An Excursion into the Attouniverse and Beyond

Andrzej J. Buras (Technical University Munich, TUM-IAS) Schrödinger Gastprofessur Vienna, 19.10.2010

Vienna1010 1 Overture

Vienna1010 2 A very important year for the humanity !

Vienna1010 3 1676 : The Discovery of the Microuniverse (Animalcula) (The Empire of Bacteria)

10-6m

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek *24.10.1632 <27.08.1723

(Magnification ~500 Microscopes by ~300) Vienna1010 4 Microbe Hunters

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Lazzaro Spallanzani *24.10.1632 <27.08.1723 *12.01.1729 <12.02.1799

L. Pasteur Robert Koch

Vienna1010 5 *27.12.1822 <28.09.1895 *11.12.1843 <27.05.1910 An Excursion towards the Very Short Distance Scales: 1676 - 2020 Microuniverse 10-6m Bacteriology Microbiology

Nanouniverse 10-9m Nanoscience

Nuclear Physics Femtouniverse 10-15m Low Energy Elementary Particle Physics

Attouniverse 10-18m High Energy Particle Physics (present) High Energy Proton-Proton 5·10-20m Collisions at the LHC Frontiers of Elementary High Precision Measurements Particle Physics in 2010´s of Rare Processes (Europe, 10-22m Japan, USA) Vienna1010 6 The Technology for the Microuniverse

Robert Koch *11.12.1843 <27.05.1910

Vienna1010 7 Technology to go beyond the Attouniverse

Methodology

Vienna1010 8 LargeLarge HadronHadron ColliderCollider atat CERNCERN

Glion Colloquium / June 2009 9 Vienna1010 9 How small is really 10-18m ?

Vienna1010 10 How small is really 10-18m ? 109m Earth 3 light seconds Moon 0.4 · 109m

Vienna1010 11 How small is really 10-18m ? 109m Earth 3 light seconds Moon 0.4 · 109m

1018m 105 light years

Vienna1010 12 How small is really 10-18m ? 109m Earth 3 light seconds Moon 0.4 · 109m

1018m 105 light years

Earth Beta Ceti (Deneb Kaitos 92 light years in the constellation Cetus)

Vienna1010 13 Vienna1010 14 Vienna1010 15 Kepler Searching for new Planetary Systems and New Lifes

March 2009

NASA

Vienna1010 16 Most important Message from this Talk

Antoni van Leeuwenhook discovered in 1676

Das Reich des mikroskopisch Kleinen (Animalcula)

Elementary Particle Physicists expect to discover

New Animalcula in the coming years with the help

of LHC and High Precision Experiments

Vienna1010 17 Next 57 min

st 1 : Introducing the Attouniverse (33 min) Movement

nd 2 : Expectations for New Animalcula Movement (10 min) 3rd : First Messages from New Animalcula Movement (7 min)

th 4 : Final Messages (TUM, IAS, EC) (7 min) Movement

Vienna1010 18 1st Movement Introducing the Attouniverse

Vienna1010 19 How to explore the Attouniverse ?

Heisenberg’s h ΔΔx ⋅≥ p h Uncertainty : 2 h = Distance Momentum 2π Principle Interval Interval h=Planck’s constant

Use h == c1 :

Speed of light In order to explore:

Femtouniverse : E ≈ 200 MeV ≈ mπ Emc=+2224 E = p2 c mc Attouniverse : E ≈ 200 GeV ≈ mtop 10-19m E ≈ 2000 GeV = 2 TeV

E=+ m E = p2 m2 MeV = 106eV GeV = 109eV ()ppm=≈>>0 22 for p2 (proton mass)

Vienna1010 20 What do we know about the Attouniverse ?

