Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2019, Article ID 6191505, 27 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6191505

Review Article An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of , Their Uses, and Phytochemistry

Abdul Waheed Khan ,1 Arif-ullah Khan ,2 Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah,3 Aziz Ullah,4 Muhammad Faheem ,2 and Muhammad Saleem2

1 Department of , University of Lahore, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan 3Department of Pharmacy, University of , , Pakistan 4Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Arif-ullah Khan; [email protected]

Received 12 November 2018; Revised 14 January 2019; Accepted 5 February 2019; Published 3 March 2019

Guest Editor: Jos´e C. T. Carvalho

Copyright © 2019 Abdul Waheed Khan et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background. Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most efective by the native people. Methods. Te data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. Results. A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were efective in neurological afections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzafarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant’s habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and fowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease’stypes, 45.63% were found to be efective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. Conclusion. Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. Tis study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.

1. Introduction are more than six hundred neurological diseases, some of which are relatively common and well known while others are Globally, neurological diseases are among the major contrib- rare or poorly recognized [2]. Demographic, socioeconomic, utors to mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing and geographic conditions are the major factors afecting nations. Te well-known manifestations of neurological dis- epidemiology of neurological diseases. Globally, the overall eases include mood swing, restlessness, hopelessness, poor burden of neurological diseases is about 6.5%. In lower coordination, seizures, impaired cognition, paralysis, distress income countries, neurological diseases range from 4 to 5%, of sensation, muscle weakness, pain, and confusion [1]. Tere as compared to high income countries where such diseases 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 1: Global epidemiology of neurological diseases and theircomparative prevalence in Pakistan and neighboring countries.

Migraine Stroke Epilepsy Depression Anxiety Parkinson Alzheimer Worldwide 14.9% [49] 5% [50] 0.5-1% [51] 4.4% [52] 3.6% [52] 1% [53] 11.2% [54] Asia 9.1% [55] 0.94%[56] 0.49% [57] 4.4% [52] 2.8% [58] 0.63% [59] 1.9% [54] Africa 5.61% [60] 0.4% [61] 1.13% [62] 5.2% [52] 4.4% [52] 0.44% [63] 1.6% [54] North America 14.4% [64] 2.7% [65] 0.8% [66] 10.6% [67] 7.7% [58] 1.3% [59] 6.4% [54] South America 11.6% [64] 0.7% [68] 0.98% [57] 13.8% [67] 10.4% [69] 2.3% [59] 4.6% [54] Europe 15% [70] 6.25%[71] 0.82% [62] 4.2% [52] 3.9% [52] 1.6% [72] 4.4% [54] Australia 6% [73] 1.8% [74] 0.44% [75] 5.9% [52] 7% [52] 0.46% [76] 6.4% [77] Pakistan 26.1% [78] 0.25% [79] 2% [4] 4.2% [52] 3.5% [52] 0.23% [51] 1% [4] India 25.2% [51] 3.69%[71] 0.39% [80] 4.5% [52] 3.0% [52] 0.07% [81] 1.91% [82] Iran 14% [51] 0.36% [51] 1.8% [80] 4.9% [52] 4.6% [52] 0.29% [83] 2.3% [84] China 9.3% [78] 4.3% [71] 0.3% [80] 4.2% [52] 3.1% [52] 1.7 % [85] 3.21% [85] Afghanistan 0.9% [86] 5.2% [87] 8.9% [88] 51.8% [89] 38.5% [89] 35.4% [90] 15.3% [91]

