DOCSLIB.ORG

Global Gas Security Review 2018 Foreword

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Global Gas Security Review 2018 Foreword Global Gas Security Review Meeting Challenges in a Fast Changing Market 2018 Global Gas Security Review Meeting Challenges in a Fast Changing Market 2018 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 30 member countries, 7 association countries and beyond. The four main areas of IEA focus are: n Energy Security: Promoting diversity, efficiency, flexibility and reliability for all fuels and energy sources; n Economic Development: Supporting free markets to foster economic growth and eliminate energy poverty; n Environmental Awareness: Analysing policy options to offset the impact of energy production and use on the environment, especially for tackling climate change and air pollution; and n Engagement Worldwide: Working closely with association and partner countries, especially major emerging economies, to find solutions to shared energy and environmental IEA member countries: concerns. Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Secure Hungary Sustainable Ireland Together Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2018 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden Website: www.iea.org Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions The European Commission that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are also participates in available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ the work of the IEA. © OECD/IEA 2018 Global Gas Security Review 2018 Foreword Foreword Since the foundation of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 1974, energy security has been one of its core missions. But in the nearly forty-five years of its existence, the global energy landscape has changed, evolving to a more complex and interdependent system in which local energy security issues can have global consequences. Page | 3 The IEA, too, has changed, opening the doors of the IEA family to new partners: last year Brazil joined as our seventh Association country and, earlier this year, Mexico became our 30th member country. This global expansion makes our energy security mission even more urgent. In a more complex global environment, with an expanded IEA family, energy security is more relevant than ever. The annual Global Gas Security Review is a concrete manifestation of this mission, following the mandate given by our IEA member countries in 2015, and reinforced by the Group of Seven (G7) countries under the presidency of Japan in 2016. This year’s report shows that concerns about energy security in the global gas market are as present as ever. For example, the recent and unprecedented growth in natural gas demand from fast-growing economies has also brought to light new supply issues, with supply shortfalls experienced in the People’s Republic of China last winter that resulted in higher prices for most other gas importers. Furthermore, while we can see real improvement in liquefied natural gas (LNG) flexibility, which keeps on growing and contributes to easing supply shortages, uncertainties remain for the future evolution of gas markets. This brings a risk of tightening from insufficient investment in production and infrastructure capacity. It also highlights the uncertainty surrounding future shipping capacity growth, a precondition to maintaining LNG market flexibility. This issue could affect price volatility and therefore hurt consumers – especially the most price-sensitive emerging buyers – and cause additional security concerns. This report aims at contributing to a better understanding of gas security of supply by providing more transparency on LNG markets and their role in global gas system balancing. It is my hope that it will be a useful and positive tool for policy makers and market stakeholders and support efforts to ensure greater energy security worldwide. Dr. Fatih Birol Executive Director International Energy Agency Global Gas Security Review 2018 © OECD/IEA 2018 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Global Gas Security Review 2018 was prepared by the Gas, Coal and Power Markets Division (GCP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). The analysis was lead and co-ordinated by Jean-Baptiste Dubreuil. Gergely Molnár, Cristina Morillas Sendín, Tomoko Uesawa, Masamichi Page | 4 Wada and Jean-Baptiste Dubreuil are the authors. Keisuke Sadamori, Director of the IEA Energy Markets and Security (EMS) Directorate, and Peter Fraser, Head of GCP, provided expert guidance and advice. Valuable comments, data and feedback were received from within the IEA from David Bénazéraf, Lucie Girard, Tim Gould, Olivier Lejeune, Aad van Bohemen, László Varró and Lei Yang. Timely and comprehensive data from the Energy Data Centre were fundamental to the review. The IEA Communication and Information Office (CIO) also provided editorial and production guidance. Rebecca Gaghen, Astrid Dumond, Jad Mouawad, Isabelle Nonain-Semelin, Bertrand Sadin and Therese Walsh made this publication possible. Justin French-Brooks edited the review and Anne Mayne handled the initial layout. The review was made possible by assistance from Enagás, Mitsubishi Corporation and Tokyo Gas. Many experts from outside the IEA provided inputs and/or reviewed the report: Daisuke Aoki MOL Laurent David Total Jefferson Edwards Shell Keisuke Fujita NYK Volker Kraayvanger Uniper Domenico Maggi Snam Wolfgang Peters The Gas Value Chain Gregor Pett Uniper Xavier Rousseau Snam María Sicilia Enagás Stefan Vos de Vael Shell Tatsuro Watanabe MOL The individuals and organisations that contributed to this study are not responsible for any opinions or judgements it contains. Any error or omission is the sole responsibility of the IEA. Comments and questions are welcome and should be addressed to: Jean-Baptiste Dubreuil ([email protected]) © OECD/IEA 2018 Global Gas Security Review 2018 Table of contents Table of contents Executive summary........................................................................................................................... 