DOCSLIB.ORG

The SCIENCE of Automated Shading

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The SCIENCE of Automated Shading The SCIENCE of Automated Shading CONTEMPORARY SHADING SYSTEMS ROLLER SHADES + LOUVER SYSTEMS WINDOW MANAGEMENT DAYLIGHT HARVESTING Joel Berman The SCIENCE of Automated Shading CONTEMPORARY SHADING SYSTEMS ROLLER SHADES + LOUVER SYSTEMS WINDOW MANAGEMENT DAYLIGHT HARVESTING Joel Berman CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 2 INTRODUCTION 6 2.1 Background: The Case for Automated Shading Systems ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Energy Savings with Automated Lighting and Shading Systems: The New York Times Building ................................................................ 7 2.3 Energy Savings with Daylighting and Automated Shading: A 2014 Study by TRC Energy Services and PG&E ............................................. 8 2.4 21st-Century Building Design ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 20th- and 21st-Century Window Glazing Design ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Automated Shading with BMS and BAS Systems ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.7 Communication and Interaction Between Systems ............................................................................................................................... 9 3 HUMAN FACTORS 10 3.1 Human Factors: Definition ................................................................................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Solar Radiation and Human Factors ................................................................................................................................................. 10 3.3 Human Factors in Automated Shading Design ................................................................................................................................... 11 4 SKY EVALUATION AND CLOUD TRACKING 12 4.1 SolarEvaluation®: The Most Precise Method for Automated Shading .................................................................................................. 12 4.2 MechoShade’s SolarEvaluation System ............................................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.1 The ASHRAE Clear Sky Algorithim..................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2.2 The ASHRAE Clear Sky Radiation Curves .......................................................................................................................... 14 4.2.3 The SolarTrac® Modeling Program: A Sample Analysis ....................................................................................................... 15 4.3 Solar Penetration: Allowing or Avoiding the Direct Solar Ray ................................................................................................................ 19 4.4 Control of Heat on the Glazing with SolarEvaluation .......................................................................................................................... 20 4.5 SolarEvaluation Programs for Skylights and Atriums .......................................................................................................................... 20 4.6 Traditional Shade Control with Daylight Measuring ............................................................................................................................ 20 4.7 Daylight Measuring and Lookup Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 21 4.8 Advantages of SolarEvaluation Compared to Daylight Measuring ........................................................................................................ 22 4.9 The Thermodynamics of Solar Radiation: Understanding Radiation, Heat Gain and BTUs ..................................................................... 23 5 WINDOW-COVERING SYSTEMS 24 5.1 Venetian Blinds ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24 5.2 Louvered Blinds for Clerestory Windows ............................................................................................................................................ 24 5.3 Perforated Louvers .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Fabric Roller Shades ........................................................................................................................................................................ 24 6 SHADE CLOTHS 25 6.1 Characteristics of Shade Cloths ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 6.2 PVC-Free Shade Cloths ................................................................................................................................................................... 26 6.2.1 Polyester Shade Cloths with Translucent Yarns ................................................................................................................. 27 6.2.2 Contents of Recycled Polyester Shade Cloths ................................................................................................................... 27 6.3 Selection Criteria for Shade Cloths .................................................................................................................................................. 27 6.3.1 Solar Optical Properties of Shade Cloths .......................................................................................................................... 27 6.3.2 Selection Criteria for Glazing with a Screen Cloth ............................................................................................................. 29 6.3.3 Selection of Shade Cloths for Transparency and Color Selection ........................................................................................ 