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Globalisation and Urban Development: a Case Study of Dubai’S Jumeirah Palm Island Mega Project

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Globalisation and Urban Development: a Case Study of Dubai’S Jumeirah Palm Island Mega Project University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE & MATHEMATICS SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY Globalisation and Urban Development: A Case Study of Dubai’s Jumeirah Palm Island Mega Project By Ibrahim Abdul Rahman Al Darmaki Supervisor: Professor Steven Pinch Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September, 2008 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACUALTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE & MATHAMATICS SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY Doctor of Philosophy GLOBALISATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF DUBAI’S JUMEIRAH PALM ISLAND MEGA PROJECT BY IBRAHIM ALDARMAKI ABSTRACT Mega projects have become an important new development strategy in globalizing cities, and a new or emerging form of development in economic, technological, social and political life, influenced by global flows of capital. Despite being acknowledged as an important factor in globalizing economies, the role of mega projects has failed to receive appropriate research attention in terms of analysis of the various advantages and disadvantages that they carry. This research seeks to achieve a better understanding of the nature of urban development, and its implications for Dubai. The research involves an assessment of whether urban mega projects actually develop as a result of globalisation processes and draws conclusions on conflicting discussions about economic growth and social change. The research aims to establish Dubai’s attitudes towards urban mega projects and globalisation, focusing on the ways the phenomenon is conceptualized, and on understanding the impacts of the new urban paradigm, with particular reference to the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project. The research sets out to examine three key issues; firstly what are the effects of global economic factors and foreign direct investment, and how have economic factors have become a catalyst for development? Secondly, the thesis considers the technological and architectural features of large- scale development. Thirdly, it focuses on new social trends and the extent of public participation, and analyses the political dimensions of globalisation. The research reveals that whilst there are some similarities with other mega projects around the world, the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project is the product of a unique development policy. There are many global elements in the Palm Island development but there is also a significant regional dimension, as in many of the underpinning capital flows. It is argued that the adoption of a mega projects policy may have had negative consequences on the indigenous population of Dubai, which has become a minority 12% of the total population. Contents Contents List of Contents………………………………………………………………….………..i List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………. viii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………...x Chapter one: Introduction…………………………………………………………..…...1 1.1 The research topic………………………………………………………………….1 1.2 Significance and purpose of the current research…………………………………..4 1.3 Research questions…………………………………………………………………6 1.4 Structure of the thesis………………………………………………………………7 Chapter two: Globalisation and Urban Development – an overview………………..10 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….10 2.2 What is Globalisation? How can we understand it?................................................11 2.2.1 The expansion of global markets………………………………………13 2.2.2 The transformation of politics………………………………………….14 2.3 Globalisation, Cities and Urban Development…………………………………........ 18 2.4 Globalisation and the New Urban Policy Paradigm…………………………………23 2.4.1 Mega Projects and “Exceptionality” as a Leitmotif of NUP…………...…27 2.5 Dimensions of Globalisation……………………………………………………...29 2.5.1 The Economic Dimension………………………………………………...30 2.5.2 Technological Transformation……………………………………………36 2.5.3 The Social Impact of Globalisation……………………………………….40 2.5.4 The Political Dimension ………………………………………………….43 2.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...47 Chapter three: Urban Mega projects………………………………………………….48 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….48 3.2 Urban Mega Projects as a Response to Globalisation ……………………………49 3.3 Background to Urban Mega Projects……………………………………………..51 i Contents 3.4 Definitions of Mega-Projects……………………………………………………..54 3.5 The Distinctive Characteristics of Mega Projects………………………………...56 3.6 Risk Considerations ……………………………………………………………...60 3.7 Strategic Considerations and Lessons Gained ……………………………………63 3.