9 1. Recent natural gas market developments and related security of supply issues .................... 13 Gas security events in China during 2017/18 .............................................................................. 13 Page | 5 Causes of 2017 natural gas demand growth and winter imbalance ....................................... 14 Handling the supply shortfall .................................................................................................. 18 Consequences of the natural gas shortage ............................................................................. 21 Gas security events in Europe during winter 2017/18 ................................................................ 28 12 December 2017 – the “perfect storm” in Europe .............................................................. 28 Cold spell during February 2018 – The “Beast from the East” ................................................ 31 Ukraine’s gas crisis on 1 March 2018 ...................................................................................... 34 References ................................................................................................................................... 37 2. Update on LNG market flexibility metrics ................................................................................. 43 2017 LNG supply availability – LNG plant capacity analysis ........................................................ 43 2017 – A year of improvement in plant reliability .................................................................. 44 Capacity increase often causes unplanned teething problems .............................................. 45 Smaller number of FIDs increases risk of a tighter market ..................................................... 46 Utilisation analysis: Improvement in maintenance activities ................................................ 47 2017 LNG market flexibility – Portfolio player analysis .............................................................. 49 Global portfolio players as a major supply source .................................................................. 50 Shorter, smaller volumes sourced, creating more flexibility .................................................. 51 Portfolio players supplement LNG plant availability ............................................................... 52 Where do portfolio cargoes go to? ......................................................................................... 53 How LNG contracts have evolved ............................................................................................... 54 Analysis of contract flexibility ................................................................................................. 54 Medium-term flexibility outlook ............................................................................................. 55 Medium-term price indexation outlook .................................................................................. 58 References ..................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethics Agreement in Order to Avoid Any Financial Conflict
    Date: 7 .-e-•15 Iett..% 1--4 17 MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD SUBJECT: Ethics Agreement In order to avoid any financial conflict of interest in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 208(a) or the appearance of a financial conflict of interest as defined in the Standards of Ethical Conduct for Employees of the Executive Branch, 5 C.F.R. § 2635.502, and to adhere to the Ethics Pledge instituted by Executive Order 13770 issued on January 28, 2017, and entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees" (the Ethics Pledge), I am issuing the following statement. I understand that as an appointee I must sign the Ethics Pledge and that I will be bound by the requirements and restrictions therein even if not specifically mentioned in this or any other ethics agreement. Before beginning my covered Federal position, I resigned from my non-Federal positions with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) and the State of Georgia on July 6, 2017. Pursuant to the Ethics Pledge, I will not, for a period of two years from the date of my appointment to my covered Federal position, participate in an official capacity in any particular matter involving specific parties that is directly and substantially related to ASTHO, unless an exception applies or I am granted a waiver. I understand that this provision in the Ethics Pledge does not apply to state government entities, including the State of Georgia. Even when the two-year restriction of the Ethics Pledge does not apply, under 5 C.F.R. § 2635.502, I will not, for a period of one year from the date of my resignation from ASTHO and the State of Georgia, participate in any particular matter involving specific parties in which ASTHO or the State of Georgia is a party or represents a party, unless I am first authorized to participate, pursuant to 5 C.F.R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Wreck of the Exxon Valdez: a Case of Crisis Mismanagement
