Five Star Hotel Awka, Anambra State
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P a g e | 1 FIVE STAR HOTEL AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE. (APPLICATION OF GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES IN THE TROPICS) BY NNENANYA CHIDI KENNETH. PG/M.SC./10/54634 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS MARCH, 2013. P a g e | 2 FIVE STAR HOTEL AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE. (APPLICATION OF GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES IN THE TROPICS) BY NNENANYA CHIDI KENNETH. PG/M.SC./10/54634 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Master of Science Degree in Architecture DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS MARCH, 2013. P a g e | 3 Title page FIVE STAR HOTEL AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE. (APPLICATION OF GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES IN THE TROPICS) P a g e | 4 CERTIFICATION NNENANYA CHIDI KENNETH. a postgraduate student in the Department of Architecture and with Reg. No. PG/M.SC./10/54634 has satisfactorily completed the requirement for Course and Research Work for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture. The Work embodied in this thesis report is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any other diploma or degree of thesis of any other university Prepared By: NNENANYA CHIDI KENNETH. PG /M.Sc. /10/54634 Certified By: Arc. I.G.CHENDO. (Supervisor) Accepted By: Arc. F.C.OSEFOH. (Head of Department) JULY, 2012. P a g e | 5 P a g e | 6 DEDICATION To the God Almighty my creator and to the wonderful family He gave me. P a g e | 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, my deepest appreciation goes to Jesus Christ my Savior, author and finisher of all things. I cannot but be entirely grateful to my father, late Mr I.O. Nnenanya who went to be with Lord half-way into my program & my mother Mrs.E.C. Nnenanya, for their unmitigated and solid moral and financial support right from childhood till now. To my siblings as well, I would like to thank Mr Sunday Nnenanya and his family for always being there for me whenever I needed them. But my unconditional love and unequivocal thanks has to go to my brothers Mr Nnenanya Chinedu, Mr Nnenanya Obinna, Master Nnenanya Uchenna and Master Nnenanya Ogonna for the joy we share whenever we come together. I would also like to appreciate at this point the Head, Arc. F. C. Osefoh and the entire staff of the Department of Architecture, UNEC for making my learning experience in the department one to always remember. But most especially, I would like to thank my supervisor Arc. I.G. Chendo for making out time to read through this work. I also thank the following lecturers for their constant guides and mentoring throughout my stay in the department: Arc. C. O. Odum, Arc L.C. Chineme, Arc. Sam-Amobi, Arc. Okekeogbu. To my boss, Engr Chukas Ezike, I have to acknowledge your unyielding concern for my welfare, inside and outside the office. Most certainly, my appreciation goes to my friends that mean the most to me; Ndubuisi Chidi, Okah Theophilus, Eze Arinze, Ejimofor Onyeka, Nwigwe Johnson, Nzelu Tochukwu, Ibe Amarachukwu and Anayo who typed the document. I thank God so much for bringing you all into my life. P a g e | 8 ABSTRACT Green architecture has become a significant part of the path to a sustainable future and green buildings in particular. It involves the practice of creating structures using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle. This study explores and evolves methods and techniques, which ensure the broad application of green architecture principles in five star hotel designs. It focuses on the identification and incorporation of green building practices within the tropics which has been chosen as the study environment. The study is meant to create awareness and enlighten hotel developers and users on the advantages of green building principle. It will highlight various benefits of applying green building in hotels and how it can help to minimize energy, improve indoor air qualities and well being of users at large. For vivid illustrations, various Principles, Theories, Strategies, and Application Techniques were evaluated and reviewed. Also, various design considerations on hotels were made so as to ensure proper integration of the building with the site and the immediate neighbourhood. P a g e | 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………………i CERTIFICATION………………………………………………………………………………...ii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………………iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………..iv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….v TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………….vi TABLE OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………xiii LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………………………………..xx CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………….3 1.3 STATEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS…………………………………....5 1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………………..5 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………..6 1.6 MOTIVATION……………………………………………………………………………. 