Vienna1010 21 Periodic Table of Elementary Particles (Fermions : Spin ½) Families Charge

1 νe νμ ντ 0 Neutrinos Charged 2 - μ- τ- -1 e

3 u u u c c c t t t 2/3 4 d d d s s s b b b -1/3

u = up d = down 6 c = charm Generations 1 2 3 Flavours s = strange t = top b = bottom Vienna1010 22 Fmν ,I Masses of Elementary Particles G J mu , 9 G J Families in units of GeV = 10 eV H M K

-9 1 νe (≈0) νμ (≈0) ντ (≈0) < 10 2 e- (5·10-4) μ- (0.105) τ- (1.78) Very hierarchical structure

3 u (3·10-3) c (1.3) t (170) 4 d (6·10-3) s (0.110) b (4.5)

Particles in a given family distinguished only by the mass!

Vienna1010 23 Interactions between Elementary Particles

Mediated by Gauge Bosons (Spin 1)

Photon Charge = 0 (QED) (massless)

± W W-Boson Charge = ±1 Electroweak Weak Interactions Interactions (massive) Z0 Z-Boson Charge = 0 80 GeV 91 GeV

8G Ga-Gluons Charge = 0 (QCD) Strong Interactions (a = 1,...8) (massless) Confinement of But carry new “Charge” - Colour Quarks at “Large” (10-15m) scales Vienna1010 24 Feynman Diagrams at Work time

- - - e e e νe b t

γ W+ W+

e- e- u d u d

e- e- t t ti tj

Z0 Z0 Gluon

νμ νμ u u uk ul

Vienna1010 25 The Great Master at Work

Richard Feynman

Phys. Rev. Bd 76 (1949) 769

Vienna1010 26 More Complicated Feynman Diagrams

s d s b s d s b

Penguin : Family Z0 γ G H

− ν ν μ + μ d d μ + μ −

s b s ν Box other + Diagrams box diagrams b s d ν

s ν s G Z H Tree s KK s s Diagrams d d d ν b b s s Z´ b b

Vienna1010 27 ++ Kus+ = b g K →π νν π + = cudh

Penguin Box

Still another Penguin

Vienna1010 28 Penguin Diagram

Vienna1010 29 Penguin Diagram

Vienna1010 30 Feynman Diagrams

Vienna1010 31 Feynman Diagrams

Richard Feynman Vienna1010 32 W d s

G

Richard Feynman

Vienna1010 33 Strength of Interactions

ee u u 1 γ α ≈ gluon αQCD ≈ 01() QED 137 e e Sommerfeld‘s d d Strong Interactions Structure Structure Constant Constant

dd du uu n p d u α weak 1 W+ −5 ∼ 2 ∼ GF ≅ 110⋅ - at M 2 e low W GeV W- Energies ν e- Fermi Constant e bEGeV≤ 1 g νe At low energies Weak − α weak≈ 4α QED Interactions are weak npe→ νe because of the large mass Weak Structure of W± (similarly for Z0) Constant

Vienna1010 34 Gauge Theories: Basic Relativistic Quantum Field Theories with Framework elementary Forces following from Gauge Symmetries

Quantum Quantum Quantum Electrodynamics Flavourdynamics Chromodynamics (QED) (QFD) (QCD) Symmetry: Symmetry: U(1)Q Symmetry: SU(3)C SU(2)L⊗ U(1)Y

Theory of Unified theory of Theory of electromagnetic weak and electromagnetic strong interactions interactions interactions (also basic for Nuclear Physics)

Mediated by Mediated by weak gauge bosons Mediated by ± 0 Photon (g) Photon (g), W Z 8 Gluons (mg= 0) (mg= 0) (80 GeV) (91 GeV) (mG= 0)

Vienna1010 35 More Messages from the Attouniverse

At very high energies (E ≈ MW, MZ, mt ) 22 supressions 11 /,/ MM WZ not important Weak Interactions as strong as electromagnetic ones.