    THE WRECK OF THE EXXON VALDEZ: A CASE OF CRISIS MISMANAGEMENT by Sarah J. Clanton A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Communication Division of Communication UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-STEVENS POINT Stevens Point, Wisconsin January 1993 FORMD Report on Oral Defense of Thesis TITLE: __T_h_e_w_r_ec_k_o_f_t_h_e_E_x_x_o_n_v_a_ia_e_z_: _A_c_a_s_e_o_f_c_r_i_·s_i_· s_ Mismanagement AUTHOR: __s_a_r_a_h_J_._c_l_a_n_t_o_n _____________ Having heard an oral defense of the above thesis, the Advisory Committee: ~) Finds the defense of the thesis to be satisfactory and accepts the thesis as submitted, subject to the following recommendation(s), if any: __B) Finds the defense of the thesis to be unsatisfactory and recommends that the defense of the thesis be rescheduled contingent upon: Date: r;:1;;2.- 95' Committee: _....._~__· ___ /_. _....l/AA=--=-'- _ _____,._~_ _,, Advisor ~ J h/~C!.,)~ THE WRECK OF THE EXXON VALDEZ: A CASE OF CRISIS MISMANAGEMENT INDEX I. Introduction A. Exxon's lack of foresight and interest B. Discussion of corporate denial C. Discussion of Burkean theory of victimage D. Statement of hypothesis II. Burke and Freud -Theories of Denial and Scapegoating A. Symbolic interactionism B. Burke's theories of human interaction C. Vaillant's hierarchy D. Burke's hierarchy E. Criteria for a scapegoat F. Denial defined G. Denial of death III. Crisis Management-State of the Art A. Organizational vulnerability B. Necessity for preparation C. Landmark cases-Wisconsin Electric D. Golin Harris survey E. Exxon financial settlement F. Crisis management in higher education G. Rules of crisis management H. Tracing issues and content analysis I.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Annual Report
    2018 Annual Report Main part June 2019 ŠKODA AUTO VYSOKÁ ŠKOLA o.p.s. 2018 Annual Report Title: 2018 Annual Report Authors: Mgr. Petr Šulc et al. Publisher: ŠKODA AUTO VYSOKÁ ŠKOLA o.p.s. Na Karmeli 1457 293 01 Mladá Boleslav tel.:+420 326 823 024 www.savs.cz Number of pages: 66 Edition: 1st edition This publication was not edited or reviewed. ISBN: 978-80-87042-74-8 2 ŠKODA AUTO VYSOKÁ ŠKOLA o.p.s. 2018 Annual Report Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Basic information about the higher education institution ......................................................... 5 1.2 Representation of the private higher education institution in Czech higher education institutions 10 1.3 Vision of ŠKODA AUTO University and its strategic objectives ............................................ 10 1.4 Changes in internal regulations in 2018 ................................................................................ 11 1.5 Provision of information under Section 18 of the Act 106/1999 Coll., on Free Access to Information ............................................................................................................................. 11 2 Study programmes, organisation of studies and educational activities ................................. 12 2.1 Accredited study programmes ............................................................................................... 12 2.2 Accredited study programmes in a foreign language
    [Show full text]
  • MATTHEW EBDEN AUS @Mattebden @Mattebdentennis @Matt Ebden
    MATTHEW EBDEN AUS @mattebden @mattebdentennis @matt_ebden BORN: 26 November 1987, Durban, South Africa HEIGHT / WEIGHT: 1.88m (6'2") / 80kg (176lbs) RESIDENCE: Perth, Australia PLAYS: Right-handed · Two-handed backhand CAREER W-L: 68-106 CAREER PRIZE MONEY: $2,932,255 CAREER W-L VS. TOP 10: 3-9 HIGHEST ATP RANKING: 39 (22 October 2018) CAREER 5TH-SET RECORD: 2-3 HIGHEST ATP DOUBLES RANKING: 57 (25 June 2012) 2018 HIGHLIGHTS CAREER FINALIST (1): 2017 (1): Newport > Idols growing up were Stefan PRIZE MONEY: $961,714 (G). Edberg and Andre Agassi. W-L: 19-22 (singles), 10-16 (doubles) CAREER DOUBLES TITLES (4). FINALIST (1). > Hobbies are going to the beach, SINGLES SF (2): ’s-Hertogenbosch, surfing, movies and computer Atlanta PERSONAL games. Enjoys collecting QF (3): Halle, Chengdu, Shanghai > Began playing tennis at age 5 watches and studying with his family in South Africa. horology. CAREER HIGHLIGHTS > Moved to Australia at age 12. > If he wasn't a tennis player, he > Achieved career-high No. 39 on > Went to high school at would probably be a lawyer. 22 October 2018 following prestigious Hale School in > Enrolled at University of personal-best 19th win of Perth. Western Australia to pursue a season. Broke into Top 50 on 16 > Father, Charles, is a chief law/commerce degree, but July 2018 after reaching financial officer and played deferred to play pro tennis. Wimbledon 3R. Rose 600+ spots state cricket and tennis in > Favourite sports team is the from No. 695 to No. 76 in 2017. South Africa; mother, Ann, is a Wallabies (Rugby Union).