6 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………..6 P a g e | 10 1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………………………………..7 1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………..7 1.10 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE……………………………………………………7 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 DEFINITION OF HOTEL 9 2.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND ORIGIN OF HOTELS 9 2.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOTELS IN NIGERIA 12 2.4 TYPES OF HOTELS 14 2.4.1 Commercial or Transient hotel 14 2.4.2 Resort Hotels 14 2.4.3 Residential Hotels 15 2.4.4 Motels 15 2.4.5 City Center Hotel 16 2.4.6 Airport Hotels 16 2.5 HOTEL CLASSIFICATION/RATING 16 2.5.1 Standards of Hotel Classification17 2.5.2 European Hotel stars Union 18 2.5.3 Hotel Classifications in Britain 18 2.5.4 World Hotel Rating/Classification 19 2.5.5 Six- and seven-star hotels 19 2.5.6 Hotel Stars 20 2.5.7 Hotel Stars in Nigeria 23 2.5.8 Benefits of Hotel Classification 26 2.6 THEORITACAL FRAMEWORK 27 2.6.1 Historical Background of Green Architecture 27 2.6.2 History of Green Building 34 2.6.3 Relationship Between Green Architecture and Sustainable Building 38 P a g e | 11 2.7 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE 40 2.8 RATING SYSTEMS AND TOOLS: 42 2.8.1 Low carbon standards and assessment methods for non-domestic buildings 42 2.8.2 CIBSE benchmarks 43 2.8.3 BREEAM 43 2.8.4 LEED 44 2.8.5 Green Star 45 2.9 THEORIES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE 45 2.10 GREEN ARCHITECTURE CATEGORIES 48 2.11 GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING CULTURE IN NIGERIA. 51 2.11.1 Priorities and Building Culture 52 2.11.2 Environmental Situation in Nigeria 52 2.12 INTEGRATION OF GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES IN HOTEL DESIGN 53 2.12.1 Green Building Materials 53 2.12.2 Features of Green Building Materials 55 2.12.3 Energy Efficiency 58 2.12.4 Indoor Environmental Quality 63 2.12.5 Land Usage and Site 64 2.13 EXAMPLES OF GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS 65 2.14 CLIMATE ISSUES 67 2.15 SUSTAINABLE SITE ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 68 2.16 Effective Site Design 68 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 GENERAL PLANNING PRINCIPLES & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 72 3.2 CIRCULATION 72 3.3 DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL: 73 3.4 WATER SUPPLY 74 3.5 WASTE/REFUSE DISPOSAL 76 3.6 COMMUNICATION 77 3.7 BACKGROUND MUSIC AND PAGING SYSTEM: 78 P a g e | 12 3.8 ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING: 78 3.9 HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING: 78 3.10 ACOUSTIC NOISE AND SOUND 79 3.11 SECURITY 81 3.12 FIRE SAFETY 81 3.13 SOLAR CONTROL TECHNIQUES AND DAYLIGHTING: 82 3.14 PASSIVE COOLING AND VENTILATION – USE PASSIVE STRATEGIES TO CONTROL AND MAINTAIN BUILDING CLIMATE. 91 3.15 BUILDING ENVELOPE. 96 3.16 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 98 3.17 MATERIALS AND RESOURCES 99 3.18 PHOTOVOLTAICS 100 3.19 GREEN ROOFS 102 3.20 ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA: 106 3.20.1 ENGINEERING SERVICES 107 3.20.2 RECREATION LEISURE FACILITIES: 107 3.20.3 DISABLES: 109 3.20.4 LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENT 109 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 CASE STUDIES 111 4.1 OUTLINE OF CASES STUDIED 111 4.2 CRITERIA FOR CASE STUDY SELECTION 111 4.3 NICON HILTON (TRANSCORP) HOTEL, ABUJA 112 4.3.1 Structure and Description: 112 4.3.2 Facilities Available: 112 4.3.3 Appraisal: 122 4.4 SHERATON (HYATT REGENCY) HOTEL, ABUJA 123 4.4.1 Brief History: 123 4.4.2 Location: 124 4.4.3 Form Description: 124 P a g e | 13 4..4.4 Architecture: 124 4.4.5 Construction and Materials: 125 4.4.6 Spaces and facilities available 125 4.4.7 Appraisal 130 4.5 EKO HOTEL, LAGOS 132 4.5.1 Brief History 132 4.5.2 Form Description: 132 4.5.3 Architecture: 133 4.5.4 Construction and Materials: 137 4..6 PROXIMITY HOTEL GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA. 137 4.6.1 Project Type 137 4.6.2 Project Data 138 4.6.3 General Description 140 4.6.4 Development, Construction, and Design 142 4.6.5 Green Features 143 4.7 HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, SAN FRANCISCO. 146 4.7.1 Structure and Form: 146 4.7.2 Description: 147 4.8 SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCES, THURGOONACAMPUS, CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY. 151 4.8.1 Project Details 151 4.8.2 Location and Climate 153 4.8.3 The Challenge 154 4.8.4 Building Design 155 4.8.5 Design Strategies 156 4.8.6 The Lecture Theatre's energy system 160 4.8.7 Other Environmental Factors 162 4.8.8 Design Lessons 163 4.9 THE HILTON HELSINKI STRAND HOTEL, FINLAND .