WDR Resignation Embarrasses Bank About Whose Voices Count in Such Reports and What Are the Limits to World Bank Openness

BRETTON WOODS ® update

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advances from orthodox Bank approaches. But questions remain WDR resignation embarrasses Bank about whose voices count in such reports and what are the limits to World Bank openness. In late May Ravi Kanbur resigned from his position as World Development Report lead For future WDRs, including the 2002 report on sustainable develop- author following attempts by Bank and government officials to make him change his text. ment, the Bank will again have to WWW.BRETTONWOODSPROJECT.ORG When this story broke in mid-June, the ensuing controversy opened up important debates clarify their purpose and process. Two years ago Bank President James about policy priorities and about the World Bank’s role in producing research. Wolfensohn stated in a letter to the Bretton Woods Project that “I view The World Development Report is was committed to garnering and commentators had welcomed this WDRs as being one of the Bank’s crit- the Bank’s leading annual publica- including a range of views. He wrote more balanced approach but argued ical instruments for dialogue with tion, with a major influence on to the Bretton Woods Project soon that, having acknowledged the the development community at development thinking and opera- after he took the job clarifying that “I importance of political factors, the large. I have also emphasized that tions worldwide. In recent years the would not submit to any substan- report needed to do more to iden- we should not just be reciting Bank has gradually opened up the tive editing I did not agree with”. tify the major local, national and generic answers but raising funda- process of producing the reports, Bridging the gap between those who global obstacles to pro-poor actions. mental questions to which there are encouraging NGOs and researchers approved of much of his first draft Ironically the WDR editing process no easy answers”. Neither aim is at to submit evidence and comments while calling for certain aspects to has now neatly revealed why it is so present being realised. ® during drafting. For this year’s major be taken further, and those who hard for poorer people to have their decadal report on poverty the Bank wanted to reorder and dilute it was voices heard in global institutions. ∑www.worldbank.org allocated significant extra time and always hard. It became impossible Joe Ritzen, Bank Vice President in /poverty/wdrpoverty resources for such exercises and once pressure, rather than reasoned charge of the report pledged “the ∑www.brettonwoodsproject.org hired former Bank official, now Cor- argument, was brought to bear. World Bank is committed to both /brief/wdrproc.html nell University Professor, Ravi Kan- Those in the Bank and donor open debate and an internal process 18 bur to lead the team. governments who wanted to tone that maintains the integrity of the Kanbur impressed many with the down the report were concerned WDR, in which the final product “The tussle about what the WDR energy and enthusiasm he brought about the order of the WDR’s main reflects the best evidence and judge- should and should not emphasize

AUGUST2000 to the challenge of listening to “pillars”, in particular the relative ment of the staff, as well as the wide demonstrates that there are diverse evidence and opinions, and importance of the sections on range of external commentary. The forces inside and outside the by publishing the report’s first draft opportunity (the role of markets report will in the end be a product of World Bank hostile to even a on the web. and economic growth) and empow- the World Bank.” modest modiﬁcation of the domi- Senior Bank and shareholder gov- erment (responsiveness of state Many of those involved in the nant paradigm on development. ernment officials, however, became institutions to citizens, and the role WDR drafting process are likely to The Bank may want to signal concerned about the report’s mes- of organisations of the poor). produce commentaries on the final that it is turning into a caring sages on key policies and tried to The January draft suggested that text when it is published in early organization but, like a leopard force Kanbur to make changes in developing countries need to September. The open initial draft- and its spots, it cannot change order and content. Kanbur had, how- approach market liberalisation cau- ing process followed by the public even if it wants to.” ever, made quite clear—for example tiously, taking active measures to controversy during June and July The Hindu, 26 June, 2000 by arranging extra trips to meet address institutional change, social may have helped ensure that the More comments on page 2 African and Indian NGOs —that he protection and inequality. Many final draft contains significant