At super high energies (E ≈ 1016 GeV)

All interactions could αQCD have the same strength (Grand Unification of Forces)

αWeak In a αQED structure constants are E energy dependent

Vienna1010 36 Asymptotic Freedom in QCD

Bethke hep-ex/0606035

Gross Politzer (1973) Wilczek

Nobel Prize 2004

Vienna1010 37 Hierarchical Structure of Flavour-Changing Interactions

Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix Nobel

qi qj Prize Vud Vus Vub 2008 = gV W± Weak ij Vcd Vcs Vcb

2 gWeak α = Vtd Vts Vtb Weak 4π (would be a unit matrix for mi=0) Complex Phases (β,γ) u c t -iγ ≈ 1 ≈ 0.2 0.004e responsible for d s b violation of CP Symmetry ≈ -0.2 ≈ 1 0.04 1 2 3 β ≈ 23o 0.008e-iβ -0.04 ≈ 1 Matter – Antimatter γ ≈ 70o Symmetry

Vienna1010 38 CKM (Nobel Prize 2008) Dirac Medal (2010)

N. Cabibbo M. Kobayashi T. Maskawa (1935-2010)

Vienna1010 39 Crucial Question

What is the Origin of Particle Masses and the Reason for their Hierarchy and Hierarchy of their Flavour-Changing Interactions ?

Explored in the Research Area C of our Universe Cluster

Vienna1010 40 But the SU(2)L⊗ U(1)Y Symmetry of the

implies that

W±, Z0, quarks and leptons all should have masses 0 !

Total disaster !

Vienna1010 41 Early 1960´Æ Now

Add a system of scalar particles H that causes spontaneous breakdown Breakdown only in vacuum! SU(2)L ⊗ U(1)Y Æ U(1)QED Not in LSM ± 0 Interactions of H with W , Z Many properties of TH remain give MZW0 ≠ 00, M± ≠ while mγ = 0

Interactions of H with quarks and

leptons Parametrization of quark and mq ≠≠01 VCKM mass and of ml ≠≠01 VPMNS flavour-changing interactions possible

Vienna1010 42 The only Higgs found : Peter Higgs

his mass (LEP)

mH > 114 GeV but in SM at most 190 GeV

Vienna1010 43 Standard Model of Strong and Electroweak Interactions

Low Energy Effective Quantum Field Theory based on (< 200 GeV) spontaneously SU(3) ⊗ SU(2) ⊗ U(1) SU(3) ⊗ U(1) C L Y brokenÆ C QED

which describes low energy phenomena in terms of 28 Parameters that have to be determined from experiment.

The agreement of the Standard Model with the existing experimental data is very impressive

Vienna1010 44 But there are Questions !

Where is the Higgs ? How can Higgs mass be protected from becoming How could we reduce the 19 MPlanck ≈ 10 GeV ? number of free parameters ? What is the origin of What is the origin of mass spectrum of different generations ? Quarks and Leptons ? (Why only 3 ?)

Are there only How could one unify all 3 + 1 Dimensions ? forces including Gravity ?

Matter-Antimatter Dark Matter ? Asymmetry ?

Vienna1010 45 Hierarchy (Naturalness) Problem (Quadratic divergences in Higgs mass)

22 mH ~ Λ cut-off through radiative effects

Disaster for Λcut-off >> 1 TeV Λcut-off ª ΛPlanck

Must fine tune parameters to 34 decimal places to keep mH ~ few 100´s GeV or postulate New Physics at scales 0 (1 TeV) = 103GeV which would remove these divergences ~ 10-19m Vienna1010 46 We need New Physics (new particles and forces)

in order to answer all these questions and solve all existing problems !

