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Myxozoa) Infecting Sprattus Sprattus and Clupea Harengus (Clupeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Uses Hydroides Norvegicus (Serpulidae) As Invertebrate Host

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Myxozoa) Infecting Sprattus Sprattus and Clupea Harengus (Clupeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic Uses Hydroides Norvegicus (Serpulidae) As Invertebrate Host A parvicapsulid (Myxozoa) infecting Sprattus sprattus and Clupea harengus (Clupeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic uses Hydroides norvegicus (Serpulidae) as invertebrate host Køie, Marianne; Karlsbakk, Egil; Einen, Ann-Cathrine Bårdsgjæere; Nylund, Are Published in: Folia Parasitologica DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.016 Publication date: 2013 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Køie, M., Karlsbakk, E., Einen, A-C. B., & Nylund, A. (2013). A parvicapsulid (Myxozoa) infecting Sprattus sprattus and Clupea harengus (Clupeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic uses Hydroides norvegicus (Serpulidae) as invertebrate host. Folia Parasitologica, 60(2), 149-154. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2013.016 Download date: 03. okt.. 2021 Ahead of print online version FOLIA PARASITOLOGICA 60 [2]: 149–154, 2013 © Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR ISSN 0015-5683 (print), ISSN 1803-6465 (online) http://folia.paru.cas.cz/ A parvicapsulid (Myxozoa) infecting Sprattus sprattus and Clupea harengus (Clupeidae) in the Northeast Atlantic uses Hydroides norvegicus (Serpulidae) as invertebrate host Marianne Køie1, Egil Karlsbakk2, 3, Ann-Cathrine Bårdsgjære Einen2 and Are Nylund3 1 Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark; 2 Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; 3 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Norway Abstract: A myxosporean producing actinospores of the tetractinomyxon type in Hydroides norvegicus Gunnerus (Serpulidae) in Denmark was identified as a member of the family Parvicapsulidae based on small-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. Myxosporean samples from various Danish and Norwegian marine fishes were examined with primers that detect the novel myxo- sporean. Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus) and Clupea harengus Linnaeus (Teleostei, Clupeidae) were found to be infected. The sequenc- es of this parvicapsulid from these hosts were consistently slightly different (0.8% divergence), but both these genotypes were found in H. norvegicus. Disporic trophozoites and minute spores of a novel myxosporean type were observed in the renal tubules of some of the hosts found infected through PCR. The spores appear most similar to those of species of Gadimyxa Køie, Karlsbakk et Nylund, 2007, but are much smaller. The actinospores of the tetractinomyxon type from H. norvegicus have been described previously. In GenBank, the SSU rDNA sequences of Parvicapsulidae gen. sp. show highest identity (82%) with Parvicapsula minibicornis Kent, Whitaker et Dawe, 1997 infecting salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) in fresh water in the western North America. A phylogenetic analysis places P. minibicornis and Parvicapsulidae gen. sp. in a sister clade to the other parvicapsulids (Parvicapsula spp. and Gadimyxa spp.). Keywords: Myxozoa, Parvicapsulidae, Clupea harengus, Sprattus sprattus, actinospores, life cycle, Denmark, Norway Many two-host life cycles of freshwater myxo- sprattus (Linnaeus) and Atlantic herring Clupea haren- zoans are known (see Yokoyama et al. 2012), but only gus Linnaeus. five marine life cycles have been elucidated (Køie et al. 2004, 2007, 2008, Rangel et al. 2009, Karlsbakk and MATERIALS AND METHODS Køie 2012). These represent members of the genera From Denmark, 200 specimens of sprat Sprattus sprattus Ceratomyxa Thélohan, 1892; Ellipsomyxa Køie, 2003; (10–15 cm in total length) and 100 specimens of the Atlantic Gadimyxa Køie, Karlsbakk et Nylund, 2007; and Sigmo- herring Clupea harengus (15–20 cm in length) were exam- myxa Karlsbakk et Køie, 2012, all belonging to the ma- ined. The fishes were trawled in the northern Øresund (55°58'N, rine clade of Myxosporea (Fiala 2006). These develop ac- 12°40'E) at 15–20 m, September–December 2007 and 2008. tinospores of the tetractinomyxon type in their polychaete From Norway, samples were taken from sprat from Hardanger hosts. Recently, a markedly different actinosporean type, (60°24'56''N, 6°31'29''E), western Norway (N = 2; 9.5–12.5 cm unicapsulactinomyxon, was discovered in the polychaete in length) in August 2008 and from Vefsnfjorden, northern Nor- Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje from Portugal (Ran- way (six sprat 6.4–8.2 cm long; two herring 12.8–13.1 cm long) gel et al. 2011). Based on its SSU rDNA sequence, this (65°56'36''N, 12°42'12''E) in November 2011. The latter speci- unidentified myxosporean is most