“The World Bank ’s ham-fisted interventions in Tibet have seriously compromised Tibetan diplomacy ” – page 3 Globalization critics confront Bank ...... 2 Annual meetings plans ...... 5 Net Gateway discussions move forward ...... 2 Kenyan MPs urge aid halt ...... 5 Report slams Bank/Fund corruption agendas ...... 3 Misleading studies bad for the poor ...... 6 Governance work examined ...... 3 Köhler seeks independent, focused IMF ...... 6 China project shakes Bank ...... 3 G7 to impose architecture agenda ...... 6 Indians threatened by loan failure ...... 4 Protests in Argentina, Turkey, Ecuador ...... 7 Chad-Cameroon latest ...... 4 Mozambique sugar industry threatened by IMF ...... 7 Assessment policies under review ...... 4 Protests at India power price rise ...... 7 Major AIDS funding made available ...... 4 Slovaks angry at WB-IMF collusion ...... 7 Development and environment strategies ...... 5 UN collaboration with Bank and Fund condemned ...... 8 Report on transition safety nets ...... 5 PLUS: New books on: global ﬁnance, Brazil and IMF “If the IMF forces these impositions on the government, the result will be the closure of the factories” – page 7 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000

“The Washington Consensus has “A rare individual has the courage to Comments on emerged from the Asia Crisis with its resign,but what about the thou- Bank’s Net Gateway faith in free markets only slightly sands who don’t? We need to discussions move Ravi Kanbur’s shaken.Poverty eradication is now question all reports and documents the menu, but the main dish is still and data coming from the World forward resignation growth and market liberalisation, Bank which the media and others A number of discussions took place with social safety nets added as a use as their source of truth about the in June and July on the World Bank’s side dish, and social capital scat- South.This is the tip of the iceberg of proposed Global Development Gate- tered over it as a relish.The overall the reports that are produced under “Everyone is shocked and deeply way internet portal initiative (see implication of the resignation is such intense politicization” saddened that Ravi left.Many of us Update, June 2000). Meetings hosted fairly clear.The US does not want Michael Goldman, editor Privatising Nature, see this as a real blow to the empow- by the Institute for Development the World Bank to stray too far from Political Struggles for the Global Commons erment agenda; and if I’ve learned Studies (IDS), Department for Inter- its agenda of economic growth and anything from my work it’s about national Development (DFID) and market liberalisation.Ravi Kanbur’s "At the World Bank, the high church the powerlessness of being poor.” OneWorld Europe, plus an internet draft has raised a few too many of development economics, a World Bank source discussion hosted by Bellanet doubts about this agenda, and widening schism over how to fight (www.bellanet.org), gave opportuni- strayed too much towards politics.” poverty is sending ripples around “Ravi Kanbur has recently decided to ties to raise questions and concerns. The Nation, Bangkok, 5 July, 2000 the world.Ravi Kanbur, a top Cor- leave his position as Staff Director of The DFID meeting included senior nell economist and the man hired by the World Development Report UK and Bank officials as well as NGO “To keep the Bank afloat Wolfen- the bank to oversee the writing of “Attacking Poverty.”Ravi’s decision and university staff. Many critical sohn has to steer between two its World Development Report, is a source of regret for the Report’s points were raised, including who major constituencies.The first are resigned in anger recently when he team, for colleagues in the Bank and will govern the design and imple- the critics, the second is the US Trea- was ordered to rewrite his staff's for many people outside the Bank mentation of the Gateway, whether sury.You don’t need to be a World draft.The report is extremely influ- who have been working on the WDR. the proposal is too big and ambi- Bank economist to do the cost bene- ential among economists, and Mr. In leaving Ravi said he had some tious, whether disadvantaged groups fit analysis.To save the Bank, and Kanbur's version questioned how reservations on the emphasis of the such as indigenous people would be his own reputation, it is essential well developing countries adapt to main messages that were likely to able to get their messages across. that the Bank’s policies and public capitalism.In fact, it questioned emerge in the final version of the The Bank team agreed that further pronouncements do not err too far whether the West's standard pre- Report.We believe these reserva- discussion was needed on many of from its main shareholder and polit- scription for reform does enough to tions to be unfounded.” these and called for suggestions on ical protector, the US Treasury.” help the poor." Jo Ritzen, Vice President, Development Economics, how a comprehensive global con- World Bank Focus on Trade, Number 51, June 2000 Joseph Kahn, New York Times, 25 June, 2000 sultations process can be organised. In late June OneWorld Interna- tional and IDS organised a joint draft statement of principles for civil society organisations considering how Globalization critics confront Bank in e-conference to respond to the Gateway. This proposed a set of conditions which the Bank’s GDG team must meet and dis- An online debate on Globalization and Poverty in May generated much little recognition to such wealth of cussed the establishment of a civil knowledge”. society steering group to guide feed- interesting material. Co-organized by the PANOS Institute and the World The final report of the debate back to the Bank. The Bellanet web- Bank, the discussion attracted some 5,000 officials, researchers and NGO concludes: site contains links to this and other “While the Bank and other inter- useful documents. representatives. The report of the exchange comments that “although