New Animalcula

Vienna1010 47 Complementary Methods to Search for New Physics

Direct : Searches Limited by the available Energy

Indirect : Quantum Fluctuations Searches (Limited by precision)

Vienna1010 48 Direct Search: Production of New Heavy Particles Light Particles

proton Complicated proton but calculable process

ELHC = 14 TeV Heavy Particle

For a Heavy Particle with mass M we need c = 1 at least Epp = M if single produced (t) Epp = 2M if pair produced (tt) Vienna1010 49 Indirect Search: Precision Measurement of Decays of Mesons and Leptons

++ B →τ ντ b ν B+ τ + 2 W Standard g2 Br B++→=τν A W Model diτ SM 2 gW gW M W τ+ u A, B – parameters of a given theory mB ≈ 5 GeV b B+ ντ Contribution ++ + Brdi B → τντ H of a new 2 charged Heavy g2 g2 gH gH =+A W B H τ+ Particle 2 2 u M W MH

Signal of a Δ=Br B++ →τν − Br B ++ → τν ≠0 didiττSM new particle

Vienna1010 50 Still Large Room for New Physics

Standard Model Exp Upper Bound

ABCPb s g ≈ 004. < 1.0

+− −9 -8 Brdi Bs →≅⋅μμ 310 ~6 · 10 011− 6 · 10-8 Brdi K L →≅⋅πνν 310 ~ -40 10-12 Brb KL →≅μ eg 10 ~ Brbμγ→≈ e g 10-54 ~10-11 -32 -26 decmn electric dipole ≈ 10 ~10 ecm moment of the neutron

Vienna1010 51 2nd Movement Expectations for New Animalcula

Vienna1010 52 Elementary Scalar Particles (Spin = 0) (Perturbative Framework for Electroweak Symmetry Breaking)

h0 = Higgs of the Standard Model (Charge = 0)

But many models predict more Higgs particles (Neutral) h0, H0, A0 and H± (charged)

Super-Partners of Quarks and Leptons in Supersymmetry (+2/3, -1/3, -1)

Vienna1010 53 But Higgs could be a bound state of new very heavy fermions: H = (FF) bound by a New strong force: (Technicolour)

Dynamical Breakdown of Electroweak

Symmetry SU(2)L ⊗ U(1)Y → U(1)QED

Similar to the BCS Theory of Superconductivity

Vienna1010 54 4th Generation of Quarks and Leptons

Charge Charge Heavy F t'I +2/3 Heavy F NI 0 ::G J Quarks Hb'K -1/ 3 Leptons HG EKJ -1

300 GeV≤ mtb,, m≤ 600 GeV 100 GeV≤ mNE,, m≤ 600 GeV

If they exist, LHC will find them !

Standard Most New source of CP violation in 4 x 4 CKM-like Matrix Model important cannot implication required for matter-antimatter explain this asymmetry observed in the universe asymmetry!

Vienna1010 55 Two Pecularities of Weak Interactions within the Standard Model

Breakdown of Parity Symmetry (conserved in QED and QCD)

Spin Spin Quark or momentum momentum Lepton (left-handed) (right-handed) W± interact only with left-handed quarks and leptons

No elementary Flavour-violating Couplings of Neutral Gauge Bosons (Z0, Photon, Gluons) Glashow-Maiani-Iliopoulos Mechanism s s ZO ZO Example ok but ≡ 0

Vienna1010 56 s d New Electroweak Forces

Most interesting : Left-right symmetric models SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R ⊗ U(1)

Order of New Heavy Gauge ± magnitude WR , Z' masses ~ 1 TeV Bosons Interacting with heavier than right-handed fermions W ± Z

Implication : Parity Conservation at Ultra short distances ~10-20m! Spontaneous SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R ⊗ U(1) → SU(2)L ⊗ U(1) → U(1) Breakdown : of Parity Parity Violation in weak interactions at distances > 10-19m

Vienna1010 57 3rd Movement First Messages from New Animalcula

Vienna1010 58 Departures from Standard Model Expectations (Most spectacular)

ν´s have masses! (mν)SM = 0

Anomalous Magnetic Moment disagrees by 3σ of the muon ((g-2)μ) with the SM

hopes for the CP violation in Bs ≡ (bs) decays much larger than predicted (3σ) matter-antimatter asymmetry

Vienna1010 59 DNA Tests of Flavour Models

Oi : Observables Mi : Models beyond SM

Very large New Physics effect Moderate New Physics effect Very small New Physics effect Vienna1010 60 Models investigated by T31-Teams (Last decade)