range from 10 to 11%. Tis high ratio of neurological diseases Various plant extracts have been screened and investi- in advanced countries may be due to their more advanced gated for their potential neuropharmacological activities in public health system and health-related facilities that provide diferent experimental models of animals comprising mice and maintain complete data of their patients [1]. and rats. Herbal extracts and natural products including About 45 million people of the world, above 18 years of Bacopa monnieri, sativa, Solanum nigrum, Witha- age, sufer from schizophrenia at some stage of their lives, 340 nia somnifera, Papaver somniferum,Zizyphusjujube,Tribulus million are afected by depression, and both these diseases terrestris, and Verbena ofcinalis showed diferent neurophar- are accountable for 60 % of all suicides, while Alzheimer and macological activities. Tese agents can be used alone or as epilepsy afect about 11 and 45 million people, respectively, adjuncts to standard drugs, used for various neurological around the world accounting for 1% of the total disease diseases like depression, epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer, burden in the world [3]. Parkinson, hysteria, melancholia, and dementia, for increas- In Pakistan, about 10 % people sufer from mental ing their efcacy and decreasing side efects. diseases, representing a foggy picture with 2% prevalence of’ In developing countries, plant-based medicines are being epilepsy, 5% depression, 1% Alzheimer, and 1.5% schizophre- used by 75-80% of population [11]. Te knowledge of nia[4]asshownin(Table1).Tesementalmorbiditiesare indigenous medicinal plants is a part of Pakistani culture responsible for high suicidal rate. Major factors contributing and traditionally, majority of Pakistani people use herbal to this alarming increase in mental diseases are unemploy- medicines for various diseases [12]. ment, poverty, political unreliability, violence, and other In Pakistan, folk medicines have more use in rural and social horrors and evils beyond the genetic and biological less developed areas for the treatment of various diseases susceptibility [5]. because of easy access, cost efectiveness, less side efects, Medicinal plants have been used from the very beginning and unavailability of allopathic therapeutic agents [13]. Tis in health care systems. Studies have been carried out globally type of treatment, using traditional medicinal fora, is prac- to verify their efcacy and some of the fndings have led ticed regularly in homes and transferred from generation to the production of plant-based medicines. Due to limited to generation as a cultural virtue. However, this tradition access to modern medicine, the local population uses medic- and associated knowledge are diminishing rapidly due to inal plants to treat most diseases [6, 7]. Recent focus on negligence and less interest of new generation to receive plant research has increased worldwide and most evidence this gif of ethnomedicinal prosperity from their ancestors. has been collected to determine the immense potential of Various parameters like industrialization, migration from medicinal plants [8]. Medical plants have therapeutic benefts rural to urban areas for and jobs, passion towards and fewer side efects in comparison with synthetic drugs [9]. advanced lifestyles, deforestation, and allopathic medicine Drugs used for neurological diseases along with their side might have brought this change in behavior. Terefore, before efects are given in (Table 2). it is lost forever, this valuable traditional knowledges need to Herbs may provide a source of new compounds including be urgently collected and systematically documented for the many drugs that are derived from plant sources. For several interest of humanity [14]. neurological diseases, modern medicine ofers symptomatic treatment that is ofen expensive and associated with side 2. Materials and Methods efects. Indian system of medicine has traditionally been used in several neurological conditions. Te accessibility, cost First the articles published on the medicinal plants of var- efectiveness, and lower incidence of side efects of plant ious districts of Pakistan were searched in online research products ofer considerable advantages [10]. database, i.e., Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Science Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3 [93] [92] [95] [92] [97] [98] [99] [96] [101] [103] [102] [100] [92, 94] ABA: gamma- References e inhibitor; BZDs: benzodiazepines; BAR: barbiturates; Side efects hallucinations abdominal pain change in weight agitation, syncope increased heart rate cell death, drowsiness weight gain, vomiting mood swings, euphoria steven-johnson syndrome subcutaneous tissue disorders myalgia, tinnitus, neuralgia, ataxia appetite, weight gain, nausea, dizziness vasospasm, erythromelalgia, sleep attacks insomnia, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, trouble breathing drowsiness, lethargy, At higher dosages, impaired motor headache, sedation, dizziness, nervousness, somnolence, weight gain, sedation, dry mouth, nausea, blurred vision, sedation, dizziness, headache, nausea, withdrawal include, microhemorrhage, vasogenic edema, arrhythmia, skin and dyskinesia, nausea, confusion, urine discoloration, diarrhea, headache, agitation, insomnia, sweating, sedation, increased neurotoxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, hirsutism, hepatotoxicity, coordination, dizziness, vertigo, slurred speech, blurry vision, nausea, hypotension, confusion, delirium, pulmonary fbrosis, extrapyramidal efects, nausea, dry mouth, diarrhea, agitation, dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, restlessness, nausea, diarrhea vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, bradycardia, insomnia, nausea, sedation, memory disturbances, tolerance, fatigue, dependence, nausea, vomiting, headache, mental status changes, neuropathy, tremors, vertigo, tachycardia, shock-like sensations, paresthesia, dizziness, drowsiness, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, ataxia, psychosis, nausea, vomiting, memory impairment, and neuronal constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, hypotension, mouth, diarrhea or constipation, headache, drowsiness, insomnia impairment, depression, confusion, agitation, asthenia, laryngitis, weight gain, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, nausea, hypotension, dry sexual dysfunction, weight gain, urinary retention, hyponatremia, confusion, delirium, hallucinations, unusual thoughts or behavior, tremors, agitation, abnormal breathing, coma, confusion, fainting, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, headache, increased blood pressure, drowsiness, nystagmus, hyperexcitability, insomnia, fever, memory Drugs Valproate Diazepam Memantine Galantamine Pentobarbital Trimethadione Gantenerumab Oxcarbazepine, , , Entacapone, Tolcapone , , Binospirone, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Gepirone, , , , , , , Ethanolamine-O-Sulfate, Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Secobarbita, Butabarbital, Bromocriptine, Pergolide, Cabergoline, Pramipexole Alprazolam, Clonazepam, , Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, Vigabatrin, L-Cycloserine, , , Ethosuximide, Zonisamide, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, , , , Selegiline Phenobarbital, Amobarbital, Bapineuzumab, Solanezumab, , Table 2: Side efects of currently using drugs in treatment of various neurological diseases. � : amyloid beta; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; DA: agonists; COMT: MAO-B: catechol-O-methyltransferase; monoamine oxidase B; G DA BAR SSRI TCA SNRI BZDs MAOI AChEIs MAO-B Atypical � Anti-A Blockers Blockers Inhibitors Subclasses Azapirones Sodium Channel Channel COMT Inhibitors GABA transaminase NMDAR Antagonists Drug Class Anxiolytics Anti-Alzheimer Anti-Parkinson Antiepileptic aminobutyric acid. TCA: ; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor; SSRI: selective ; SNRI: serotonin norepinephrin AChEIs: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; A 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

80

1% 2% 2%

10% 5% 5% 14% 8% 60 2% 4% 2% 6% 3% 4% 6% 5% 4% 40 3% 1% 2% 5% Percentage

1% 1% 20 Attock Haripur Azad Jammu & Kashmir Himalaya Bahawalnagar Islamabad Bahawalpur Jhelum 0 Bannu Kotli Battagram Malakand Herb Shrub Tree Buner Mianwali Climber Dera Ghazi Khan Muzaffarabad Plant’s habit Dir Sargodha Gilgit Figure 2: Habit-wise percentage of plants used for neurological Swat diseases. Gujrat Zairat Hafizabad Figure 1: District-wise percentage of plants used for neurological 40 diseases.

30

Direct, and Google Scholar, by using special key words “medicinal plants”, herbal plants, neurological diseases, spe- 20 cifc districts names, antialzheimer, antiparkinson, antide- pression, sedative, anxiolytic, antiepileptics, epidemiology, Percentage and prevalence, from January to March 2018, and down- 10 loaded. Tese entire articles were then viewed and the data of medicinal plants, which have neurological efects, were col- lected and tabulated in (Table 3). We have personally visited 0 districts Bahawalpur, Bannu, Buner, Dir, Gilgat, Islamabad, Jhelum, Malakand, Mianwali, Rawalpindi, Sargodha, and Barks Fruits Roots Seeds Swat in April-June 2018 and collected information regarding Flowers Leaves Other parts plants local names, local use, mode of applications, and Whole plants administration of these plants in neurological diseases from Plant parts used local traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly Figure 3: Parts-wise percentage of plants used for neurological people of those districts having knowledge of medicinal diseases. plants. Information was also collected from distant districts with the help of friends living there via social media (phone calls, text messages, WhatsApp calls and messages, and emails). Tis district-wise plant distribution will help the researchers, who are willing to research in neuropharmaco- logical area, to easily collect the target plants from the regions 3. Results and Discussion to which the plants belong. According to the plant’s habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33 A total of 54 families were found to be useful in various neu- % trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers (Figure 2). rological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae Te habit of plants shows that herbs are most important (22.22 %), Asteraceae (12.96 %), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, according to neuropharmacological point of view which is and Poaceae, 9 % each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, another beneft for researchers working in neuropharmaco- Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5 % each (Table 3). As per logical area to concentrate on herbs more while selecting district point of view, 15% plants, efective in neurological neurological active plants. According to the part used of afections, were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8 % in plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, fowers, and Muzafraabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, other parts (bulbs, latex, gum, tubers, and rhizome) were Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan found to be used 32.03 %, 24.27 %, 20.38 %, 16.50 %, 13.59 %, and Jhelum each (Figure 1). 11.65 %, and 15.53 %, respectively (Figure 3). As some plants Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5