national institutions are strong at Roberto Bissio, executive director there had been many efforts at consultation and listening, the Bank making macro level arguments about of the Third World Institute, sound financial policy and strategy, Uruguay, and others are, however, still did not know how to engage in argument with its critics or with they are poor at marshalling argu- questioning the GDG proposal’s fun- those who disagreed with it within developing countries”. ments or examples that demonstrate damental logic. In a contribution to the micro level benefits of globaliza- the Bellanet exchange he said the The discussion began with the “the market seems to be corner- tion for the poor. The debate was very Internet can be an important tool, question whether globalization of stone of all theories of globaliza- heavily dominated by coherent and especially where locally run. “But the trade leads to economic growth, and tion. The market has a very narrow reasoned critics of globalization and a press is also essential for democracy whether growth is good for the and short term view which prevents litany of evidence at the micro level of and for the functioning of the econ- poor. The report comments: it taking into account those who are how globalization worked directly omy. And nobody has argued in “both sides argue that both the not seen as profit potential. Global- against the interests of the poor. favour of the World Bank or the data-gathering methodologies and ization may improve growth rates, Bank staff appeared unused to deal- national governments (the main the interpretation of the data are increase productivity, enhance tech- ing with a well-informed, hostile pub- actors of the proposed GDG) starting open to debate. Meanwhile, personal nological capability but cannot lic audience, and some of the most to publish newspapers, even in perceptions and day-to-day observa- redistribute created wealth and emotional and defensive contribu- countries which badly lack them. tions of the impacts of globalization- income in favour of the poor. In fact tions to the debate came from the There would be a public outrage if liberalisation tend to contradict the it does the reverse.” Bank staff participants.” ® someone proposed it, as the press is arguments of neoliberalism. Contri- Desta Mebratu, an engineer from supposed to be free. Why isn’t there butions were overwhelmingly Ethiopia, commented that “decades ∑www.panos.org.uk/environment a similar concern about this pro- against what they perceived as the of external influence in different /globalization_and_poverty_online.htm posal, portals being, as newspapers, narrow northern business-oriented forms have destroyed and under- See also: Localization—a Global Manifesto, essentially an editorial activity?”. economic analysis of the Bretton mined the traditional institutional Earthscan,2000,and; A major e-conference will be Woods Institutions”. mechanisms while creating islands Paradigm Lost: Critical Voices on Globaliza- hosted by the World Bank’s Devel- The PANOS Institute report of the of modern institutions that are inef- tion and the Big Hole in Finances for opment Forum team in October to debate is rich in insights, and ficient and alienated from the soci- Development, New Economics Foundation, discuss the Gateway proposal. ® extracts from key contributions. For ety at large … the tendency is to con- June,2000, example: N. Srinivasan, an Indian tinuously attempt to transplant ∑www.neweconomics.org ∑www.worldbank.org/gateway development banker commented new generation of institutions with /main/work/reshape ∑www.bellanet.org/gdgprinciples 2 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000

ity/Anti-Corruption Project has New report slams Bank/Fund described the audits demanded by the International Financial Institu- Bank governance tions “generally innocuous, work examined corruption agendas untimely and therefore useless”. Progress has been made, how- The roles of the World Bank in pro- ever, with the World Bank drawing moting good governance and The World Bank and IMF are urged to rethink their approaches to anti- up a list of firms debarred from par- democracy are assessed in two new ticipation in Bank-financed con- papers. Carlos Santiso, of the Inter- corruption work in a new brieﬁng. Published by the Corner House, a tracts because they have been national Institute for Democracy UK-based research and solidarity group, it states that: found guilty of corruption or fraud. and Electoral Assistance, Sweden, The briefing argues that the Bank notes that official agencies have “corruption is increasingly cited as a reason for withholding foreign aid should go further, sharing liability “too often tried to ignore the state or debt relief. Most commentators on corruption—and on the good with borrower country taxpayers in and design strategies to circumvent major cases such as Zaire/Congo it, rather than reform it”. Now “the governance initiatives instigated to combat it—dwell on developing and Indonesia “if it is found that strengthening of governance sys- countries, not industrialised ones. Most call attention to the petty World Bank and IMF staff know- tems and democratic institutions is ingly lent money to regimes who increasingly considered the missing corruption of low-paid civil servants, not to the grand corruption of immediately siphoned it off link which will remedy the failures wealthy multinationals. This focus needs to be