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Giant Herbig-Haro Flows: Identification and Consequences Stacy Lyall Mader University of Wollongong

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Giant Herbig-Haro Flows: Identification and Consequences Stacy Lyall Mader University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2001 Giant Herbig-Haro flows: identification and consequences Stacy Lyall Mader University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Mader, Stacy Lyall, Giant Herbig-Haro flows: identification and consequences, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wollongong, 2001. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1828 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] GIANT HERBIG-HARO FLOWS: IDENTIFICATION AND CONSEQUENCES A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by STACY LYALL MADER M.Sc. (Hons), University of Wollongong, 1995 B.Sc. (Hons), University of Western Australia, 1993 Department of Engineering Physics December, 2001 1 Contents Abstract viii Certification ix Acknowledgements x Publications xiii 1 Protostars and Outflows 1 1.1 An Introduction to Protostar Evolution 1 1.2 Outflows from Young Stellar Objects 3 1.2.1 Herbig-Haro Objects 3 1.2.2 Near-Infrared H2 (2.12/mi) Outflows 5 1.2.3 Molecular CO outflows 6 1.2.4 Radio Jets 7 1.2.5 Source and Outflow Evolution 8 1.3 Giant Herbig-Haro Outflows 10 1.3.1 Implications of Giant Herbig-Haro Flows ........ 11 1.4 Aims of this Thesis 12 2 The ESO/SERC Sky Atlas & Herbig-Haro Flows 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Properties of ESO/SERC Material 14 2.3 A Video Digitising System 16 2.4 Examples of the Digital Images 17 2.4.1 HH34 17 2.4.2 HH46/47 22 2.4.3 HH49/50 25 2.4.4 IRAS 05329-0505 27 2.5 Summary 29 3 Frequency of Giant Herbig-Haro Flows 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Observations 32 3.2.1 Optical CCD Imaging 32 3.2.2 IRAS High Resolution Data: HIRES 33 3.3 Source Classification 35 3.4 Selected Herbig-Haro Complexes 36 ii 3.4.1 HH58 37 3.4.2 HH 59/60 43 3.4.3 DC266.1+01.1 47 3.4.4 HH 75/133 59 3.4.5 HH131 65 3.4.6 IRAS 06382+1017 69 3.4.7 HH 137/138 75 3.5 Future Directions 81 3.6 Summary 84 4 The AAO/UKST Ha Survey I: L1630/L1641 88 4.1 Introduction 88 4.2 Observations and Data reduction 89 4.2.1 The AAO/UKST Ha survey 89 4.2.2 Photographic Astrometry and image reduction 90 4.2.3 Optical CCD Observations 91 4.2.4 Near-infrared Observations 91 4.2.5 IRAS HIRES Data 92 4.3 Results 92 4.4 New objects in L1630 92 4.4.1 HH289 94 4.4.2 HH444 98 4.5 New objects in L1641 100 4.5.1 HH292 102 4.5.2 HH301/302 105 4.5.3 HH303 108 4.5.4 HH304 110 4.5.5 HH305 115 4.5.6 HH 306-309 116 4.5.7 HH403-406 127 4.5.8 HH407 129 4.6 Previously-identified Herbig-Haro Flows: HH 94/95 133 4.7 Thoughts on Giant Herbig-Haro Flows 139 4.7.1 Outflow Models 139 4.7.2 Effect on Molecular Clouds 141 4.7.3 Modes of Star Formation 152 4.8 Summary 154 5 The AAO/UKST Ha Survey II: CMa OB1/R1 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Observations & Data Reduction 160 5.2.1 Schmidt Plate Material 160 5.2.2 SuperCOSMOS data 160 5.2.3 CCD Imaging 161 Ill 5.3 Results and Discussion 163 5.4 Summary 167 6 Conclusions and Future Work 168 iv List of Figures 1.1 Examples of Class 0, I and II protostellar objects 9 2.1 Transmission curves of various filter/emulsion combinations . 