Urbanizing the Academy
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Urbanizing the Academy The University of British Columbia’s Planning, Development and Sustainability Story by: Mike Wakely A Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF CITY PLANNING Department of City Planning Faculty of Architecture University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2020 Mike Wakely Abstract Universities are traditionally focused on education and research, yet in a shift toward more entrepreneurial activities, some universities are using their large physical institutions and land base for land development projects and to demonstrate sustainability initiatives. While a move to market-based activities has been criticized for straying too far from the academic mission at the core of a university, supporters point to the new revenue stream from land development as a means to contribute to the University’s academic mission. As a politically autonomous institution from neighbouring municipalities and the regional government, and with its land use and permitting authority, UBC is ambitiously undertaking major urban development projects on its land. To understand how UBC arrived at its current context, this case study focuses on the key features, figures and processes of property development, land use planning and sustainable development undertaken at the University. Using document analysis and semi-structured interviews, this practicum includes a background study and provides insights specific to UBC’s experience as well as highlights relevant lessons for other universities seeking to engage in property development and integrate sustainable development initiatives into their design and operations. Key words: land develop, property development, land use planning, sustainability, sustainable development, entrepreneurialism, growth coalition i Acknowledgements This project was made possible by the valuable contributions of the people around me. I am sincerely grateful for the support of my advisory committee, Dr. David van Vliet, Dr. Richard Milgrom and Jonathan Hildebrand. Their time and insights have helped to shape my unfocussed ideas into a more tangible and coherent project. I would like to thank my colleagues and friends from the planning program and from Urban Systems for their encouragement to see this project through to the end. I would especially like to thank the love of my life, Léah Perron (and Luna too), my Mother as well as my fortune of family and friends for their unwavering support. This whole process would not have been possible without them in my corner. ii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Study Context: Land Development at UBC .................................................................. 2 1.2 Research Purpose and Questions .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Significance and Interest in the Study .......................................................................... 6 1.4 Biases ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Chapter Structure .......................................................................................................... 7 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Framework .......................................................................... 9 2.1 Key Features of University Urban Developers ............................................................. 9 2.2 Pathways to Entrepreneurialism ................................................................................. 14 2.3 Entrepreneurialism and Growth Coalitions ................................................................ 16 2.4 Sustainable Development at Universities ................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Background .................................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Key Principles of Sustainable Development ................................................ 22 2.4.3 Types of Capital ........................................................................................... 23 2.5 Implementing Sustainable Development .................................................................... 24 2.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 26 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Research Strategy: Case Study ................................................................................... 29 3.2 Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Context Study.............................................................................................................. 31 3.4 Document Analysis ..................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Semi-structured Interviews ......................................................................................... 32 3.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 34 4. Study Context............................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 Point Grey Context ..................................................................................................... 36 iii 4.1.1 The University Endowment Lands Residential Community (UEL) ............ 37 4.1.2 Pacific Spirit Regional Park ......................................................................... 38 4.1.3 The Musqueam First Nation ........................................................................ 39 4.1.4 City of Vancouver ........................................................................................ 40 4.2 Regional Context: Metro Vancouver Regional District & Translink ......................... 42 4.3 The University of British Columbia ........................................................................... 44 4.3.1 UBC’s Foundations ...................................................................................... 44 4.3.2 Current Governance Structure ..................................................................... 48 4.3.3 The Board of Governors .............................................................................. 49 4.3.4 The Properties Trust ..................................................................................... 50 4.3.5 Campus and Community Planning (CCP) ................................................... 53 4.3.6 University Neighbourhood Association (UNA) .......................................... 56 4.3.7 University Sustainability Initiative .............................................................. 59 4.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 62 5. Guiding Plans and Policies ....................................................................................................... 63 5.1 UBC’s Strategic Plan .................................................................................................. 63 5.2 UBC’s Land Use Plan ................................................................................................. 67 5.2.1 Land Use Plan Content ................................................................................ 68 5.2.2 Land Use Background.................................................................................. 71 5.3 UBC Vancouver Campus Plan .................................................................................... 72 5.4 UBC Transportation Plan ............................................................................................ 73 5.5 UBC Housing Action Plan .......................................................................................... 75 5.6 Sustainable Development Plans .................................................................................. 76 5.6.1 UBC 20-Year Sustainability Strategy .......................................................... 77 5.6.2 Sustainability Strategy Background ............................................................. 78 5.6.3 UBC Climate Action Plan 2020 (CAP 2020) .............................................. 79 5.6.4 UBC Green Building Action Plan: