rnal Jou Journal of Applied Appl Journal of Applied Horticulture, 21(3): 218-222, 2019 Horticulture DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i03.38 ISSN: 0972-1045 The new composition of liquid organic for improving organic tomato yield and quality

Gina Aliya Sopha1,2* and Liferdi Lukman3 1Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute, Lembang, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat. Indonesia. 2Present address: School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 3Directorate General of Horticulture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. *E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract The increasing demand of organic products of improved quality has become a priority to meet customer needs. Nine different organic material were studied to determine the suitable composition for liquid organic fertilizer. The study was conducted as a pot trial to evaluate the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato yield. The study reported thatLeucaena leucocephala had great potential as nitrogen source, Pennisetum purpureum and goat for phosphorus, and rabbit manure had the highest amount of potassium content. The applications of liquid organic fertilizer made from these materials increased the tomato growth and yield compared to control. Application of 75 % organic manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer improved the tomato yield by 83 % and increased the vitamin C content (66 %) than the control. Key words: , liquid organic fertilizer, Lycopersicum esculentum, organic matter, manure

Introduction to 40 % than control in water stress condition. Similarly, Yarsi (2019) reported that liquid worm fertilizer improved the tomato Area under organic farming is increasing around the world. yield up to 40 % than control. In addition, it is reported that liquid Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM organic fertilizer made from animal-based fertilizer could replace – Organics International at BIOFACH reported that nearly 70 the chemical fertilizer in greenhouse conditions (Guajardo-Rios et million hectares of farmland are organic (Willer and Lernoud, al., 2018). Different nutrient sources could give different effects 2019). This number will increase linearly with the consumer on the tomato growth and yield (Anila et al., 2019). In spite of demand. Healthy diet and agriculture sustainability are the main the benificial effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield, reasons for increasing the demand of organic product. In spite of every area has different organic . the enhancing demand of organic products, organic farming has problems like low yield and the high of production cost. Use of organic material locally available in the area as the liquid organic source is beneficial and practicaclly adaptable to the One of the production cost that contribute to the organic farming local farmers. Thus, it is important to analyze the nutrient content system is organic . Organic fertilizers commonly have of these local materials to obtain a high quality liquid organic low nutrient content and need to be applied in a huge amount fertilizer. This study aims to identify the organic materials that to fulfil the crop nutrient demand and some times makes it have potential as liquid organic fertilizer in West Java, Indonesia ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, liquid organic fertilizers and study the effect of the liquid organic fertilizer from these are developed to improve the crop growth and to achieve high materials on organic tomato growth and yield. yield (Sopha and Uhan, 2013). The tomato is one of the most important vegetables in most part Materials and methods of the world. The economy and nutrition importance of this crop Experimental site: The study was conducted in an experimental are undeniable. On a worldwide scale, the production of fresh field of the Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) in tomatoes is approximately 160 million tonnes per year and 25 % 2015. The site is situated in highland Lembang, Bandung Barat, of those are used in the processing industry (The Global Tomato West Java, Indonesia (latitude: 6o48’S, longitude: 107o39’E, Processing Industry, 2019). Organic tomato is reported to have a 1250 m above sea level). Climatic data were collected from better quality than conventional tomatoes. It contains 57 % more Meteorological and Geophysical Agency of West Java. The total soluble solids and 55 % more vitamin C than conventionally annual rainfall was 2216 from January to December 2015. Mean grown tomatoes (Oliveira et al., 2013). This finding encourages temperature ranged from 23.1 to 24.5oC with the minimum the organic tomato production to improve and develop. temperature from 18.1 to 20.6oC and the maximum temperature from 28.4 to 31.9 oC. The average of relative humidity was 63 Liquid organic fertilizer was reported to improve the tomato to 82 %. fruit yield in different studies. Murtic et al. (2018) reported that Ergonfill, liquid organic