closely related to En- mens of the two clupeids were caught in the same trawl haul. Some fish were examined fresh, but most were frozen immedi- teromyxum spp., which also belong to the marine clade ately upon capture. of Myxosporea. Kidney samples for DNA were stored in 96% ethanol. In this study we present evidence suggesting that Squash preparations were made from various parts of the kidney the marine polychaete Hydroides norvegicus Gunnerus and examined at 1 000× magnification for myxosporean spores (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) from the northern Øresund, and trophozoites. The Vefsnfjorden samples could not be exam- Denmark, is the invertebrate host of a novel parvicapsulid ined at high magnification due to the movement and vibrations parasite infecting the urinary system of sprat Sprattus in the research vessel (RV ‘Helmer Hansen’) at sea. Myxospore Address for correspondence: E. Karlsbakk, Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Phone: +47 55 23 63 62; Fax: +47 55 23 85 31; E-mail: [email protected] 149 Ahead of print online version Table 1. Variable and ambiguous positions in partial SSU rDNA sequences of Parvicapsulidae gen. sp. from sprat, herring and Hydroides norvegicus. Positions given with reference to JX136956. Sequence GenBank Host Geno- Positions isolate Accession No. type 320 472 480 505–6 508 519 535–6 547 575–6 1175 1184 1208 1218 1231 1590 HyAug HQ588150 Hydroides B C G T TY C A GG C CC G A T T A T HySep HQ588151 Hydroides B C G T TY C A GG C CC G A T T A T OrSpr HQ588153 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CY K A T K A T OrSprNy HQ588154 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CC G A T T A T Spr-2 JX136962 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CC T A T K A T Bri-1 JX136955 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CC T A T G A T Bri-2 JX136956 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CY T A T G A T Bri-3 JX136957 Sprat B C G T TC C A GG C CC K A T K A T Bri-4 JX136958 Sprat B C G T TC C A GG C CC K A T G A ou Bri-5 JX136959 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CC K A T K A T Bri-6 JX136960 Sprat B C G T TT C A GG C CY K A T K A T BriK-2 JX136961 Sprat B C G T TY C A GG C CC T A T G A ou Hy07 HQ588152.2 Hydroides B+S Y R Y WY C W RK Y YC K R Y D R Y Hy1911 HQ588149 Hydroides S T A C AT C W AT T TC T G C A G C Mu-1 JX136963 Herring S T A C AT C W AT T TC T G C A G C Mu-2 JX136964 Herring S T A C AT C W AT T TC T G C A R C Clm-3 JX136965 Herring S T A C AT A T AT T TC ou* ou ou ou ou ou *ou = outside. Additional ambiguous positions: Y at position 516 in Bri-6 only, Y at position 605 in Hy1911 and Mu-1, Y at position 1164 in Mu-1 and Mu-2 measurements are based on six specimens from sprat and four quencing kit. The sequencing was done using the amplification specimens from herring, all from Denmark. Since the rare and primers. small myxospores were not found in stained smears, micro- The sequence data were assembled with the Vector NTI graphs of the myxospores are deposited in the Zoological Mu- Advance™ 11 software (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA), and seum, Copenhagen, Denmark, Catalog No ZMUC-MYX-005 GenBank searches were done with BLAST (2.0). Alignments (photo-vouchers). were obtained with Clustal W (AlignX, Vector NTI). Ambigu- Specimens of Hydroides norvegicus were collected on their ous signals occurred in the SSU rDNA sequences. These were common substrate, the bivalve Aequipecten opercularis (Lin- registered if the secondary peak was consistently present in mul- naeus). The bivalves were dredged in the northern Øresund at tiple reads and showed half or more of the signal of the major 25 m, throughout the years 2001–2008. Some polychaetes were signal at that position. examined immediately upon capture; others were kept in aquar- The phylogenetic relationship between Parvicapsulidae gen. ia provided with aerated, filtered seawater from a recirculation sp. and related Myxosporea was examined using Maximum water system (30 ‰ S, 10 °C). Likelihood (ML) (MEGA 5; 500 bootstrap replicates) (Tamura DNA was extracted from kidney pieces or pieces of actin- et al. 2011) and Bayesian inference (BI) (MrBayes 3.1.2; 1 × 106 ospore-infected H. norvegicus using the DNeasy® Tissue generations, every 100th tree saved) (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck Kit protocol for animal tissues (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). 2003). Sequences were aligned using AlignX, and manually The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers used to obtain edited in Genedoc. Hypervariable or ambiguous regions were partial small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) se- deleted in order to achieve comparison of homologous positions. quences were MarF1/RosR2 (annealing temperature 56 °C), In the sequence of Sinuolinea sp. (GenBank accession number MyxF2/Myxgen4R (57 °C) (see Køie et al.
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