29 7 AUTOMATED SHADING SYSTEMS 30 7.1 Requirements for Automated Shade Performance ............................................................................................................................. 31 7.2 SolarEvaluation Systems with Louver Blinds ...................................................................................................................................... 31 7.2.1 Traditional Daylight Measuring Systems with Louver Blinds ................................................................................................ 31 7.3 SolarEvaluation Systems with Roller Shades ..................................................................................................................................... 31 7.3.1 Automating Top-Down Roller Shades ................................................................................................................................ 32 7.3.2 Using Bottom-Up Roller Shades ....................................................................................................................................... 32 7.4 Emerging Technologies: Electrochromic Glazing ................................................................................................................................. 32 7.5 Emerging Technologies: Predictive Sky Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 33 8 SOLAREVALUATION: SOLAR SCIENCE APPLIED 33 8.1 The SolarTrac® SolarEvaluation® Program .......................................................................................................................................... 33 8.2 The SolarTrac® Window Management® System ................................................................................................................................... 33 8.3 SolarTrac® Performance Factors ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 8.4 Solar Data ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 8.5 SolarTrac’s Performance and Repeatability ........................................................................................................................................ 35 8.5.1 SolarTrac’s Browser Interface .......................................................................................................................................... 35 8.5.2 Mobile Device Application ............................................................................................................................................... 36 8.5.3 BMS Interaction ............................................................................................................................................................. 36 8.5.4 Interaction and Communication with Third-Party Systems ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solar Control Window Coating Retrofit
    Prepared for the General Services Administration By Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Windows and Envelope Materials Group November 2014 Liquid-Applied Absorbing Solar Control Window Film Retrofit Charlie Curcija, Principal Investigator Howdy Goudey Robin Mitchell Leandro Manes Stephen Selkowitz The Green Proving Ground program leverages GSA’s real estate portfolio to evaluate innovative sustainable building technologies and practices. Findings are used to support the development of GSA performance specifications and inform decision-making within GSA, other federal agencies, and the real estate industry. The program aims to drive innovation in environmental performance in federal buildings and help lead market transformation through deployment of new technologies. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The work described in this report was funded by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Gain Through Windows with Shading Devices: Simulation Versus Measurement
    © 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions 2009, vol. 115, part 2. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. LO-09-002 (RP-1311) Solar Gain through Windows with Shading Devices: Simulation Versus Measurement Nathan A. Kotey John L. Wright, PhD, PEng Student Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE Charles S. Barnaby Michael R. Collins, PhD, PEng Member ASHRAE Associate Member ASHRAE This paper is based on findings resulting from ASHRAE Research Project RP-1311. ABSTRACT blinds can be automated. Thus, shading attachments can be used efficiently to admit solar energy when and where heating, Shading devices offer a cost saving strategy in dynami- and possibly lighting, is required but reject it otherwise. cally controlling solar gain through windows. As such, there Computer simulation offers a means to evaluate the is an ongoing effort to accurately quantify the thermal perfor- energy saving performance of shading attachments, their mance of shading devices. In the present study, solar gain potential to reduce peak cooling loads and the effectiveness of through various shading devices attached to a conventional various control strategies. However, until recently, the detailed double glazed window was measured using the National Solar simulation of shading attachments was routinely neglected. Test Facility (NSTF) solar simulator and solar calorimeter. Research is currently geared toward the modeling of shading The shading devices include two venetian blinds, a roller blind, attachments for building energy simulation but these models a pleated drape and an insect screen.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Solar Radiation Transmission Through Transparent Facades