fertilizer that was made from the The soil type was andosol with soil pH = 5.4 (acid), high organic hydrolysis of animal protein, increased cherry tomato yield up carbon 7.26 %, total nitrogen 0.55 %, the C/N ratio 13, low Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net) Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 219 available phosphorus (P-Bray) 12 mg P kg-1 and high available the last measurement. To calculate the weight per fruit the total potassium (K-Morgan) 804 ppm. weight was divided by the number of fruits. The study consisted of two experiments: (1) formulation of liquid The diameter and the length of the fruits were measured with organic fertilizer and (2) the evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer calipers. To measure the water content, the fruits were dried on organic tomato growth and yield. in oven (65 oC) (Memmert type UN 450) and weighed in an electrical balance (Precisa type XB 620C). Total soluble solid The experiment was Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: was measured by refractometer. Fruit texture was measured by a conducted from March to May 2015. The organic materials viz., manual food texture tester (Atago N1). Vitamin C was analyzed leaves of white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala), leaves of by the titration method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), leaves of snap bean (Phaseolus was performed using SAS with a comparison of means using vulgaris), leaves of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), DUNCAN at α=5 %. chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) manure, cow (Bos taurus) manure, rabbit (Lepus negricollis) manure, goat (Capra aegagrus Results and discussion hircus) manure and bat (Ordo: Chrioptera) manure were collected from different areas in West Java, Indonesia and analyzed for the Formulation of liquid organic fertilizer: The results show that chemical content. white leadtree had the highest amount of nitrogen (5.41 %), while rabbit manure had the highest amount of phosphorus content (2.64 o Plant samples were cleaned, cut and oven dried at 70 C (Memmert %) and elephant grass and goat manure had the highest content of type UN 450). The dry samples were ground to 0.5 mm size. For potassium (2.58 %) (Table 1). The organic materials that would animal manure, the samples were ground until homogenous and be used as liquid organic fertilizer sources were white leadtree, sieved at 2.0 mm prior to analysis. N-Kjeldahl (%) was measured rabbit manure, elephant grass and goat manure with formulation by distillation to calculate the N-organic and N-NH4 using NaOH 2:2:1:1 (v/v/v/v). 40 %. Phosphorus content was analyzed by spectrophotometer Table 1. The mineral content of organic materials using HNO and HClO . Furthermore, potassium content was 3 4 Organic Materials N-total (%) P (%) K (%) determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. White leadtree 5.41 0.32 1.87 The evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic Velvet bean 2.94 0.20 1.10 tomato growth and yield: The tomato cultivar Zamrud from Snap bean 3.28 0.35 2.09 Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute was used. ‘Zamrud’ is Elephant grass 2.50 0.25 2.58 determinate cultivar and tolerant to wilting bacteria (Rhizoctonia Chicken manure 0.61 0.26 0.86 solanacearum). ‘Zamrud’ seeds were sown in a well-prepared Cow manure 1.67 1.83 1.08 nursery seedbed (andosol soil: manure 1:1 (v/v)). The seed was Rabbit manure 2.28 2.64 1.20 sown and was watered by watering can and no insecticide was Goat manure 1.12 1.00 2.58 used during the growth period. When seedling reached the four- Bat manure 1.16 0.25 0.40 leaf stage (15 cm height), they were transplanted in polybags (5 White leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala) extract had the highest kg). Every polybag had one seeding. content of nitrogen. Application of white leadtree extract was The pot trials were carried out in the greenhouse Randomized reported to give positive impact on Chinese cabbage growth Complete Block design with six treatments and four replications and yield (Simanjuntak, 2012). In addition, Pawar et al. (2019) were employed to address the aims. The treatments were: (L0) reported that application Leucaena leucocephala lopping 100 % solid manure + 0 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (control); increased the N total and available phosphorus. White leadtree can be mixed with other organic materials to improve the 100 % solid manure + 10 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L1); nutrient content and give a better impact to the plant growth 100 % solid manure + 15 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L2); (Pancapalaga, 2013; Ratrinia et al., 2014). The organic residue 100 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L3); of Leucaena leucocephala contains 464 g kg-1 total carbon, 75 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L4); 41 g kg-1 total nitrogen, 11 CN ratio and 12 mg polyphenol and 50 