    [Show full text]
  • THE SNAM SHAREHOLDER the GUIDE to GETTING INVOLVED in YOUR INVESTMENT 2 Snam | L'azionista Di Snam | Testatina
    Snam | L'azionista di Snam | Testatina 1 April 2018 THE SNAM SHAREHOLDER THE GUIDE TO GETTING INVOLVED IN YOUR INVESTMENT 2 Snam | L'azionista di Snam | Testatina Dear shareholders, the purpose of this Guide is to provide annually both current and potential owners of Snam shares with a summary of relevant information. Starting from 2010, it is part of a series of tools to enhance our communication with retail investors. We believe that the trust you have showed us Snam must be cultivated through an increasingly Company profile 3 effective dialogue. The first part Snam overview 4 of the Guide outlines the Group’s Snam: an integrated player in the gas system 5 structure, its business and strategic Management team 6 guidelines. The Guide also presents Governance in action 7 some key features about Snam Regulation in Italy 8 shares and practical information Regulation in Europe 9 so that you can really get involved Inclusion in SRI indices 10 in your role as a shareholder. Snam strategy 11 We hope that these pages will be Snam in Europe 13 easy and interesting to read, Corporate structure 14 as well as helpful. By nature, this Guide is not an exhaustive Snam on the Stock Exchange Remuneration through dividends 16 product. In order to obtain Stock Market performance 17 more complete information Shareholders 19 we invite you to visit our corporate The bond market 20 website at www.snam.it or, Income Statement figures 21 for specific requests, to contact Balance Sheet figures 22 the Investor Relations department. Cash flow 23 Get involved in your Snam investment The steps to investing 25 Attend the Shareholders’ Meeting 26 Keep yourself informed and participate in corporate events 27 Snam | The Snam Shareholder | Company profile 3 Company profile Snam is Europe’s leading gas utility.
    [Show full text]
  • A Vision for Scotland's Electricity and Gas Networks
    A vision for Scotland’s electricity and gas networks DETAIL 2019 - 2030 A vision for scotland’s electricity and gas networks 2 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: SUPPORTING OUR ENERGY SYSTEM 03 The policy context 04 Supporting wider Scottish Government policies 07 The gas and electricity networks today 09 CHAPTER 2: DEVELOPING THE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE 13 Electricity 17 Gas 24 CHAPTER 3: COORDINATING THE TRANSITION 32 Regulation and governance 34 Whole system planning 36 Network funding 38 CHAPTER 4: SCOTLAND LEADING THE WAY – INNOVATION AND SKILLS 39 A vision for scotland’s electricity and gas networks 3 CHAPTER 1: SUPPORTING OUR ENERGY SYSTEM A vision for scotland’s electricity and gas networks 4 SUPPORTING OUR ENERGY SYSTEM Our Vision: By 2030… Scotland’s energy system will have changed dramatically in order to deliver Scotland’s Energy Strategy targets for renewable energy and energy productivity. We will be close to delivering the targets we have set for 2032 for energy efficiency, low carbon heat and transport. Our electricity and gas networks will be fundamental to this progress across Scotland and there will be new ways of designing, operating and regulating them to ensure that they are used efficiently. The policy context The energy transition must also be inclusive – all parts of society should be able to benefit. The Scotland’s Energy Strategy sets out a vision options we identify must make sense no matter for the energy system in Scotland until 2050 – what pathways to decarbonisation might targeting a sustainable and low carbon energy emerge as the best. Improving the efficiency of system that works for all consumers.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Hydrogen the Next Transformational Driver of the Utilities Industry
    EQUITY RESEARCH | September 22, 2020 | 9:41PM BST The following is a redacted version of the original report. See inside for details. Green Hydrogen The next transformational driver of the Utilities industry In our Carbonomics report we analysed the major role of clean hydrogen in the transition towards Net Zero. Here we focus on Green hydrogen (“e-Hydrogen”), which is produced when renewable energy powers the electrolysis of water. Green hydrogen looks poised to become a once-in-a-generation opportunity: we estimate it could give rise to a €10 trn addressable market globally by 2050 for the Utilities industry alone. e-Hydrogen could become pivotal to the Utilities (and Energy) industry, with the potential by 2050 to: (i) turn into the largest electricity customer, and double power demand in Europe; (ii) double our already top-of-the-street 2050 renewables capex EU Green Deal Bull Case estimates (tripling annual wind/solar additions); (iii) imply a profound reconfiguration of the gas grid; (iv) solve the issue of seasonal power storage; and (v) provide a second life to conventional thermal power producers thanks to the conversion of gas plants into hydrogen turbines. Alberto Gandolfi Ajay Patel Michele Della Vigna, CFA Mafalda Pombeiro Mathieu Pidoux +44 20 7552-2539 +44 20 7552-1168 +44 20 7552-9383 +44 20 7552-9425 +44 20 7051-4752 alberto.gandolfi@gs.com [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs International Goldman Sachs does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports.