50 quercetin, rutin, and hesperidin) have been reported for their anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiepileptic, anti-Alzheimer, and neuroprotective and memory enhancement activities [24– 40 30], glycosides (like hastatoside and verbenalin) are reported for sleep promoting activity [31], steroids (like sitoindosides 30 VII–X and withaferin-A) have been reported for anxiolytic activity [32]. Bacopa monnieri plant is reported for anxiety, depressant, 20 Percentage epilepsy, and Parkinsonism and contains alkaloids (Brahmin, , herpestine, and bacosides A & B), saponins (her- 10 saponin and monnierin), favonoids (luteolin and apigenin), and sterols like b-sitosterol and stigma-sterol. Tese con- stituents are already reported for such neuropharmacological 0 properties and so might be responsible for said activities of y a this plant [33–36].

ession Cannabis sativa L. has been reported for the treatment Anxiet Others Epilepsy HysteriaInsomni Migraine Depr of depression, anxiety, convulsion, Alzheimer, dementia, and Neurological diseases insomnia and its constituents responsible for these proper- Figure 4: Disease-wise percentage of plants used for neurological ties are , , and diseases. [37–41]. Verbena ofcinalis Linn. has been reported as anxi- olytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and sedative and its constituents responsible for these activities are verbenin, have more than one part to be used for various neurological verbenalin, hastatoside, kaempferol, luteolin, verbascoside, diseases, so such plants were counted into percentage of aucubin, and apigenin [42–44]. all respective parts. Tis division of neuropharmacological Withania somnifera has been shown to have anxiolytic, plants ensures the researchers to select the most appropriate antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and anti-Parkinson efects, parts of plants having specifc neuropharmacological activi- mainly due to the presence of withanolides, sitoindosides ties, for their research, as used by traditional healers and folk VII–X, and withaferin-A [45–48]. medicine users. Tese chemical constituents of plants act on the cen- According to disease’s types, 45.63 % were found to tral nervous system through various mechanisms including be of therapeutic value in insomnia, epilepsy (31.06%), regulation of like adrenergic, cholinergic depression (12.62%), anxiety (6.80%), hysteria (7.77%), and and serotonergic activity, acting through receptor like GABA migraine (5.88%) and 20.38 % in other neurological diseases and N-methyl-D-aspartate, and ion channels like sodium, (neuralgia, mania, Parkinson, schizophrenia, and nerve pain) potassium, and calcium ion channels. Some of the plant- (Figure 4). As some plants are used for multiple neurological based drugs and which either are approved ailments, so such plants were counted into percentage of all or are under clinical trials for the treatment of neurological respective diseases. Tis disease-wise plant division will help diseases, mechanism of actions, and their current status in the local researchers to select their interest areas in the feld of clinical trials are given in (Table 5). neuropharmacology, by selecting the neurological disease, for Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on the which most of the plant’s percentage was found to be used by medicinal properties of plants for curing neurologic diseases, traditional healers and folk medicine users in various districts it is believed that the research in the areas of ethnomedicine of Pakistan. and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that Te pharmacological activities of plants are due to have potential of adding importance to the very rich natural the presence of various phytochemicals mainly alkaloids, resources of Pakistan. Various phytochemicals from the favonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, glycosides, terpenoids, above medicinal plants can be further researched under phenols, sterols, essential oils, vitamins, and nutrients. Some clinical trials and better drugs for treatment of neurological of these are efective in the treatment of neurological diseases; diseases can be obtained with outstanding results and lesser some are useful for cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastroin- side efects. Tis study will help all the researchers, especially testinal diseases while others have chemotherapeutic and from Asian countries including Pakistan, China, Iran, India, antibacterial efects. Some of the important phytochemicals SriLanka,andBangladesh,workingonplantsbasedmedicine of the plants (Table 4) including alkaloids (like nicotine for neurological diseases. and scopolamine) are reported to have anxiolytic, antide- pressant, and anti-Parkinson activities [15–18], saponins (like bacosides) have been reported for anxiolytic, antiepileptic, 4. Conclusion antiamnesia, and neuroprotective and memory enhancement activities [19–22], terpenoids (like cannabigerol, tetrahydro- Te mental illnesses are one of the major problems of , and cannabidiol) are reported for their neuro- the world mainly in communities presenting with poor protective efects [23], favonoids (like kaempferol, luteolin, socioeconomic conditions. In Pakistan and other countries 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [107] [108] [108] [108] Dir Dir Dir Swat Lahore [110] Sargodha [104] Mianwali [106] Malakand [105] tea tea water orally leaves with water empty stomach Snifng of leaves sap Bahawalpur [109] Extract of whole plant Bahawalpur [109] Decoction of bulbs and Powder of dried fowers Paste of dried leaves and Tea of leaves are used on shoots is applied on head Powder of leaves are taken Decoction of root to make Decoction of bark to make mixed with water and used Powder of roots taken with narcotic Sedative Epilepsy Epilepsy Hysteria Insomnia Nerve tonic and Anxiety Insomnia and Neuralgia and Nervine, mania