shifted.” through corruption”. of past development assistance”. The report also urges the World Santiso finds that the World The 24 page report marshals many ing argues that transnational com- Bank to: Bank “remains inhibited by its disturbing statistics about corrup- panies and borrower governments orthodox economic approach, • introduce proper guidelines for staff tion, and the roles of the World are able to distort the system to restrictive mandate and varied con- IMF dealing with corporate lobbyists; Bank and in fostering or abet- their advantage. One means is using stituency”. As World Bank and IMF ting it. Specific cases are discussed the specialised lobbying and con- • review the system by which former governance work “is still driven by from Uganda, Pakistan and sultancy firms—often employing ex- Bank staff become advisers to private efficiency concerns rather than gov- Lesotho. Privatisation is a compo- Bank staff—which have grown up clients; and ernmental legitimacy … there is nent of 70 per cent of World Bank around the Bank and Fund. great confusion on its content and • commission a full independent review adjustment loans and 40 per cent The Bank has been unable to core elements, in particular the intri- of the link between structural adjustment of sectoral adjustment loans. Pri- ensure that its loans are used prop- cate links between economic and and corruption. ® vatisation processes have often erly, because its institutional culture political reforms”. Santiso finds “been accompanied by widespread rewards drawing up and disbursing “particularly worrying” the tendency ∑www.cornerhouse.icaap.org corruption”. loans rather than supervising their to use quantitative indicators and µ [email protected] Despite the fact that the Bank impact on the ground. Former Bank abstract methodologies to evaluate ∑www.brettonwoodsproject.org uses International Competitive Bid- staffer James Wesberry, now Direc- the impact and performance of /brief/tsiacw.html ding for most contracts, the brief- tor of the Americas’ Accountabil- external assistance to democracy and good governance. Another paper, by Ngaire Woods of Oxford University written for the Lafitte wrote an angry open letter to China project shakes Bank Global Economic Institutions pro- the Bank “I have read the history of ject, assesses World Bank and IMF how bank management in past moves to become more accountable The campaign by pro-Tibetan and Bank was accused by pro-Tibet Inspection Panel cases has smoth- to multiple stakeholders. Woods cri- other groups to press the World groups of endorsing the Chinese ered, fudged, obscured and mud- tiques the ad hoc way in which the Bank to drop the China Western Government policy of population died findings, twisting them to IFIs are adapting to the need to con- Poverty Project caused a major polit- transfers into Tibetan areas and institutional ends. But this time the sult widely, and reviews various pro- ical battle at the institution during going ahead without enabling local Inspection Panel had been called in posals for achieving fairer represen- June. Bank President Wolfensohn people to speak out freely. There at the start. This time it was not tation on their governing bodies and continued to back the project were also doubts about the project’s grass-roots demands but Bank man- more meaningful engagement with despite the ruling by the Bank’s technical merits. A protest camp agement who had called in the local government and non-govern- Inspection Panel that Bank staff had outside the World Bank’s headquar- Inspection Panel, a shrewd move mental organisations around spe- broken seven Bank directives dur- ters and a speech by the Dalai Lama which would have allowed every- cific projects and programmes. ® ing project appraisal. This prompted in Washington in the week before one, including the Chinese govern- NGO ment to gracefully withdraw with- an outcry from s, and opposi- the Board meeting drove these mes- Democracy Assistance: International Co- out loss of face”. tion to the loan from the US, Japan- sages home. operation for Democratization, Frank Cass, Some Bank-watchers were over- ese and Dutch governments. US Yet Wolfensohn did not want to London,forthcoming. Executive Director (ED) to the Bank, jeopardise the Bank’s relationship joyed at China’s withdrawal of the Jan Piercy, said the Bank needed to with the government of its largest project, but Lafitte commented µ [email protected] take responsibility for “delivering on borrower, China, and proposed a that: “far from this being a tri- µ [email protected] its own commitments to credible compromise: doing further studies umphant victory, the World Bank’s internal controls and faithful exe- and giving the Board another ham-fisted interventions in Tibet “experience shows that cution of agreed policies and proce- chance to discuss the project in a have seriously compromised dures”. China’s ED, Zhu Xian coun- year’s time. Gabriel Lafitte, the Aus- Tibetan diplomacy”. ® rolling back the state may tered that the Bank was being tralian Tibet expert arrested by Chi- have gone too far,causing a politicised. The Bank has agreed to nese authorities last year while con- ∑www.atc.org.au review these issues in September. ducting interviews in the project ∑ www.tibetinfo.net/newsupdates dramatic reduction in public The $40 million loan was area dismissed this as “a rash plan ∑www.bicusa.org intended to move some 60,000 poor to please everyone by throwing service delivery and eroding farmers living on eroded land into more money and yet more words at A new report from Bank Information Centre another area of Qinghai Province a fatally flawed project.” China, how- detailing all past Inspection Panel claims, the political authority and 300 miles farther west. Their ever, eventually withdrew the pro- the Panel’s response and World Bank’s fol- planned new home is part of the tra- ject from the Bank arguing that it low-up can be found on: legitimacy of states” ∑ ditional territory of Tibetans and the would fund it from China’s own www.bicusa.org Carlos Santiso. birthplace of the Dalai Lama. The resources. /inspectionpanel.htm 3 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000

