more for her expensive clothing and type of the media that is national and physical appearance and very less for her international is therefore, noteworthy for out accomplishments, political endeavors, and of the total, only 20% policy issues and political vision. Additionally, the media still political agenda portrayals, 17% were in adhere cognizant choices through national media whereas the international correspondents, editors, anchors, and media’s adherence to such portrayals was producers for what, why, whom, and how to merely 3%. In contrast, out of the total 80% of reflect for upholding gender bipolarities gendered media portrayals, the proportion of prevalent among human beings(Norris, 1997; the international media was considerably Sensales & Areni, 2017).

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Table 2

Frequency of Topics in National and International Media Media Type Type of Portrayals No. of Percentage Total Occurrence National Media Gendered portrayals 5 3% Agenda & policy issues 28 17% 20% International Gendered portrayals 124 75% Media Agenda & policy issues 8 5% 80% Total corpus 60 100%

Moreover, the media, while depicting women considerable number of women in Pakistani in power adhere to gender orientation and pay politics. However, the overall media portrayals little heed to their relationships with the show a total alignment to the already corporate world (Milligan, 2007). Likewise, established conventions of gender disparities Khar's media depictions bunched around her and stereotyping that the media have been gendered self and declared her a fashion icon upholding for centuries. Thus, the political and paid little attention to her accomplishment milieu in any geographical location or country as potential politician. The possible has very minimal effect on representing interpretation could be that the deeply rooted women as incompetent and misfit (Budak, cultural stereotypes still drive the media Goel & Rao, 2016) to hold higher political wherein the status and future of women positions. Though, society has transformed to politicians is at jeopardy compared to their a substantial degree in endorsing the value of male counterparts. Likewise, the findings of ‘equal opportunities’ nonetheless, gender the study exhibited that male predominant issues still govern the media portrayals a larger political arena does not daunt the way of extent (Sensales & Areni, 2017) because the women politicians, rather the media portray media preserve double standard in the hope women as incompetent to hold higher political better behavior, higher moral values, more portfolios. Females’ physical appearance, age, integrity, and higher loyalty from women in family patronage, and sense of fashion have contrast to men. primary importance in the media whereas The salience of the media frames is thus, a policy agenda and political issues are conscious selection of a particular (gendered) secondary. aspect of the female politicians’ political The findings of the present study also indicate career that best suits the causal interpretation that gender polarizations (Sensales & Areni, of media’s own point of view and 2017) are not limited to geographical instantaneously turns the audience’s attention boundaries of countries, they are rather global. away from policy issues. The Analysis also It merits mentioning here that that the political reinforces the fact that there is a strong milieu in Pakistan admits the capabilities of interrelationship of the media frames and the women that are testified through a audience’s schemata. There is a strong

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Academic Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 2521-0149 Vol. 4 Issue 4 (October- December 2020) PP 918-939 ISSN 2519-7983 interplay between style, appearance and Content analysis of Hina Rabbani Khar’s— effectiveness in women politicians’ media the first woman federal foreign minister of portrayals where masculine characteristics are Pakistan media portrayals present innumerous considered vital for ascension to a leading illustrations that can be interpreted as potential political position and women are considered instances of the news stories that adhered to devoid of them. Women politicians thus have stereotyping and trivializing (Budak, et al., to deal with the stereotypical conventions the 2016; Heflick & Goldenberg, 2009) her as one way the media wishes and deems fit to be of leading female politician. Having the accepted as competent enough to their socially significant purpose of highlighting contenders. It is therefore, argued that the women politicians’ biased representation in media frames relying on gender stereotypes the media portrayals, finding of this study make women in power vulnerable and reveal that the media preferred the sexist unacceptable for leading political positions coverage via manipulating the social and through swaying the audience’s attention from cultural conventions of gender stereotypes and the core political and policy issues. stereotyping. Recurring themes in the findings Putting it together, media portrayals of Hina of this study which are, i) ascension to power: Rabbani Khar indicate that the media frames gender and suitability, ii) savvy and striking still remain to be unyielding, coercive and appearance matters!, and iii) precedence: regulator that offer very little room for women media frames and policy issues not only affirm in power to exhibit their potential the way they the media’s bias towards women in power but desire. Though the media discourse is preference to gender on policy and political relatively moving towards change in some agenda too. The media are regarded as the instances of gendered subject portrayals custodians of the public interest by making (Baxter, 2018; Bengoechea, 2011), painting leaders and politicians answerable to them equitable position of women in power with through undaunted and robust questioning so their male counterparts is yet far because as to establish ‘the truth’ (Graber, 2004). gender stereotyping is usually operational. Nonetheless, this study shows that the media Conforming to previous studies (e.g., Budak, has the potential to discern that people depend et al., 2016; Sensales & Areni, 2017; on them as audience to have the knowhow of Terkildsen & Schnell, 1997; Vos, 2013; the world around them that makes the media to Wright & Holland, 2014) observations, this present news events in a manner they wish to study affirms the media hold the real power to be seen and understood by the audience both have a strong influence on the public locally and globally. disposition through making trivial matters The salience of the media frames is thus, a worth seeing and worth thinking about. It is a conscious selection of a particular (gendered) matter of fact that gender stereotypes, aspect of the female politicians’ political especially with regards to feminine gender still career that best suits the causal interpretation have deep root in the media and the mediated of media’s own point of view and politics. instantaneously turns the audience’s attention Summation: The Way Forward away from policy issues. While playing the