and Depression, Migraine Hysteria and Epilepsy Shoot Leaves Bulbs and Leaves and Table 3: Traditionally used medicinal plants for the treatment of various neurological diseases. Sirin Mimosaceae Tree Roots Ooga Amaryllidaceae Herb Jaukay Asteraceae Herb Roots Geiray Betulaceae Tree Flowers Insomnia Bargak Solanaceae Herb Leaves Waglon Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves Ayokanda Amaranthaceae Herb Billy booti Primulaceae Herb Whole plant Backyanra Simarubacea Tree Bark Phala-moosa Asparagaceae Herb Leaves sessilis aspera Atropa arvensis scoparia altissima Anagallis ofcinalis Ailanthus Artemisia Asparagus accuminata Achyranthes Alnus nitida Alternanthera Albizia lebbeck Allium sativum S #1 Botanical Name Local2 Name3 Family4 5 Habitat6 Part Used7 8 Used for9 10 Mode of Applications Location Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 [113] [113] [116] [108] Kotli Kotli Gilgat Bannu [114] Gawadar [115] Mianwali [106] Islamabad [112] Rawalpindi [117] Dera Ghazi Khan [111] seeds fruits orally is used as such externally used orally taken orally immature seeds A tincture of juice of Either the seeds fuid tea while oil is applied Te ground fowers are Extract of whole plant is An infusion of fowers is Infusion of leaves is used by crushing and grinding used by mixing with other Te powder of fowers and Decoction of roots to make extract or oatmeal obtained Fresh extract of whole plant shoots while fruits are eaten Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Depression and Nerve tonic and nervous exhaustion fowers and shoots Table 3: Continued. Roots, oil and Flowers, fruits Poaceae Herb Seeds Poaceae Herb Seeds Jai Kalu Boraginaceae Herb Leaves kdler Capparidaceae Shrub Kawir Capparidaceae Shrub Whole plant Mental disorders Bhang Cannabaceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Makanpat Ranunculaceae Herb Whole plant Insomnia Extract of whole plant Dir Beli Flower Campanulaceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Brahmi sak Scrophulariaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy Tukhmiga-rtum Asteraceae Herb pallida decidua arvensis Capparis tinctorius Carthamus Caltha alba Campanula Buglossoides Avena sativa Cannabis Sativa Capparis spinosa Bacopa monnieri S # Botanical Name11 Local Name Avena fatua12 Family13 Jodal 14 Habitat15 16 Part Used17 Used for18 19 Mode of Applications20 Location Reference 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [123] Jhelum [120] Kashmir Sargodha [118] Hafzabad [119] Malakand [121] Bahawalpur [109] Bahawalpur [109] Muzafarabad [122] Azad Jammu & head orally orally is used and fruits with water ripe fruits is used whole plant extract Bahawalpur [109] whole plant extract Malakand [121] with water while fruit’s Fresh leaves extract and Juice of both unripe and dry latex are taken orally Decoction of bark is used Extracts and juice of leaves Oil is externally applied on Powder of leaves, seeds and roots decoction tea is taken powder is mixed with sugar Te extract of roots is taken Te aqueous extract of gum Epilepsy Epilepsy Insomnia Insomnia An infusion of seed is used Muzafarabad [122] Depression Anxiety and Nervous system tonic latex plant fruits Leaves and Table 3: Continued. Oil of whole Leaves, seeds, Karr Cannabaceae Tree Bark Baily Convolvulaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy Lansa Lamiaceae Shrub Leaves and roots Epilepsy Khatti Rutaceae Tree Tumma Cucurbitaceae Climber Roots and fruits Epilepsy Nimboo Rutaceae Tree Whole plant Cheetah- gha Poaceae Herb Bepari, KasusLemon- grass Cuscutaceae Poaceae Tree Herb Seeds Walayti kadoo Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruits Nervous disorders Guggul, Mukul Burseraceae Herb Gum Nervous diseases wightii citratus arvensis maxima Citrullus Cenchrus Cucurbita colocynthis Colebrookia oppositifolia Convolvulus Citrus limon Cymbopogon Commiphora Citrus medica Celtis australis pennisetiformis Cuscuta refexa S #21 Botanical Name Local22 Name23 Family24 Habitat25 Part Used26 27 Used for28 29 Mode30 of Applications31 Location Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 [108] Sargodha [104] IslamabadIslamabad [112] [112] Bahawalpur [109] Bahawalpur [109] Bahawalpur [109] Muzafarabad [122] Bahawalnagar [124] Dera Ghazi Khan [111] Dera Ghazi Khan [111] used used used used orally is used are used for Epilepsy decoction are used extract is used orally while roots and leaves Oil is externally applied Leaves extract and seed’s Oil obtained from tubers Extract of leaves in water Dir Extracted juice of plant is while tea of leaves is used Lotion of seed’s powder is Fluid extraction of plant is Extraction of leaves is used Decoction of whole plant is Eaten as a whole or its juice Extraction of whole plant is applied locally for neuralgia Migraine Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Parkinson Epilepsy and Hysteria and Epilepsy and Insomnia and Neuralgia, Epilepsy, seeds seeds leaves Leaves and Leaves and Table 3: Continued. Roots, oil and Gajar Apiaceae Herb Whole plant Nerve tonic Deela Cyperaceae Herb Tubers Epilepsy Datura Solanaceae Shrub Datura SolanaceaeDatura Herb Solanaceae Leaves Herb Whole plant Dhaturo Solanaceae Herb Bhringaraj Asteraceae Herb Beeri patta Moraceae Tree Leaves Lawn grass Poaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy and Hysteria Tara meera Cruciferaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy Sankha-holi Convolvulaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy Datura Cyperus dactylon rotundus Cynodon Evolvulus alsinoides Ficus lyrata Eclipta alba Datura alba stramonium Eruca sativa Datura metel Daucus carota Datura innoxia S #32 Botanical Name Local33 Name34 Family35 Habitat36 37 Part Used38 Used39 for40 Mode of Applications41 42 Location Reference 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [116] [125] [128] [107] [126] Dir Swat Ziarat Gilgat Gilgat Gujrat [127] Jhelum [120] Sargodha [118] Malakand [105] Rawalpindi [117] Bahawalpur [109] used plant orally pepper used orally stem is used is used orally nerve sedative roots tea is used of roots are used water along with black Oil or tea of leaves and fowers extract are used Fresh plant is ground in and powder of seeds are Fresh juice of leaves and Extract of whole plant is Oil is rubbed on heart as Fruits are taken as whole Extraction of fresh leaves Extraction of fresh whole Decoction and extraction Fresh extract of whole plant Extraction and decoction of Epilepsy Epilepsy Insomnia Depression neuropathy Epilepsy and Insomnia and Depression and Nervous afection Anxiety, tension and seeds Leaves and Table 3: Continued. Solanaceae Herb Ghuz Juglandaceae Tree Fruits Depression Shina Phyllanthaceae Shrub Roots Kainthi Papilionaceae Shrub Whole plant Kumbar Lamiaceae Tree Roots Pitpapra Fumariaceae Herb Leaves and stem Insomnia ChanbeliChanbeli Oleaceae Oleaceae Climber Climber Whole plant Whole plant Insomnia Bulhsana Hypericaceae Herb Whole plant Ajwain-i- Khurasani Zufa, Zupa Lamiaceae Herb Whole plant Nervous afection Berham dandi Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Memory Enhancing niger Flueggea ofcinale Hyssopus ofcinalis Indigofera Jasminum Jasminum leucopyrus heterantha Hyoscyamus Juglans regia grandiforum Fumaria indica Lactuca serriola Gmelina arborea S #43 Botanical Name Local44 Name45 Family46 47 Habitat48 Part Used49 50 Used for51 52 Mode of Applications53 Location Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 [113] [113] Kotli Kotli Gujrat [127] Mianwali [129] Sargodha [104] Malakand [105] Malakand [105] Rawalpindi [117] Bahawalnagar [124] used is used are used makes tea teaspoon twice a day powder with water of head is performed fruits are taken as dry Decoction of leaves to while powder of leaves Juice of fresh leaves and Seeds oil used externally 1/2 Rhizome powder is given or aromatherapy into skin Fruit’s extract and seed oil Extraction of fresh stem is cooked to make curry and applied externally on head Juice of leaves or leaves are fowers while oil of seeds is used orally and oil massage Eaten as a whole or its juice Extraction of whole plant is Anxiety Epilepsy Hysteria Depression, and Depression Schizophrenia and Migraine, Insomnia fruits Leaves and Table 3: Continued. seeds and roots Leaves, fowers, Linaceae Herb Stem Alsi Niazbo Lamiaceae Herb Babuna Asteraceae Herb Whole plant Insomnia Tamator Solanaceae Herb Fruits Nervous weakness Bakyana Meliaceae Tree Leaves Mamaikh Paeoniaceae Herb Rhizome Epilepsy Sohan-jana Moringaceae Tree Seeds and bark Migraine Jungli karela Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruits and seeds Insomnia Bichhu-butti Martyniaceae Herb Linum annua. Ocimum Martynia basilicum esculentum chamomilla Martricaria Lycopersicon usitatissimum Paeonia emodi Melia azedarach Moringa oleifera Mimordica dioca S # Botanical54 Name Local Name55 Family56 Habitat57 Part Used58 59 Used for60 61 Mode of Applications62 Location Reference 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [113] [130] [130] [107] [126] [126] [130] Swat Kotli Gilgat Gilgat Buner Buner Jhelum [120] Malakand [105] Dera Ghazi Khan [111] used used used used orally consumed Whole raw fruits are Latex of unripe fruit is solution and used orally A small amount of seeds Atastywineoffowersis Fluid extract of fowers is Fluid extract of fowers is Fluid extract of fowers is added to sufcient grapes made which is used orally Fruit and its decoction are juice, boiled to make thick Extract of leaves & fowers and fruits are taken as such dissolved in water and used Hysteria Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Leaves extraction is used Buner and fruits Table 3: Continued. Leaves, fowers Papaveraceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Post Papaveraceae Herb Fruits Ardou Rosaceae Tree Zangali Harmal Zygophyllaceae Herb Seeds Nakhtar Pinaceae Tree Fruits Cowslips Primulaceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Ragweed Asteraceae Herb Leaves kashkash Alak jinai Papaveraceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Qash-Qash Papaveraceae Herb Fruit’s latex Insomnia Koko-kanga Papaveraceae Herb Flowers Insomnia Papaver Papaver Papaver harmala Peganum hybridum nudicaule Parthenium somniferum Primula veris hysterophorus Prunus persica Papaver rhoeas Populus caspica Papaver dubium S #63 Botanical Name Local64 Name65 Family66 67 Habitat68 Part Used69 Used for70 71 Mode of Applications72 Location Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 [131] [132] [133] [123] [107] Swat Swat Bannu [114] Jhelum [120] Kashmir Sargodha [118] Rawalpindi [117] Bahawalpur [109] Azad Jammu & also used externally make its tea plant is used are eaten as such mixed with sugar leaves to make tea Decoction of bark and Decoction of shoots to whole plant decoction is tea of leaves and roots are Extraction of dried whole Fruit’s juice or fresh seeds Fruit is eaten as raw while while oil of seeds are used Extract of leaves and roots Te paste of fruits crushed powdersisappliedonhead narcotic Insomnia Fruits are eaten as such Swat Insomnia Fruits are eaten as such Dir Depression Depression Insomnia and Insomnia and as Melancholia and leaves Table 3: Continued. Roots, seeds, Solanaceae Herb Fruits Peelu Salvadoraceae Tree Whole plant Epilepsy Mako Solanaceae Herb Whole plant Insomnia Juice of whole plant Bahawalpur [109] Mooli Brassicaceae Herb Seeds Nervous weakness Decoction of seeds is used Sargodha [104] Arand Euphorbiaceae Shrub Peelak Solanaceae Herb Whole plant Insomnia Tangai Rosaceae Herb Fruits Skullcap Lamiaceae Herb Shoots Darrona Punicaceae Shrub Fruits Memory enhancing ghinrhye Nashpatai Rosaceae Tree Fruits Ziar Gulay Ranunculaceae Herb Whole plant Sciatic and nerve pain Wara-mara False pepper Anacardiaceae Tree Bark and leaves Depression sativus Punica Ricinus oleoides Solanum Solanum granatum miniatum Raphanus Salvadora