    Evaluation of Solar Radiation Transmission Through Transparent Facades Rosana M.Caram, Ph.D. Joaquim Pizzutti Lucila C. Labaki, Ph.D. Eduvaldo P. Sichieri, Ph.D. ABSTRACT In this work we discuss the optical behavior of transparent materials, such as colored and colorless glass, as well as the sput- tered and pyrolitic reflective glass types, used in building facades. The optical evaluation of these materials is carried out in differ- ent solar spectrum intervals: ultraviolet, visible-light, and near infrared, and the obtained data are related to thermal and visual comfort. This approach leads to the identification of the ideal glass for warm climates, as in Brazil, which should transmit visible light but not near infrared radiation. Spectrophotometric analysis of the transmitted radiation is performed for different incidence angles, varying from 0° to 80°, and by scanning the solar spectrum, from 300 nm to 2000 nm. At the value of 60° of the incidence angle, the transmission of the solar spectrum is significantly attenuated. These results are important for applications in archi- tecture because data commonly found in the literature are usually related to normal incidence, which very rarely occurs in real situations. The results of this work complement available technical information, allowing a more adequate analysis of the use of the tested glasses. INTRODUCTION transmission. Reduced heat gain can be obtained with low emissivity, or low-e, coatings. A lower emissivity raises Frequently, when designing glazing facades, architects reflection of far infrared radiation, which increases the ther- hardly find specific technical data related to radiation trans- mal insulation. Any surface with an emissivity at or below mission for different regions of the solar spectrum and differ- 0.20 is considered a low-e surface (Johnson 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • The Montana Consumer Guide to Solar Heating Systems
    The Montana Consumer Guide to Solar Heating Systems 5 Solar Heating Overview 5 Passive Solar Applications 5 Solar Heated Air Systems 5 Solar Hot Water Systems 5 Tax Credits/Financing The Montana Consumer Guide to Solar Heating Systems Understanding and Incorporating Solar Heating for Residential and Small-Business Consumers Thank you for your interest in solar heat, and for taking the time to read this publication. It has been developed as a basic resource and practical guide for consumers who want to learn more about and incorporate solar heat into their home or small-business. The publication highlights the basics of solar heating technologies that have been successfully installed in Montana. It is not intended to be a technical manual, and consumers should research and have an understanding of the specic heating application before incorporating it into either new or existing buildings. Montana has a number of solar heating contractors in Montana, as well as architectural rms with experience in passive solar design. These companies are skilled in working with building and traditional heating contractors to incorporate solar heat into both new buildings and remodels. Developed by: Highmark Media With Support, Input and Review by: The Forward Current Foundation Acknowledgments: Funding for the printing of this publication has been provided through Universal System Benets (USB) funds collected from NorthWestern Energy customers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect those
    [Show full text]
  • Low-E Applied Film Window Retrofit for Insulation and Solar Control
    Prepared for the U.S. General Services Administration By Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Windows and Envelope Materials Group February 2017 Low-e Applied Film Window Retrofit for Insulation and Solar Control Charlie Curcija, Principal Investigator Howdy Goudey Robin Mitchell The Green Proving Ground program leverages GSA’s real estate portfolio to evaluate innovative sustainable building technologies and practices. Findings are used to support the development of GSA performance specifications and inform decision-making within GSA, other federal agencies, and the real estate industry. The program aims to drive innovation in environmental performance in federal buildings and help lead market transformation through deployment of new technologies. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The work described in this report was funded by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Solutions to Evaluate Solar Radiation Overheating in Simplified
    Analytical solutions to evaluate solar radiation overheating in simplified glazed rooms Belen Morenoa,∗, Juan A. Hernándeza aDepartment of Applied Mathematics, School of Aeronautical and Space Engineering, Technical University of Madrid 5 (UPM), Plaza Cardenal Cisneros 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain Abstract Calculation methods for the energy demand of buildings require the evaluation of the solar energy which is transmitted indoors through the transparent elements of the building envelope. This energy contributes to raise indoor temperature. Some of the outdoor solar beam and diffuse radiation impinging on the 10 exterior surface of the glazings is transmitted indoors and is diffusely reflected on interior surface. After multiple diffuse reflections between walls and glazings, a proportion of this incoming radiation is absorbed by the opaque walls and the interior surface of the glazings raising the indoor temperature. The objective of this study is to present analytical solutions for a very simple room with a glazing subjected to solar radiation with a normal angle of incidence. Namely, this study yields analytical 15 expressions for: (i) the effective absorptance, (ii) the back absorptance of the glazing subjected to indoor diffuse irradiance and (iii) the indoor temperature. The effective absorptance of the room is compared with that obtained in Cucumo et al. (1995) and advanced numerical simulations are carried out by means of IDA ICE (EQUA, 2017) to validate the analytical expression for the indoor temperature. Keywords: interior solar energy distribution; overheating; equivalent absorption; indoor temperature 20 Highlights • A mathematical model is presented for a room with a glazing subjected to normal incidence radiation • Analytical results for the indoor temperature are discussed • Validation is carried out by means of a full numerical simulation ∗Corresponding author Email addresses: [email protected] (Belen Moreno), [email protected] (Juan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Quality of Life in Residential High-Rises by Sustainable Design Responses