SM MFV MSSM+MFV Z´-Models

Universal RS with General Right- Extra custodial MSSM Handed Dimensions protection Currents

Littlest SUSY+Flavour 2 Higgs Littlest Higgs with Abelian Doublet Higgs T-Parity Symmetry Models (Agashe+Carone) SUSY with SUSY with SU(3) Flavour Flavour Blind SU(2) Flavour 4G (Ross et al) MSSM (LH-currents) (RVV2)

Vienna1010 61 "DNA" Patterns of New Physics Models

Vienna1010 62 2020 Vision

Vienna1010 63 4th Movement Final Messages (TUM, IAS, EC)

Vienna1010 64 Many Thanks to my Collaborators

SUSY

W. Altmannshofer S. Gori P. Paradisi D. Straub

LHT

M. Blanke B. Duling S. Recksiegel C. Tarantino

RS

M. Albrecht M. Blanke B. Duling K. Gemmler S. Gori A. Weiler Vienna1010 65 4 G

B. Duling T. Heidsieck C. Promberger T. Feldmann S. Recksiegel

2 HDM εK

M.V.Carlucci S. Gori G. Isidori D. Guadagnoli

RH Currents

K. Gemmler G. Isidori Vienna1010 66 Focus Group : Fundamental Physics (TUM-IAS)

Senior Junior Carl von Linde Carl von Linde Fellow Fellow (2008-2011) (2008-2011)

AJB M. Gorbahn

Senior Senior Hans Fischer Hans Fischer Fellow Fellow (2009-2012) (2009-2012)

G. Isidori S. Pokorski

Vienna1010N. 67 Brambilla G. Buchalla (LMU)T. Feldmann A. Ibarra M. Ratz Contacts with other Groups at TUM

Low Energy QCD

Effective Theories

Lattice W. Weise N. Brambilla A. Vairo N. Kaiser P. Hägler QCD

Experimental Groups

Neutrinos Compass Dark EDM’s Matter

S. Paul T. Soldner F. v. Feilitzsch L. Oberauer

Vienna1010 68 Excellence Cluster (Universe) MPI-Physics)

C. Kiesling F. Simon D. Schaile O. Biebel J. Schieck

W. Hollik A. Hoang S. Bethke G. Raffelt P. Fierlinger

Vienna1010 69 Rondo Vivace !

Vienna1010 70 Future Machines An Excursion beyond the MFV ILC Attouniverse SUSY

SLHC LHC, Tevatron Little B, K, D Physics Higgs Neutrino Physics SFF SM Lepton Flavour Violation (mÆeg) 2010 4th G dn , de, (g-2)μ SB

RS ?? SK

Vienna1010 71 Bombastic Expectations of Particle Physicists for this Decade

Threshold of a new and exciting era of discovery

Unprecented accuracy

Long-standing puzzles such as the origin of mass, the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe and dark matter will be resolved

These results will have a profound impact on the way we see our universe

Vienna1010 72 Vienna1010 73 Construction of Phenomenology New Models Phenomenology of Quark Flavour of Lepton Flavour Physics Physics

Theory of Theory of Quark Masses Lepton Masses and and Mixing Angles Mixing Angles Towards

Electric Dipole the New New Moments and Directions (g-2)μ Standard Model Flavour Violation New in High Energy Concepts Collisions

New Techniques Dark Matter and for Electroweak Baryogenesis Grand Unification Symmetry Breaking Theories

Vienna1010 74 Construction of Phenomenology New Models Phenomenology of Quark Flavour of Lepton Flavour Physics Physics

Theory of Theory of Quark Masses Lepton Masses and and Mixing Angles Mixing Angles

Electric Dipole Thank New Moments and Directions (g-2)μ You! Flavour Violation New in High Energy Concepts Collisions

New Techniques Dark Matter and for Electroweak Baryogenesis Grand Unification Symmetry Breaking Theories

Vienna1010 75 Backup

Vienna1010 76