Research on the Provision of Education in the New South Wales Central School?
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43 Research in Rural Education, Volume5, Number 2, 1988 Research on the Provision of Education in the New South Wales Central School? COLIN BOYLAN! A survey of parents, teachers and students in three rural New South Wales central (K-l 0) schools examined the provision of education. The study identified that parents and teachers regarded small class sizes as an important educational benefit as it allowed for a personalized and individualized curriculum. Teacher turnoverwas found to be decreasing in the central schools. Students and parents wanted a broader range of curriculum offerings which included Agriculture, Art and Foreign languages. Actual student retention rates to Year 12 were low yet three-quarters of all students would like to go onto Year 12. INTRODUCTION Setting the Scene The provision of educational opportunities for children The central school in New South Wales isadministered in rural areas has recently received much discussion and by the New South Wales Department of Education. some research in Western Europe, e.g., O.E.C.D. report The Department of Education provides a centrally on Education in Sparsely Populated Areas Project, organized and controlled model of educational provision. Education and Local Development Project, [3]; in the All government schools whether elementary, central or United States with the increase in specialist rural education secondary have their staff, resources and curriculum journals like the Small Schools Forum, Research in guidelines provided from the head officelocated in Sydney. Rural Education and the formation of state and regional The central school is located in rural areas of New organizations concerned with education in rural America; South Wales. Further, the central school is found usually and, in Australia e.g., Isolated Schools [10]; Commission in rural townships with populations under 3,000. There of Inquiry Report on Poverty and Education [6]; Review are 62 central schools operating in New South Wales; 14 of the Commonwealth Country Area Program [9]; are located in the Riverina region in the southwest Listening and Responding a Review of Education in portion of New South Wales, 19 in the Western region of Rural New South Wales [2]; and the Schooling in Rural New South Wales and 20 in the Northwestern region of Australia [1] project produced by the Commonwealth New South Wales. Consequently, the occurrence of Schools Commission. central schools isusually higher in the more geographically In New South Wales, parents, teachers and community remote and small sized townships on the Western side of groups in rural areas have become increasingly concerned the Great Dividing Mountain Range. about the nature and provision of a relevant education Data from recent demographic studies have identified for their children. One form of education in rural New that there has been an overall decline in the number of South Wales areas has been the central school. The elementary school-aged children in New South Wales. central school grew out of the movement to consolidate a This trend has resulted in small rural schools either member of one-teacher schools in rural areas into a becoming smaller, and hence more vulnerable to scrutiny larger school. Turney, Sinclair and Cairns [10] claim in terms of economic and educational viability, or closure, that there were sound educational reasons involving often against local community wishes. As a consequence improved facilities and staffing that led New South Wales of this declining enrollment pattern the effects are now and other Australian states to consolidate schools. A emerging at the secondary education level. In particular, further advantage of this consolidation was the addition the secondary departments of some central schools in of a secondary education department and instructional New South Wales, where enrollment is less than 50 program in the central school. Whether or not these students, have experienced the same scrutiny asthe rural sound educational reasons and improved facilities have elementary schools. been realized is currently a matter of increasing scrutiny The central school normally offers an educational and debate. program for students from Kindergarten through the 'School of Education, Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education, Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., Australia. *Based on a report to the NSW Education Commission on The N.S.W. Central School, November 1985. 44 BOYLAN school certificate level in Year 10. Enrollment in the Riverina Regional Office for at least the last six years. secondary department of the central schools ranges from School A is approximately 30 kms away from a large 29 to 327 students. In addition, there are a number of provincial city (population 50,000) with six large central schools, 25 of the 62 central schools, that offer the government and non-government high schools. Further, complete K-12 educational program for rural students. there is an existing school bus service that transports students to this city for their high school education. The EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY second school in this study, School B, is located in a town IN CENTRAL SCHOOLS with a population of 1,100. School B has an additional drawing area of approximately 1,000 persons and five (5) The central school is in the position of developing and small one or two teacher rural schools from surrounding implementing one K-I0 school policy in the various rural communities. School B is 40 kms from the same curriculum areas. In the central school, the potential for provincial city as school A. The present secondary guiding the development of the student from a young department enrollment is 129 students and school B child through to the commencement of their adult working currently has a Master in charge of Secondary Studies on lifepresents teachers with a very real educational challenge. the school establishment. Neither school A nor school C The school executive can encourage and organize the have this executive appointment. Again, students at teaching staff so that an effective interchange of ideas at school B do have the choice of attending the local central the infants (K-2), elementary (3-6), and secondary (7-10) school or catching the school bus into the high schools in levels can be achieved that will assist in developing a the provincial city. The third school in this study, school sound instructional program for the students. There is C, is located in a small town with a population of the potential opportunity for staff to teach at different approximately 750. This town is approximately 100 levels within the school and in the process develop a kms from the same provincial city as schools A and B better understanding of where the students come from and is at least 60 kms distant from any large township or go onto in their educational program. A consequence that would contain a high school. School C is located in a of this potential benefit is that both teachers and students town in which there is a small mining operation which get to know each other better. Another related benefit provides the major non-rural source for employment of concerns the transition from infants to elementary and people in the town. In each school, the secondary from elementary to secondary levels of schooling. This department offers subjects up to School Certificate or transition occurs more smoothly and with less emotional Year 10 level. concern for both students and teachers than in the usual The design of the data collection component of this transfer from separate elementary schools to the local study included interviewing the central school principals, secondary school. surveying all teaching staff at each school, administering A further potential advantage of the central school a questionnaire to all students in Year 6, 8 and 10 at each relates to the educational program. With a flexible school, and surveying the parents of the children enrolled approach to staffing within the school, teachers with a in Years 6, 8 and 10 at each school. In each case the particular curriculum expertise and interest can be used interview schedules, questionnaires and requests for factual, at various levels. statistical data about each school were developed by the This advantage creates the situation for whole school researcher. K-I0 curriculum planning, as well as allowing the teachers to monitor the implementation of the curriculum plan FINDINGS more closely. The outcome of this flexibility and curriculum development isa well organized and structured Survey ofTeachers set of learning experiences for the children as they progress through the central school. Research on rural education usually has as one of its main focuses the issue of the teaching staff in rural DESIGN OF STUDY schools [7]. A study by the Western Australian Department of Education [5] on teacher transfers focused on the high The study was designed first to investigate and describe turnover rate of teachers in rural areas and made the the characteristics ofthe central school and the community following conclusions: it serves; and second, to identify issues and concerns i) a high turnover is disadvantageous to the student where further, more detailed and specific research was but is likely to continue; needed. This study was designed to seek the perceptions of the schools' administrative executive, the teaching ii) the thing most likely to encourage a longer stay by teachers isfinancial incentives but even this isunlikely staff, the students and the parents of the students. In this study, three central schools located in the to have much of an impact; Riverina Region of New South Wales were used. The iii) handover procedures should be improved to minimize first of these central schools, School A was located in a disruptions; and, small rural town with a population of approximately iv) schools tend to be staffed by relatively inexperienced 500. This central school had total secondary enrollment teachers who have an expectation of a short stay in of 50 students and has been under close scrutiny by the the school.