muricatus communis Surratense Scutellaria Ranunculus Pyrus pashia Schinus molle chamaedrifolia Pyrus communis Solanum nigrum S #73 Botanical Name74 Local Name75 76 Family77 78 Habitat79 Part Used80 81 Used for82 83 Mode of84 Applications Location Reference 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [134] Swat Mianwali [106] Battagram [135] Battagram [135] Bahawalpur [109] Bahawalnagar [124] such plant plant is used are consumed andusedorally tea to use as drink Extract of dried whole Powder of dried whole Bark infusion lef whole night, then its decoction Extract of dried bark and Decoction of bark is used Muzafarabad [122] Extraction of dried leaves leaves while fesh of fruits Decoction of root to make taken early in the morning and fruits are consumed as Anxiety Epilepsy Hysteria Migraine Insomnia Depression Epilepsy and and Epilepsy Epilepsy and Insomnia and Depression, Migraine fruits fruits leaves Leaves and Table 3: Continued. Fruits, bark and Bark, leaves and Guch Caprifoliaceae Shrub Stem’s bark Insomnia Extract of stem’s bark Muzafarabad [122] Arjun Combretaceae Tree Barmi Taxaceae Tree Bakhra Zygophyllaceae Herb Whole plant Banhya Taxaceae Tree Shamkay Verbenaceae Herb Whole plant Mushk-bala Vahliaceae Herb Whole plant Epilepsy and neurosis Fresh extract of whole plant Muzafarabad [122] Sunaira Phul Caprifoliaceae Shrub Bark Jungle tambako Scrophulariceae Herb Roots Taxus opulus arjuna thapsus Verbena Tribulus terrestris ofcinalis Valeriana jatamansi Viburnum Viburnum Terminalia Verbascum wallichiana cotinifolium Taxus baccata S # Botanical85 Name Local Name86 Family87 Habitat88 89 Part Used90 91 Used for92 93 Mode of Applications Location Reference Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15 [113] [133] Swat Kotli Attock [136] Attock [136] Sargodha [104] Malakand [105] Bahawalpur [109] Muzafarabad [122] Bahawalnagar [124] Bahawalnagar [124] used used as tea orally consumed with water fruits are used of whole plant and seeds to make tea Extract of leaves while fruits are taken as such Powder of roots is taken Decoction of fruits, roots Extract and decoction tea Decoction of roots is used Decoction of root’s bark is Extract of leaves, roots and Extract of leaves, decoction of roots and dried fruits are Fresh extract of whole plant Te juice of fowers petals is tension Epilepsy Epilepsy disorders disorders Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia Insomnia and memory loss and Nervous Exhaustion, Epilepsy and nervous Epilepsy and nervous Hysteria, Anxiety and Anxiety and Insomnia roots fruits leaves and fruits Leaves and Table 3: Continued. Leaves, roots Fruits, roots and Fruits, seeds and Ber Rhamnaceae Tree Roots Nerve tonic Beri Rhamnaceae Tree Muttri Papilionaceae Herb Flowers Banafsh Violaceae Herb Whole plant Asgandh Solanaceae Shrub Roots Banafsha Violaceae Herb Whole plant Blackhaw Caprifoliaceae Tree Root’s bark Jangliberi Rhamnaceae Shrub Paneer doda Solanaceae Herb Chota dhatura Asteraceae Herbs Viola Ziziphus Ziziphus Withania Withania somnifera coagulans Xanthium Viburnum mauritiana Vicia sativa prunifolium strumarium betonicifolia nummularia Viola canescens Ziziphus jujuba S #94 Botanical Name Local95 Name96 Family97 98 Habitat99 Part Used100 101 Used for102 103 Mode of Applications Location Reference 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [149–152] [137–140] [144–148] [33–36, 141] [37–40,142,143] luteolin vitamin C beta-sitosterol tetracosanoic acid and Apoatropine, L-DOPA, and cannabichromenic acid, medioresinol, scopoletin, dronabinol, cannabigerol, Pinoresinol, syringaresinol, , cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, bacosides A & B, hersaponin, b-sitosterol, stigma-sterol and Alliin, allixin, 1,2-vinyldithiin, Brahmin, nicotine, herpestine, phytin, aphoyoscine, alpha and cannabidiolic acid, , Hyoscine, tropine, hyoscypicrin, betulic acid, monnierin, apigenin, ajoenes, S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide, calcium, Potassium, vitamin B and Cuscohygrine, choline Daturamine, beeta belladonine and Skimmianine favonoids phytosterols and proteins carbohydrate phenol, steroid, anthraquinone and coumarinolignan, and Alkaloids, withanolide steroids, lignanamides, phenols, resins, cardiac volatile oils and balsam phlobatannin, glycoside, Alkaloid,tannin, saponin, compounds, antioxidants, Tiosulfnates, sapogenins phenols, saponins, volatile Constituents Chemical Compounds Identifed References terpenoid, favonoid, sterols, saponins, glycosides, lignans, tyramine derivative, steroidal Alkaloid, favonoids, tannins, glucosides, terpenes, steroids, favonoids, vitamins, minerals saponins, glycosides, proteins, Alkaloids, favonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, coumarins and Part used 1. Dried bulbs 2. Oil 3. Whole 1. Leaves 2. Stems and leaves 3. Leaves 4. Conc. tincture of plant 1. Leaves 2. Leaves 3. Flowers 4. Whole plant 1. Leaves 2. Seeds 3. Seeds 1. Leaves 2. Fruits Table 4: Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of some well-known medicinal plants. Pharmacological Properties 1. Antidepressant 2. Anticonvulsant 3. Anti-Alzheimer 1. Antidepressant 2. Anxiolytic 3. Anticonvulsant 4. Anti-Parkinson 1. Antidepressant and anxiolytic 2. Anticonvulsant 3. Anti-Alzheimer and antidementia 4. Sedative 1. Antidepressant 2. Anti-seizure 3. Anti-Parkinson 1. Anti-seizure 2. Sedative niger Plants Medicinal Hyoscyamus Allium sativum Cannabis sativa Solanum nigrum Bacopa monnieri S.