    [Show full text]
  • 8.0 Literature Cited Adams, J
    8.0 Literature Cited Adams, J. and S. Halchuk. 2003. Fourth Generation Seismic Hazard Maps of Canada: Values for over 650 Canadian Localities Intended for the 2005 National Building Code of Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4459, 155 p. Ainley, D.G., C.R. Grau, T.E. Roudybush, S.H. Morrell and J.M. Utts. 1981. Petroleum ingestion reduces reproduction in Cassin’s Auklets. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 12: 314-317. Albers, P.H. 1977. Effects of external applications of fuel oil on hatchability of Mallard Eggs. pp. 158-163. In: D.A. Wolfe (ed.), Fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems and organisms. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 478 p. Albers, P.H. 1978. The effects of petroleum on different stages of incubation in Bird Eggs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19: 624-630. Albers, P.H. and M.L. Gay. 1982. Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosene: chemical characterization and effects on hatching success of Duck Eggs. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28: 430-434 Albers, P.H. and R.C. Szaro. 1978. Effects of No. 2 fuel oil on Common Eider Eggs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9: 138-139. Amos, B., D. Bloch, G. Desportes, T.M.O. Majerus, D.R. Bancroft, J.A. Barrett and G.A. Dover. 1993. A review of molecular evidence relating to social organisation and breeding system in the long-finned pilot whale. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Spec. Iss. 14:209-217. Andersen, S. 1970. Auditory sensitivity of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. pp. 255-259. In: Pilleri, G., ed. Investigations on Cetacea.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Exxon Valdez
    of the Exxon Valdez AI (" ar C 91) Program Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Steiner. Rick. Lessons of the Exxon Valdez. (SG-ED-08) 1. Exxon Valdez (Ship) 2. Oil pollution of the sea-Prince William Sound. 3. Oil spills-Environmental aspects-Alaska. I. Byers. Kurt. II. Alaska Sea Granl College Program. III. Series: Sea Grant education publication: no. 8. TD427.P4S741990 doi:10.4027/lotev.1990 10.4027/lotev.1990A·75-01; and by the University of Alaska with funds appropriated by the state. The University of Alaska provides equal education and employment for all, regardless of race, color. religion, national origin, sex, age, disability, status as a Vietnam era or disabled veteran, marital status. changes in marital status, pregnancy, or parenthood pursuant to applicable state and federal laws. This publication was produced by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program which is cooperatively supported by the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant and Extramural Programs, under grant number NA90AA-D-SG066, project Af71-01 and Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Written by Rick Steiner Alaska Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program Cordova, Alaska and Kur1 Byers Alaska Sea Grant College Program Fairbanks, Alaska Technical editing by Sue Keller Alaska Sea Grant College Program Fairbanks, Alaska Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska Fairbanks 138 Irving II Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 (907) 474-7086 Fax (907) 474-6265 ~ SG-ED-08 I!':I' 1990 Acknowledgments Information and Review The 1oIow~'CI people c:ontribuMd w.wable idomIaIion, ~ . aroIlII<:tlnical ....ww for porIic:Q of IhiI pUbllc;Ition.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Oil Corporation Oil and Gas Valuation Report