15 2.2 ESO/SERC images of HH 34 18 2.3 [Sli] image of the HH 34 par sec-scale flow 20 2.4 ESO/SERC images of HH 46/47 21 2.5 H2 (2.12/mi) image of HH 46/47 23 2.6 The HH 46/47 parsec-scale outflow 24 2.7 ESO/SERC images of HH 49/50 26 2.8 IIIaF and Ha images of steamers in OMC 2/3 28 2.9 IVN image of the IRAS 05329-0505 region 29 3.1 HIRES contour maps of the HH 58 region 38 3.2 CCD I band and HIRES 12/mi contours 41 3.3 SEDs for IRAS IRAS 05283-0412 and MZ 1 42 3.4 IllaJ and IIIaF images of HH 59/60 44 3.5 Position of HH 59/60 relative to HH83 IRS 46 3.6 Overview of the dark cloud DC266.1+01.1 47 3.7 CCD R and I band images of the HH 73/74 region 48 3.8 HIRES contours of the HH 73/74 region 51 3.9 SED for the Class 0 candidate, IRAS 09003C 52 3.10 CCD R and I band images of MZ 2 53 3.11 HIRES contours of MZ2 54 3.12 SED for the Class II source, MZ2 55 3.13 CCD R and I band images of MZ 3 56 3.14 HIRES contours of MZ3 57 3.15 SED for the Class I source, MZ3 58 3.16 ESO/SERC images of the HH 75/133 region 60 3.17 HIRES contours of IRAS 09094-4522 62 3.18 SED of the Class II object, IRAS 09094-4522 64 3.19 IIIaF image of HH 131 66 3.20 Position of HH 131 relative to L1641 67 3.21 The HH 124 jet 69 3.22 Deep red UKST IIIaF image of the HH 124 region 70 3.23 IRAS 06382+1017: A binary? 71 v 3.24 Giant flows in the HH 124 cometary globule 73 3.25 Ha+[Sli] image of DC291.4-0.2 76 3.26 ESO/SERC images of DC291.4-0.2 and 137/138 77 3.27 Ha+[Sli] and I band images of the HH 137/138 region 78 3.28 IIIaF image of HH 180 83 3.29 SED of HH180IRS 84 4.1 Unsharp-mask Ha scan of the L1630 survey region 94 4.2 Scanned Ha and IVN images of HH289 96 4.3 CCD images of the Ori 1-2 globule core 97 4.4 Scanned Ha and narrow-band CCD images of HH 444 99 4.5 Unsharp-mask Ha scan of the L1641 survey region 100 4.6 Scanned Ha image of the L1641-N region 101 4.7 Scanned Ha and CCD images of BE Ori and HH292 103 4.8 Scanned Ha, IIIaF and IVN images of the L1641-N region . 104 4.9 CCD images of HH301/302 106 4.10 HIRES detection of N23 108 4.11 2.12//m and HIRES 100//m emission in the HH 301/302 flow . 109 4.12 Ha+[Sn], I-band and 2.12/xm images of HH 303 112 4.13 [Sn], I-band and 2.12/mi images of HH304 113 4.14 H2 image of HH 304 with 25^m HIRES contours 114 4.15 Ha+[Sli] and continuum images of the HH305 complex .... 116 4.16 Scanned Ha and IVN images of HH 306-309 and HH407 . .119 4.17 Ha+[Sn] image of HH 306-308 120 4.18 Ha+[Sli] image of the HH 309 bow shock 121 4.19 [Sll] and continuum images of the HH 310 region 122 4.20 Integrated 13CO map of the L1641 cloud 123 4.21 IIIaF image of features A-D to the far south of L1641-N ... 125 4.22 Zoomed image of features A-D 126 4.23 HIRES images of HH405IRS 128 4.24 Scanned Ha and IVN images of HH 403/404 and HH 405/406 . 130 4.25 Ha+[Sli] image of HH407 131 4.26 Scanned Ha, IIIaF and IVN images of the NGC 1999 region . 132 4.27 Scanned Ha image of HH 94/95 134 4.28 The NGC 2023 mmsl outflow 137 4.29 Positional relationship between HH 94/95 and mmsl 138 4.30 Integrated 13CO map of the NGC 2023 and HH 94/95 region . 139 4.31 A unified HH and molecular outflow model 140 4.32 The effect of giant HH flows on the surrounding environment . 144 4.33 Distribution of CS cores around L1641-N 153 5.1 AAO/UKST Ha image of CMa OB1/R1 158 5.2 AAO/UKST Ha image of the Z CMa region 159 5.3 ESO/SERC images of the Z CMa region 162 VI 5.4 CCD Ha and [Sn] images of the Z CMa bows 164 5.5 [Sn] images of arcs A, B and D, E and F 165 vii List of Tables 2.1 Properties of ESO/SERC Schmidt Plates 15 3.1 Journal of CCD Observations 33 3.2 Source classification using HIRES fluxes 35 3.3 Surveyed Herbig-Haro objects 37 3.4 Fluxes for IRAS 05283-0412 and MZ 1 41 3.5 Derived properties for IRAS 05283-0412 and MZ 1 43 3.6 Fluxes for IRAS 09003C 52 3.7 Derived properties for IRAS 09003C 52 3.8 HIRES fluxes for MZ 2 55 3.9 Derived properties for MZ 2 55 3.10 HIRES fluxes for MZ3 58 3.11 Derived properties for MZ 3 58 3.12 Fluxes for IRAS 09094-4522 64 3.13 Derived properties for IRAS 09094-4522 65 3.14 Properties of CO outflows possibly associated with HH 131 .
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