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...66 Chapter four: Methodology…………………………………………………………….68 4.1 Qualitative Methods………………………………………………………………69 4.2 Mega Project Case Studies………………………………………………………..70 4.3 Source of Data ……………………………………………………………………71 4.3.1 Semi-Structured Interviews …………………………………………………72 4.3.2 Collecting Secondary Data…………………………………………………..80 4.4 Concluding Summary……………………………………………………………..82 Chapter five: City Planning and Urban Development………………………….…….84 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………84 5.2 The History of the Emirate of Dubai……………………………………………...84 5.2.1 The End of Lanja, the Beginning of Dubai ………………………………..87 5.3 Analysis of Urban Development ………………………………………………...88 5.3.1 Before 1822………………………………………………………………...89 5.3.2 Between 1822-1935………………………………………………………..90 5.3.3 Between 1935-1960………………………………………………………..91 5.3.4 Between 1960-1975………………………………………………………..92 5.3.5 Between 1975-1985………………………………………………………..94 5.3.6 Between 1985-2000………………………………………………………..97 5.3.7 Between 2000-2007………………………………………………………..98 5.4 City Planning……………………………………………………………………...101 5.4.1 The First Plan (1959) ……………………………………………………..103 5.4.2 The Second Plan (1971)…………………………………………………..104 5.4.3 The Third Plan (1985)………………..…………………………………...105 5.4.4 The Structure Plan for the Period 1993-2012…………………………….106 ii Contents 5.4.5 The Strategic Plan for the Urban Growth of the Emirate of Dubai (1998-2050)……………………………………………………………...107 5.5 The Case Study of Jumeirah Palm Island (JPI) Mega Project…………………...109 5.5.1 How JPI was Planned, Designed and Implemented……………………...114 5.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..121 Chapter six: The Economic Dimension of Globalisation on JPI……………………123 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...123 6.2 The Race to be a Global City……………………………………………………123 6.3 Analysing the Economic Situation in Dubai…………………………………….129 6.4 Understanding the Motivation to Attract FDIs………………………………….139 6.5 The Input of Foreign Investments in Dubai……………………………………..142 6.6 FDI and the Development of JPI………………………………………………..146 6.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………158 Chapter seven: The Technological Dimension of Globalisation……………………161 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...161 7.2 The Effects of Technology on Dubai’s Mega Projects………………………….163 7.2.1 Upgrading the Technological Basis…………………………………….163 7.2.2 The Growth of Technology and the Construction Market……………...166 7.2.3 Technology and its Effects on Dubai Mega Projects…………………...169 7.3 The Compulsion of the Iconic, the New and the Big in Architecture…………...171 7.4 The Influx of Global Architectural Firms……………………………………….180 7.5 Local Identity in Global Architecture: Global Design and Local Production…..188 7.5.1 Local Identity as a Source of Dubai’s Icons……………………………189 7.6 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...191 Chapter eight: The Social Dimension of Globalisation……………………………..193 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..193 8.2 The Social and Cultural Context………………………………………………..194 8.3 Co-existence of Cultures in Dubai…………………………………..…………..203 8.4 Urban Mega Projects and Fragmentation……………………………………….206 iii Contents 8.5 UMPs: The Beginning of a New Era of Economic Development or the Beginning of New Social Conflicts?.......................................................................................211 8.6 New Divisions of Labour………………………………………………………..216 8.7 Local Community Reflections and their Satisfaction……………………………221 8.8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….225 Chapter nine: The Political Dimension of Globalisation……………………………227 9.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...227 9.2 The National Political context…………………………………………………..227 9.2.1 Historical overview……………………………………………………..227 9.2.2 UAE Political Components…………………………………………….231 9.2.3 Dubai as a Model of a Local Government Legislative Framework for Urban Mega Projects…………………………………………………..236 9.3 The Uncertainties of the Internal Political Situation…………………………...239 9.4 Global and Regional Politics...............................................................................245 9.4.1 Regional Risks, Terrorism and Sectarianism.........................................246 9.5 The Risk to the JPI Project and other Major Projects.........................................251
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