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer (L5). GAE/g. The total nitrogen of Leucaena leucocephala was The horse solid manure was applied with recommended dose 30 higher compared to Centrosema pubescence, Gliricidia sepium, t ha-1 or equal to 1 kg per plant. The liquid organic fertilizer was Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indica and Theobroma cacao foliar applied and was given at 15, 30 and 45 days after planting (Ansong-Omari et al., 2018). -1 with spraying volume 300 to 500 L ha . Rabbit manure contains high amount of phosphorus. Furthermore, Growth and yield data were obtained from five randomly rabbit manure is identified too increase soil nutrition, soil physical chosen plants in each plot. Plant heights were measured from condition, soil microbial activity, improves soil aeration and the soil surface to the top of the longest mature leaf; chlorophyll retention of water (Youssef and Eissa, 2017). Several studies contents were measured at 6 weeks after planting. Chlorophyll reported that application of rabbit manure improve the biomass was extracted in 80 % acetone and absorbance read at ʎ=663 nm of corn (Zea mays) (Ningrum et al., 2017), Chinese cabbage and ʎ=650 nm. (Brassica juncea L) (Nurrohman et al., 2015) and kailan (Brassica oleracea group Albograbla) (Nahak et al., 2018). The To measure the fruit yield per plant, fruit weight of all five combination of rabbit manure, rock phosphate, feldspar and bio- harvests was pooled. To measure the number of fruits, all the fruits fertilizers enhance the tomato fruit yield by 30 % compared to that harvested for every time was counted manually and sum in chemical fertilization (Youssef and Eissa, 2017). Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net) 220 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is rich in nutrition K, 0.79 ppm Ca, 0.14 ppm Mg and 0.07 ppm S (Tan, 2009). Horse (Scoriza et al., 2016) and known well as a forage crop for dairy solid manure increased soil P-availability through the addition of farm and biofuel crops (Cordovil et al., 2017). In addition, P-residue, increased P recovery and reduced the P-soil absorption of Pennisetum purpureum with other organic materials that increase the soil P-availability and release of phosphorus bovinza and Gliricidia sepium improved the weight of Eiseina by organic material during the decomposition. In addition, foetida up to 60 %. However, the information about using soil P-available improved because the manure made a complex elephant grass as the source of liquid organic fertilizer for other ion that minimize the immobilization process and replaced the crops is very limited. phosphate (-) in the soil structure (Azeez et al., 2014). Goat manure contains high potassium and improve the nitrogen Effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height of tomato and uptake to the plant significantly (Putra et al., 2014). Dry goat chlorophyll content at 6 weeks after planting can be seen in Table manure contained 4.60 g P kg-1, 17.8 cmol (+) kg-1 Ca2+, 20.0 cmol 3. At 2 weeks after planting, there was no significant difference of (+) kg-1 Mg2+, 38.7 cmol (+) kg-1 K+ and 38.40 cmol (+) kg-1 Na. plant height for each treatment. However, at 4 weeks after planting The potassium content of goat manure was higher than poultry the application of liquid organic fertilizer with reducing the doses manure and cattle manure (Oladipupo et al., 2019). Application of solid horse manure gave a higher effect rather than 100 % goat manure increased the yield of snap bean (Santosa and horse manure plus liquid organic fertilizer. Moreover, there was Anggita, 2019), roselle (Norhayati et al., 2019), spinach (Abro no significant difference between chlorophyll in all treatments. et al., 2019) and sunflower (Borges et al., 2019). Table 3. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on plant height and In spite of the number of reports regarding the effectiveness chlorophyll of these materials in increasing the crop growth and yield, the Treatments Plan height (cm) Chlorophyll -1 information about the effectiveness of these materials, as liquid 2 wap 4 wap 6 wap (mg g ) organic fertilizer sources was lacking. To understand the effect 100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 9.2ns 23.5b 31.8ab 4.15ns of liquid organic fertilizer from those materials, Leucaena 100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 9.3 20.1b 29.7b 4.47 leucocephala, rabbit manure, elephant manure and goat manure, 100 % SM + 15 mL L-1 LOF (L2) 9.8 23.2b 30.2b 3.60 the evaluation experiment was carried out. 100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 9.2 19.4b 26.4b 3.72 Evaluation of liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4) 9.9 30.0a 37.8a 3.73 growth and yield: The soil analysis before and after the 50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5) 10.0 24.7ab 31.3ab 3.97 experiment is presented in Table 2. Organic fertilization increased CV (%) 7.41 15.21 12.93 19.57 the soil pH from 5.4 to 5.7-6.0. Application of liquid organic SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic oertilizer; wap=weeks fertilizer increased the C-organic insignificantly from 7.26 after planting; means presenting the same letter are not statistically % to 7.28-7.96 % and nitrogen from 0.55 % to 0.56-0.59 %. different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance; CV=coefficient of variance. Application of solid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer Table 4 shows the effect of liquid organic fertilizer on fruit yield. -1 -1 also increased the P-Bray from 13 mg P kg to 57-80 mg P kg . Application 75 % solid horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic However, there was a decrease in the potassium content from fertilizer obtained the highest fruit yield compared to other K-Morgan 804 ppm to 209-572 ppm. These values are still in treatments. The lowest fruit yield was recorded in 100 % solid the range of the high concentration of K-available in the soil. horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer treatment. The Overall, application of solid horse manure increased the soil results showed that the application of liquid organic fertilizer pH. Horse manure increased bacterial diversity and the bacterial with lower dose of solid horse manure gave a better fruit yield community composition and diversity in soil pH (Wang et al., compared to full doses. In addition, the average weight per fruit 2018). Manure increases soil pH because of the decomposition was significantly higher than the control. Application 75 % solid process that release organic compound and humic acid. Organic horse manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer increased the material increases soil pH and reduce aluminium toxicity that fruit yield up to 83 % than control. usually occur in acid soil conditions (Haynes and Mokolobate, The fruit quality is described by shelf life, diameter and length of 2001). fruit, water content, total soluble solids, vitamin C and texture. Horse solid manure contains 0.70 ppm N, 0.10 ppm P, 0.58 ppm The shelf life of tomatoes after harvesting was 4 to 8 days with diameter 2.6 to 3.6 cm and the length Table 2. The soil analysis result for before and after experiment. of the fruit 3.2 to 4.4 cm (Table 5). The Soil sample pH C (%) N (%) C/N P- Bray K- water content of tomato was 95-96 % (mg P Morgan kg-1) (ppm) with total soluble solids 3.3 to 4.0 %. Before experiment 5.4 7.26 0.55 13 13 804 The control contents vitamin C, 16.0 mg -1 After experiment 100 g . The average of liquid organic -1 100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 5.7 7.23 0.57 13 61 209 fertilizer was 21.3 to 28.4 mg 100 g . 100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 6.0 7.96 0.60 13 75 573 The average of texture was 4.2 to 6.1 -1 -1 100 % SM + 15 mL L-1 LOF (L2) 5.8 7.63 0.59 13 57 240 mm s 100 g and it shows that the fruits 100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 5.7 7.63 0.59 13 81 252 in treatments with 50 and 75 % of solid organic fertilizer were firm than 100 % 75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4) 5.7 7.28 0.58 13 67 224 solid organic fertilizer. However, this 50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5) 5.8 7.36 0.56 13 70 249 result did not have a negative correlation SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer. with the shelf life. Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net) Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato 221

Table 4. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on tomato yield References Treatments Fruit yield Number Weight per per plant of fruit Abro, S.A., M. Fazal, G. Qadir, I. Shah, M. Gadehi, A. Solangi (g/plant) fruits (g/fruit) and A. Abro, 2019. Managing organic manures for carbon 100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 282.2bc 15.3ab 18.2b sequestration to improve soil health and sustained vegetable yield. Pakistan J. Anal. Environ., 20(1): 54-59. 100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 328.2bc 13.5ab 22.7ab Anila, M.A., V.K. Duraisamy and T. Arumugam, 2019. Effect of -1 bc ab b 100 % SM + 15 mL L LOF (L2) 282.3 13.8 20.2 drip fertigated and soil drenched liquid organic manures on 100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 218.7c 11.0b 19.3b productivity and quality of tomato. Environ. & Ecol., 37(2): 75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4) 515.8a 16.3ab 35.8a 495-499. Ansong-Omari, R., D.S. Bellingrath-Kimura, Y. Fujii, E. Sarkodee- 50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5) 502.3ab 23.5a 23.7ab Addo, K, Appiah-Sarpong and Y. Oikawa, 2018. Nitrogen CV (%) 22.51 20.99 36.68 mineralization and microbial biomass dynamics in different tropical soil amended with contrasting organic resources. Soil SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer; means presenting the same letter are not statistically different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance; Systems, 2(4): 63. CV=coefficient of variance. Antonious, G., E. Turley and M. Dawood, 2019. Ascorbic acid, sugars, phenol and nitrates concentrations in tomato grown in Application of liquid organic fertilizer without decreasing the dose animal manure amended soil. Agr.