    Enhancing quality of life in residential high-rises by sustainable design responses Elena Stoyanova Kalcheva P1414759X A Thesis Submitted to De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. April 2018 Personal motivation My interest in Architecture dates from my childhood. I have always been concerned about how people live and interested in the ways architecture influences their lives. So this research is to a great extent the answer to long-term aspirations and I found it gives me the opportunity to investigate in depth the role of the architecture in the everyday life of the people. Some urban design issues also were raised, and it was great to be able to exercise my abilities and apply my knowledge as an Urban Designer, so I gladly embraced the chance to conduct this research. 2 Abstract After the end of World War II, in England was observed a proliferation of high-rises, replacing the destroyed buildings by the bombing and the existing slums. However, their popularity variated with time, at first being seen as a great improvement of the living condition, but later the authorities faced many complain that these buildings were unfit for normal living and especially for families and children. Nowadays England has to cope with a great heritage of towers from the 60s’ and the 70s’, as well as an increase in the construction of new high-rise buildings especially in the capital London. This research recognises the need to improve the design of the existing and future high-rises so they are in the same time sustainable and provide a better quality of life for the occupiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Comfort Effects of Short-Wave Solar Radiation Indoors
    Center for the Built Environment UC Berkeley Peer Reviewed Title: Modeling the comfort effects of short-wave solar radiation indoors Author: Arens, Edward, Center for the Built Environment, UC Berkeley Hoyt, Tyler, Center for the Built Environment, UC Berkeley Zhou, Xin, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Huang, Li, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University Zhang, Hui, Center for the Built Environment, UC Berkeley Schiavon, Stefano, Center for the Built Environment, UC Berkeley Publication Date: June 1, 2015 Series: Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/89m1h2dg DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.004 Preferred Citation: Arens, E., T. Hoyt, X. Zhou, L. Huang, H. Zhang and S. Schiavon. 2015. Modeling the comfort effects of short-wave solar radiation indoors. Building and Environment, 88, 3-9. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.09.004 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/89m1h2dg Abstract: Exposure to sunlight indoors produces a substantial effect on an occupant’s comfort and on the air conditioning energy needed to correct for it, yet has in the past not been considered in design or thermal comfort standards. A public online model of the effects of solar radiation on human heat gain and comfort has been developed to make this possible. The model’s predictions compare closely with results from a human subject test, and can be used to determine the allowable transmittance of fenestration in a perimeter office. Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling of Solar Irradiance Incident on Building Envelopes in Polish Climatic Conditions: the Impact on Energy Performance Indicators of Residential Buildings
    energies Article Modelling of Solar Irradiance Incident on Building Envelopes in Polish Climatic Conditions: The Impact on Energy Performance Indicators of Residential Buildings Piotr Michalak Department of Power Systems and Environmental Protection Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected]; Tel.: +48-126-173-579 Abstract: In this study, we use the data of Polish typical meteorological years and 15 transposition models to obtain global solar irradiance on sloped surfaces to calculate solar irradiance on external building partitions, solar gains, heating demands, and primary nonrenewable energy for heating and domestic hot water (EPH+W) of two typical Polish residential buildings, each for two variants in five locations. In relation to TMYs, annual solar gains were lower by −31% and −36% on average in a single and multifamily building, respectively, and the annual heating demands increased by 2 9% and 16%, respectively. Consequently, averaged EPH+W in relation to TMYs rose by 1.4 kWh/m and 4.5 kWh/m2, respectively. The mean differences between TMYs and the new method from the recently published EN-ISO 52010 standard for test Building 1 were 1.6 and 1.2 kWh/m2, for Variants 1 and 2, respectively. Similarly, for test Building 2, the mean differences were 5.1 kWh/m2 and 3.9 kWh/m2, respectively. This means that the simulation model that is chosen has a visible Citation: Michalak, P. Modelling of Solar Irradiance Incident on Building impact on a building’s energy performance indicators and its rating without any changes in the Envelopes in Polish Climatic physical structure and use of the building.