    Forest Oil Corporation Oil and Gas Valuation Report Reference Code: GDGE0484V Publication Date: OCT 2008 Forest Oil Corporation, Oil and Gas Valuation Report GDGE0484V / Published 10 / 2008 © GlobalData. Refer to important disclosures at the end of this report. Page 1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Investment Summary ............................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Strong Commodity Prices and Resource Potential Providing Attractive Valuation Upside............................. 12 2.2 Haynesville Shale Acreage Presents Potential Upside............................................................................................... 13 2.3 Large and Attractive Asset Base with Substantial Upside ........................................................................................ 16 2.4 Strategic Acquisitions Adds Value to the company.................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Utica
    [Show full text]
  • Negativliste. Fossil Energi
    Negativliste. Fossil energi Maj 2021 Udstedende selskab 1 ABJA Investment Co Pte Ltd 2 ABM Investama Tbk PT 3 Aboitiz Equity Ventures Inc 4 Aboitiz Power Corp 5 Abraxas Petroleum Corp 6 Abu Dhabi National Energy Co PJSC 7 AC Energy Finance International Ltd 8 Adams Resources & Energy Inc 9 Adani Electricity Mumbai Ltd 10 Adani Power Ltd 11 Adani Transmission Ltd 12 Adaro Energy Tbk PT 13 Adaro Indonesia PT 14 ADES International Holding PLC 15 Advantage Oil & Gas Ltd 16 Aegis Logistics Ltd 17 Aenza SAA 18 AEP Transmission Co LLC 19 AES Alicura SA 20 AES El Salvador Trust II 21 AES Gener SA 22 AEV International Pte Ltd 23 African Rainbow Minerals Ltd 24 AGL Energy Ltd 25 Agritrade Resources Ltd 26 AI Candelaria Spain SLU 27 Air Water Inc 28 Akastor ASA 29 Aker BP ASA 30 Aker Solutions ASA 31 Aksa Akrilik Kimya Sanayii AS 32 Aksa Enerji Uretim AS 33 Alabama Power Co 34 Alarko Holding AS 35 Albioma SA 36 Alexandria Mineral Oils Co 37 Alfa Energi Investama Tbk PT 38 ALLETE Inc 1 39 Alliance Holdings GP LP 40 Alliance Resource Operating Partners LP / Alliance Resource Finance Corp 41 Alliance Resource Partners LP 42 Alliant Energy Corp 43 Alpha Metallurgical Resources Inc 44 Alpha Natural Resources Inc 45 Alta Mesa Resources Inc 46 AltaGas Ltd 47 Altera Infrastructure LP 48 Altius Minerals Corp 49 Altus Midstream Co 50 Aluminum Corp of China Ltd 51 Ameren Corp 52 American Electric Power Co Inc 53 American Shipping Co ASA 54 American Tanker Inc 55 AmeriGas Partners LP / AmeriGas Finance Corp 56 Amplify Energy Corp 57 Amplify Energy Corp/TX 58
    [Show full text]
  • Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
    Environmental and Resource Economics 25: 257–286, 2003. 257 © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill RICHARD T. CARSON1, ROBERT C. MITCHELL2, MICHAEL HANEMANN3, RAYMOND J. KOPP4, STANLEY PRESSER5 and PAUL A. RUUD3 1University of California, San Diego, USA; 2Clark University, USA; 3University of California, Berkeley, USA; 4Resources for the Future, USA; 5University of Maryland, USA Accepted 31 March 2003 Abstract. We report on the results of a large-scale contingent valuation (CV) study conducted after the Exxon Valdez oil spill to assess the harm caused by it. Among the issues considered are the design features of the CV survey, its administration to a national sample of U.S. households, estimation of household willingness to pay to prevent another Exxon Valdez type oil spill, and issues related to reliability and validity of the estimates obtained. Events influenced by the study’s release are also briefly discussed. Key words: natural resource damage assessment JEL classification: Q26 1. Introduction On the night of 24 March 1989, the Exxon Valdez left the port of Valdez, Alaska and was steaming through the Valdez Narrows on its way to the open waters of Prince William Sound. The tanker left the normal shipping lanes to avoid icebergs from the nearby Columbia Glacier and ran into the submerged rocks of Bligh Reef; its crew failed to realize how far off the shipping lanes the tanker had strayed.1 Oil compartments ruptured, releasing 11 million gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil into the Prince William Sound.
    [Show full text]