# 1 2 3 4 5 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 [160] [42, 43] [161–164] [154–159] [45–47, 153] saponin I and II anferine, Anahygrine, choline, Somniferiene, kaempferol, tribulosid, verbenalin, hastatoside, Verbenin, oleanolic acid, lanthothine, rophyroxine, limonene and spathulenol Withanolides, withaferins, Withanine, isopellertierine, terrestribisamide, quercetin, Cuscohygrine, Beta-Sisterol, Somniferinine and Tropanol alpha-sitosterol, ursolic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Scopoletin, kaempferol, aucubin, luteolin, Morphine, Codeine, thebaine, IV, Lotoside I and II, Zizyphus narcotisline and papaveramine norharmane and tribulusterine Tigogenin, neotigogenin, rutin, meconidine, codmine, neoprene, -sitosterol, stigmasterols, harmane, chlorogenin, cafeoyl, ruscogenin, Zizybeoside I and II, Chryseoriol, noscapine, papaverine, Salutarifne, verbascoside, apigenin, scutellarein, Swertisin, Quercetin, Jujubasaponin � tannins nucleosides compounds saponins and iron acids, phenolic acids, Saponins, favonoids, Alkaloids, favonoids, acids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and Phytosterols, Terpenoids, vitamins, total sugars and phytosterols and phenolic diterpenes, proteins, amino Phytochemical Constituents Chemical Compounds Identifed References Alkaloids, steroidal lactones, Triterpenic acids, favonoids, saponins, cerebrosides, amino Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, Flavanoids and Carbohydrates Table 4: Continued. Part used 1. Whole plant 2. Roots 3. Stems and roots 1. Leaves 2. Whole plant 3. Whole plant 1. Leaves 2. Whole plant 1. Seeds 2. Leaves 3. Fruits Pharmacological Properties 1. Anti-Parkinson 2. Anxiolytic and antidepressant 3. Anticonvulsant 1. Anxiolytic 2. Antidepressant 3. Sedative 1. Antidepressant 2.Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sedative 1. Anticonvulsant 1. Seeds 1. Sedative and hypnotic 2. Anxiolytic 3. Anti-seizure Plants Papaver Verbena Tribulus terrestris Withania ofcinalis somnifera Medicinal somniferum Ziziphus jujube S.# 6 7 8 9 10 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [17–21] [172, 173] [169–171] [174–176] [165–168] [15, 16, 177] -pinene, � -sitosterol, � -pinene, Flavone -sitosterol � � l-stachydrine -terpineol, linalyl acetate, and ferulic acid � cineol and geranial Capparine, cappariline, Melatonin and serotonin capparinine, capparidisine, capparisine, lebbecacidin, friedelin, and atropine, daturabietatriene, Colocynthin, colocynthein, Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, codonocarpine, Capric acid, Albizia saponins A, B and C, daturasterol,, b-sitosterol and Limonene, Gramine, favone, apigenin and albizinin, melacacidin, catechin cadabacine, quercetin and rutin colocynthetin, Cucurbitane type acetate geranyl, nerolidol, acetate luteolin, favonolignans, saponins triterpen glycoside, quercetin and neryl, farnesol, sabinene, myrcene, , glycosides terpenoids ascorbic acid ascorbic acid favanoids, steroids, Phenols, favonoids, Alkaloids, glycosides, Alkaloids, favonoids, saponins; steroids and terpenoids and steroid phenols and fatty acids glycosides, saponosides, terpenoids, essential oils, reducing sugars, tannins, Carbohydrates, alkaloids, Phenolic compounds and acids, gums and mucilage carotenoids, citric acid and glycosides, saponins, amino Phytochemical Constituents Chemical Compounds Identifed References Alkaloids, resins, favonoids, terpenoids, sterols, favanoids, Alkaloids, favonoids, phenols, Table 4: Continued. Part used 1. Leaves 2. Leaves 1. Flowers and fruits 1. Essential oil of leaves 2. Essential oil of leaves 1. Seeds 2. Whole plant 1. Fruits 2. Fruits 1. Leaves 2. Seeds Pharmacological Properties 1. Anticonvulsant 2. Nootropic and anxiolytic 1. Sedative and anticonvulsant 1. Anticonvulsant 2. Sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressant 1. Antidepressant 2. Anxiolytic 1. Anticonvulsant 2. Antidepressant 1. Antiepileptic 2. Sedative and hypnotics Plants decidua Citrullus Capparis Medicinal colocynthis Citrus limon Avena sativa Datura metel Albizia lebbeck S.# 11 12 13 14 15 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19 [29–31] [22–28] [181–184] [185–188] [32, 178–180] adrenaline daucosterol catechin and -sitosterol, testosterone, -caryophyllene and neral, � Hyperoside, adhyperforin Catechin, rutin, quercetin -rutinoside, oleuropein and kaempferol, anthocyanins, -primeveroside, kaempferol, � epicatechin, estriol, luteolin tocopherols and isofavones Kaempferol, Biapigenin and methyl anthranilate, linalool � Quercitrin, Rutin, Hypericin, Rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, � hesperidin Methyl jasmonate, gallagyldilacton, stigmasterol, acid, bergapten, serotonin and and sabinene, methyl chavicol, tomatin, tomatoside-A, ascorbic quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, Cineole, , linalool, cadinol noradrenaline lycopene, dopamine, Chlorogenic acid, rutin, naringenin, proteins saponins favonoids naphthodianthrones acids, essential oil and glycosides, essential oils, Terpenoids, essential oil, acids, carbohydrates and glycosides, Steroids, fatty polyphenols, tannins and favonoids, phenolics and proanthocyanidins, amino bifavones, acids, pectin, indoleamines, Phenylpropanes, favonoids, Phytochemical Constituents Chemical Compounds Identifed References Coumarins, steroids, cardiac carbohydrates, ellagitannins, favonoids, tannins, saponin, tannins, sterols, polyphenols, Flavonoids, glycosides, amino anthocyanins and triterpenoid Table 4: Continued. Part used 1. Essential oil 2. Leaves 3. Aerial parts 4. Leaves 1. Flowers 2. Flowers and leaves 3. Whole plant 4. Flowers and leaves 5. Flowers 6. Flowers 1. Essential oil of plant 2. Leaves 1. Fruits 2. Dried fruit extract 3. Dried fruit extract 4. Seeds 1. Fruits 2. Leaves 3. Fruits 4. Fruit’s peel Pharmacological Properties 1. Antidepressant 2. Anticonvulsant 3. Anxiolytic and sedative 4. Enhance memory retention 1. Antidepressant 2. Anti-Parkinson 3. Neuroprotective 4. Anticonvulsant 5. Anti-Alzheimer 6. Anxiolytic and sedative 1. Antidepressant 2. Anticonvulsant 1. Antidepressant 2. Anticonvulsant 3. Memory enhancement 4. Anti-Parkinson 1. Antidepressant 2. Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant 3. Anti-Alzheimer 4. Memory enhancement Plants Punica Ocimum granatum basilicum Jasminum Medicinal esculentum perforatum Hypericum Lycopersicon grandiforum S.