    [Show full text]
  • Concrete and Concrete Masonry Trombe Walls
    CCANZ TROMBE WALLS Energy Saving through Material Concrete and Concrete Masonry Trombe Wall Information Bulletin Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand July 2017 Foreword This information bulletin is for architects, designers and those interested in designing energy efficient homes. It covers the design and application of Trombe walls which are passive solar building elements that, designed correctly, provide an effective way of conserving energy in buildings. Trombe walls are sun-facing, solid concrete or concrete masonry walls that are separated from the outside by glass and an air space. They make full use of the low rising sun’s energy during winter months by collecting this heat during the day and releasing it into the room behind over an extended period of time and during the night. Trombe walls are well suited to New Zealand conditions, where we often experience many sunny winter days followed by cold nights. They are gaining in popularity here as consumers become increasingly aware of the benefits of sustainability to their health and well-being and to the environment. We hope you will find this information bulletin on Trombe walls of interest and that it provides inspiration for your next project. Ralf Kessel CCANZ Architect (NZRAB, AK Berlin, ARK UK) June 2017 1 Acknowledgements This Trombe Wall Information Bulletin was prepared by: Ralf Kessel, Architect (NZRAB, AK Berlin, ARB UK) Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand With review assistance of: Firth Industries Copyright © June 2017 Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand (CCANZ) PO Box 448, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Phone 644 499 8820, fax 644 488 7760, website www.ccanz.org.nz Cover image courtesy of Kansas University, Facility for Collaborative Research in Sustainable Energy.
    [Show full text]
  • SUMMARY and COMPARISON of METHODS to CALCULATE SOLAR HEAT Gain
    © 1995. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 101, Part 1. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, ortransmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. CH-95-8-2 (RP-713) SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF METHODS TO CALCULATE SOLAR HEAT GAiN JohnL. Wright,Ph.D., P.Eng. Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT windowthat reaches the conditioned space of the building, thus reducing the heating load or adding to the cooling load. Methods used to calculate the solar gain of windows It is customary to analyze a windowby examining each of (including center-glass, edge..glass, and frame) are exam- three areas: (1) the center-glass area, Acg (i.e., the glazed ined and comparedParticular attention is devoted to the area morethan 2.5 ino (63.5 ram) fromany sight line); (2) public-domain computer programs VISION3 and WINDOW edge-glass area, Aeg; and (3) the frame area, Aft. 1 Aft is the 4.1o Calculatedresults are presentedto quantify the sensitiv- area, projected to the plane of the wall, of the rough opening ity of solar heat gain with respect to a wide rangeof glazing minusinstallation clearance and the view area (view area system design parameters and operating conditions. Details Acg + Aeg). SHGCvalues can be found for each of the three concerning solar optical properties and heat transfer mech- component areas. These are SHGCcg,SHGCeg, and SHGCfr, anisms are examined and discussed When possible, com- respectively. The component SHGCvalues can be area- ments are made concerning the development of solar gain weighted to give the total windowSHGC: measurementprocedures.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental and Computational Evaluation Of
    EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL EVALUATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE AND OVERHEATING IN DOUBLE SKIN FACADES Mauricio Hernandez Tascón Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2008 ABSTRACT Double Skin Facades (DSFs) have been developed as an alternative technology to improve the thermal performance of conventional fully glazed buildings. Nevertheless, there is little test information on the behaviour and real performance of DSFs. This is specifically the case when the façade has to perform under extreme or moderate summer conditions. The characteristics of thermal overheating of a specific type of DSF with various configurations and its practical control have not been subjected to systematic experimental and computational investigations. This research which is based on an existent load of knowledge, carried out experiments of a full-scale one-storey laboratory chamber of a selected type of Double Skin Façade in which a comparative analysis of the thermal performance is assessed, CFD simulations of the experimental model and a Field Case Study of an existing building in the United Kingdom is also monitored. The basic thermal behaviour in the façade cavity and adjacent room is investigated by a series of parametric studies and basic flow field investigations. Section models of the DSF chamber and the case building were made and modelled using CFD in order to visualise the thermal and airflow behaviour inside the DSF complementing the experimental and field work. The modelling work has demonstrated the feasibility and versatility of the technique for probing the flow and thermal behaviour of double skin facades. It was found that natural ventilation through the cavity by a series of controlled opening shafts on the upper and lower facade are effective means to reduce DSF overheating.
    [Show full text]