-Basel, 9(5): 10. of solid manure did not give a positive impact on the tomato yield. Borges, F.R.M., F.M.L. Bezerra, A.B. Marinho, E.G. Ramos and It seems that application of liquid organic fertilizer plus 100 % solid J.D.J. Adriano. 2019. Goat manure fertilization and irrigation manure gave an over-supply fertilization status. The situation can on production components of sunflower. Revista Caatinga, reduce the fruit yield. Oversupply of nitrogen reduces the tomato yield 32(1): 211-221. significantly (Scholberget al., 2000). In contrary, application of liquid Cordovil, C.M.D.S., A.d. Varennes., R.M.D.S., Pinto, T.F. Alves, organic fertilizer plus 50 and 75 % solid manure improved the fruit P. Mendes and S.C. Sampaio, 2017. Decomposition rate and yield significantly. The best treatment, 75 % solid manure application enzymatic activity of composted municipal waste and poultry + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer increased the fruit yield up to 83 % manure in the soil in a biofuel crops field. J. Sci. Fd. & Agr. 97(1): 2245-2255. from 282.2 g/plant to 515.8 g/plant. Similar findings reported that the The Global Tomato Processing Industry, 2019. http://www. application of liquid organic fertilizer enhanced the fruit yield of tomato tomatonews.com/en/background 47.html (40 %) (Murtic et al., 2018; Yarsi, 2019). Increase in the tomato fruit Guajardo-Rios, O., C.J. Lozano-Cavazos., L.A. Valdez-Aguilar, A. yield in this trial was because of the increased fruit size that increased Benavides-Mendoza, L. Ibarra-Jimenez, J.A. Ascacio-Valdes the tomato weight per fruit. Increase in fruit diameter was 38 % (from and C.N. Aguilar-Gonzalez, 2018. Animal-based organic 2.6 to 3.6 cm), in length of fruit, 40 % (from 3.2 to 3.5 cm) and in nutrition can substitute inorganic in soilless-grown weight per fruit 97 % (from 18.2 to 35.8 g/fruit). grape tomato. Acta Agr. Scandinavica Section B-Soil & Plant Sci., 68(1): 77-85. Furthermore, application of liquid organic fertilizer enhanced the Haynes, R.J. and M.S. Mokolobate, 2001. Amelioration of -1 -1 vitamin C by 25-78 % from 16 mg 100 g to 21.3-28.4 mg 100 g . Al toxicity and P deficiency in acid soils by additions of The increase in vitamin C occurred in all treatments with liquid organic organic residues: a critical review of the phenomenon and fertilizer application. Antonious et al. (2019) reported that the growth the mechanisms involved. J. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosystem, media used influenced the vitamin C content of tomatoes. Furthermore, 59(1): 47-63. the trial, 75 % solid manure + 20 mL L-1 liquid organic fertilizer induced Murtic, S., R. Oljaca, M.S. Murtic, A. Vranac, A. Akagic and H. the fruit texture firmer than the control. In conclusion, applying liquid Civic, 2018. Cherry tomato productivity as influenced by liquid organic fertilizer under different growth conditions. J. Ctr. organic fertilizer made from Leucaena leucocephala, rabbit manure, European Agr., 19(3): 503-516. elephant manure and goat manure (2:2:1:1, v/v/v/v) not just increased Nahak, A., M. Suarta and M.L.K.S. Mudra, 2018. Pengaruh the fruit yield but also the quality of organic tomato fruits. pemberian pupuk SP-36 dan pupuk kandang kelinci terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kailan (Brassica oleracea var Acknowledgements achepala). J. Gema Agro., 23(2): 146-150. The Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture funded the research (Indonesian Ningrum, W.A., K.P. Wicaksono and S.Y. Tyasmoro, 2017. Pengaruh plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) dan Agency of Agriculture Research and Development, DIPA-BALITSA pupuk kandang kelinci terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi 2015) reported in this paper. We thank Warsi Suherli from IVEGRI for tanaman jagung manis (Zea mays saccharata). J. Produksi his technical assistance in the greenhouse experiment. Tanaman, 5(3): 433-440. Table 5. The effect of liquid organic fertilizer on fruit quality Treatments Shelf Fruit Length Water TSS Vit C Texture life diameter of fruit content (%) (mg/100 g) (mm/s/100 g) (days) (cm) (cm) (%) 100 % SM + 0 mL L-1 LOF (control) 7ns 2.6b 3.2b 94.9ns 4.0ns 16.0b 4.0b 100 % SM + 10 mL L-1 LOF (L1) 4 3.1ab 3.8a 95.4 3.9 24.8a 4.8b 100 % SM + 15 mL L-1 LOF (L2) 5 2.7b 3.4b 95.7 3.3 26.6a 4.6b 100 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF(L3) 6 3.4a 3.8a 95.1 3.6 21.3a 5.1b 75 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L4) 8 3.6a 4.4a 95.5 3.3 26.6a 6.1a 50 % SM + 20 mL L-1 LOF (L5) 6 3.5a 4.1a 95.2 3.4 28.4a 6.0a SM= Solid horse manure; LOF=Liquid organic fertilizer; means presenting the same letter are not statistically different at α=5 %; ns=non-significance. Journal of Applied Horticulture (www.horticultureresearch.net) 222 Liquid organic fertilizer on organic tomato

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