# 17 18 19 20 21 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine [191] [193] [193] [193] [189] [195] [190] [190] [194] capsacin) mg/kg/day 25mg/ml + THC27mg/ml) Epidiolex as 5- 10 Sativex Spray (CBD Qutenza as Patch (179mg line; AChEI: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; CBD: cannabidiol; phase II phase II phase II preclinical preclinical approved in China Development stage Trade Name Reference FDA approved, 2018 FDA approved, 2010 FDA approved, 2004 Razadyne as 8-12 mg BD [192] plaques formation and promote decomposition antagonism Mechanism � : amyloid beta. � MAO inhibitor � TRPV1 activator glutamate toxicity A Anti-amyloid, AChEI nicotinic ACh receptor and neuronal inhibition AChEI, inhibits NMDA and agonist, NMDA AChEI, allosteric modulation of Breakdown of neurotoxic fbrils, CB1 and CB2 receptor activation FDA approved, 2005 allowing amyloid peptides to clear the body rather than form amyloid Modulation of intracellular calcium Reduces A pain Chronic neuralgia Postherpetic Neuropathic Vitaceae Alzheimer Rubiaceae Parkinson Cornaceae Alzheimer Solanaceae Cannabaceae Epilepsy Cannabaceae Apocynaceae Parkinson Huperziaceae Alzheimer Zingiberaceae Dementia Amaryllidaceae Alzheimer Table 5: Te diferent phytochemicals efective in various neurological diseases and their current clinical phase status. L. longa iboga sativa nivalis serrata Cornus sativa L. Huperzia forida L. Cannabis Cannabis Curcuma annum L. umbellate Capsicum Galanthus Psychotria Tabernanthe Vitis vinifera Sr # Phytochemicals1 Source2 Cannabidiol 3 Cannabidol Family4Curcumin 5Galantamine Disease 6HuperzineA 7Ibogaine 89Resveratrol Psychollatine 10 Scyllo-Inositol FDA: food and drug administration; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; CB1 and CB2: receptor type 1 & type 2; Ach: acetylcho THC: tetrahydrocannabinol; BD: bis in die; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; MAO: monoamine oxidase; A Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21 of this region, there is no accurate and up to date record and Ms Rubia Anwar for their continuous support in the of the neurological ailments. In order to fnd any treatment dissemination and collection of the questionnaires in various for these diseases, frst realistic survey would be required districts of Pakistan. to fnd out the exact percentage of various neurological diseases. Being an alarming psychiatric problem, Alzheimer References opens a new area of research, afecting an enormous part of world population, but it is still untreatable. A lot of [1] G.Hussain,H.Anwar,A.Shahzadetal.,“Neurologicaldisorder attempts have been conducted but still there is no such burden in faisalabad, punjab-pakistan: data from the major drug that can either slow or stop the process of Alzheimer tertiary carecenters of the city,” Pakistan Journal of Neurological disease. Allopathic medicines are available for psychological Sciences (PJNS),vol.12,no.3,pp.3–10,2017. diseases including anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Parkison, [2] S. 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For this purpose, this study is a gif hospital,” BMC Research Notes,vol.10,no.1,p.545,2017. for researchers who have interest to design and perform [5]W.H.Organization,Neurological Disorders: Public Health research based activities in the feld of neuropharmacology Challenges, World Health Organization, 2006. by evaluating the unexplored medicinal plants mentioned [6] A. Sofowora, E. Ogunbodede, and A. Onayade, “Te role here for their folkloric uses, determining its mechanistic and place of medicinal plants in the strategies for disease pathways and identifying chemical constituents responsible prevention,” Te African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines,vol.10,no.5,pp.210–229,2013. for therapeutic efects. [7] N. H. Rakotoarivelo, F. Rakotoarivony, A. V. Ramarosandratana et al., “Medicinal plants used to treat the most frequent Data Availability diseases encountered in Ambalabe rural community, Eastern Madagascar,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,vol. No personal data was collected from the interviewees and 11,no.1,p.68,2015. therefore no such data is kept or shared in any form. [8]J.S.C.J´unior, A. B. Ferraz, T. O. Sousa et al., “Investigation of biological activities of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of platonia insignis mart. seed,” Basic & Clinical Consent Pharmacology & Toxicology,vol.112,no.1,pp.34–41,2013. Prior informed consent was obtained from all participants [9] M. Govindappa, “A review on role of plant (s) extracts and before conducting interviews. Tis manuscript does not its phytochemicals for the management of diabetes,” Journal of contain any individual person’s data and further consent for Diabetes & Metabolism,vol.6,no.7,ArticleID1000565,2015. publication is not required. [10] Y. Gupta, “Indian traditional medicine in neurological disor- ders,” Planta Medica,vol.78,no.05,p.OP19,2012. [11] H. Kanwal and B. A. Sherazi, “Herbal medicine: trend of Conflicts of Interest practice, perspective, and limitations in pakistan,” Asian Pacifc Journal of Health Sciences,vol.4,no.4,pp.6–8,2017. Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest. [12] R. A. Qureshi, M. A. Ghufran, S. Gilani, Z. Yousaf, G. A. Miana, and A. Batool, “Indigenous medicinal plants used by local Authors’ Contributions womeninsouthernhimalayanregionsofpakistan,”Pakistan Journal of ,vol.41,no.1,pp.19–25,2009. Abdul Waheed Khan, Arif-ullah Khan, and Syed Muham- [13]A.Mahmood,A.Mahmood,H.Shaheen,R.A.Qureshi,Y. mad Mukarram Shah designed the study, performed feld Sangi, and S. A. Gilani, “Ethno medicinal survey of plants from work, and researched various medicinal plants articles on district bhimber azad jammu and kashmir, pakistan,” Journal of scientifc search engines. 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