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Rooh Ul Amin , Aneela Gill & Muhammad Farooq Alam defining role in exerting its own point of view rise to of the office of foreign ministry. on the audience, the media frames not only However, the data affirms that the media define but also restrict the boundaries of (international media in particular) deliberately discourse over political issues and politicians’ adhered to the deep-rooted gendered media portrayals where female politicians’ conventions in an attempt to draw the portrayals are primarily gendered. It also audience’s attention to the content they want merits mentioning that media frames are self- to be read and listened to. It is also avowed reinforcing with regards to gender stereotyping that that gendered stereotypes and media because the media triggers debate on particular framing that women in power face are still gender issues through a discourse that they alive and do thrive in media coverage. This want to be acceptable to the audience as study thus, affirms that the international media newsworthy. The realm of politics being preferred Khar’s appearance, style, feudal treated as the archetype of masculinity, the patronage, personal life to policy issues and media portrayed Khar in an unwarranted political agenda. position. What appears clear from Khar’s To conclude, findings of this study align with media portrayals is that her leapfrogged steps the previous research on women in power, in foreign affairs could draw very less support women politicians’ unequal coverage, gender from the norm driven media preferences. From stereotyping and framing (e.g., Baxter, 2018; the very day of her ascension to the position of Budak et al., 2016; Harp, 2019; Jones, 2016; foreign minister, Khar’s media portrayals Leavy, 2019; Sensales & Areni, 2017; Wright grounded in her gender and upheld the deep- & Holland, 2014) in the media. Nonetheless rooted gender stereotypes for selling their the limits of exploration of women politicians’ news in consonance with the way that not only media portrayals in this study are confined to suits their approach to influence the audience Pakistan only. Furthermore, the notion of but also preserve gender polarities. The framing complemented with critical discourse media’s approach to rising women politicians’ analysis is merits through inquiries in the field representation needs to alter for of media and communication. A preliminary acknowledging their position equal to men in contribution to research on the women politics and thus, work for confirming politicians’ media portrayals though, this study equitable media portrayals. exemplifies how the mediated gendered Certain consistent frames that the media frames could be explored for broadening the exploit trigger problems for issues such as scope of research paradigms that contribute to gender stereotyping associated with women in sociopolitical perspective of the media in a particular are traditionally meant and reserved larger sense. Further studies would therefore, for men and stand unintelligible to the illuminate whether similar patterns of the audience. Pakistani political arena mirrors due women politicians’ media portrayals exist in representation of women on higher positions neighboring countries of Pakistan. Another that could be verified from Benazir Bhutto’s noteworthy future research arena is to (deceased) ascension to the Pakistani investigate the differences (if any) in women premiership twice and Hina Rabbani Khar’s and men reporters’ and editors’ language

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