Larry Lohmann of the Corner- house think-tank commented that: Brazilian Indians threatened by Bank assessment “The concept here looks good and is World Bank loan failure policies discussed based on points made by activists for several decades. But the Bank A July Urgent Action bulletin from cians and businessmen, some of The latest issue of News and Notices has a long history of taking sugges- Survival International urges the whom have large landholdings on for World Bank Watchers discusses tions for making its operations World Bank and Government of Awa land”. The delay has led to land World Bank social and environmen- more sensitive to the needs of the Brazil to act to uphold conditions invasions and fatal attacks on Awa tal assessments and calls for a new poor and using them to create insti- attached to an 18 year old World groups. “dynamic assessment” procedure. tutions which are instead more sen- Bank loan. In 1982 the Brazilian gov- Survival points out that “the News and Notices comments that sitive to corporate needs. There is ernment and its mining company, Brazilian government, CVRD and the currently there is “a confounding less than no point to providing CVRD, received over US$900 million World Bank are guilty of violating array of social assessment tools (e.g. more such suggestions unless they from the World Bank and European both the Brazilian constitution and beneficiary surveys, participatory rural are accompanied by demands for Union to develop the iron ore the World Bank’s operational direc- appraisal), that vary widely in price in institutional changes in the World deposits in the Carajas mountains. tive on indigenous peoples by ignor- the Bank’s internal market. The pro- Bank and IMF relating to salaries, One condition of the Bank loan was ing the Awa’s land rights”. Survival is liferation of tools creates a swamp of promotion and hiring and firing. that all Indian territories within the calling for the immediate recognition confusion”. Social assessments are They should also be accompanied sphere of the Carajas project would and protection of their land which is currently not mandated except for by more details about who is going be officially recognised and demar- the only hope for the survival of projects involving indigenous peoples to assess needs, and how govern- cated by the Brazilian government. Brazil’s last nomadic people. ® and resettlement. The Bank plans to ments are going to be prevented Survival comments that “nearly two draft a new social assessment policy from collecting merely the informa- decades on, and despite the avail- during 2000-2001. The new policy is tion a certain class wants to see col- Write to: James D.Wolfensohn,President, ability of this money, the Awa likely to be an “umbrella” for a range lected about alternatives”. ® The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW,Wash- indigenous group in Maranhco state of concerns relating to resettlement, ington, DC 20433,USA, are still waiting for their land rights indigenous people, cultural property, µ [email protected] ≈ +1 202 522 3031 to be recognised. The demarcation gender, and post-conflict issues. The ∑www.globalarchitects.org has been blocked largely by politi- ∑www.survival-international.org policy will define “social assessment” See also Missing the Point of Development and identify the circumstances in Talk: Lessons for Activists: which it is required. ∑www.cornerhouse.icaap.org The “dynamic assessment” /brieﬁngs/9.html Chad-Cameroon latest process that is beginning to be discussed by a number of NGOs and offi- The World Bank Board approved the field development in the region, and; cials would aim to help citizens Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline project • funding and management of off-set develop and monitor Bank projects in early June. Several executive direc- areas to compensate for biodiversity lost to and country programmes. It would Bank announces tors expressed concerns about the the project. involve a series of studies and major AIDS funding project but praised the efforts of The Environmental Defense Fund reviews, including needs assess- World Bank management to inte- organised a joint NGO statement wel- ments, initial impact assessments The World Bank announced in early grate safeguards into the project coming the proposal to establish an and ongoing programme monitoring July that it is to make available $500 such as the revenue management Independent Advisory Group, as the and adaptation. News and Notices com- million in loans to help countries law for Chad. Bank is “notoriously weak in policy ments that “the Dynamic Assess- combat the growing threat of AIDS. The Board requested that World compliance and project supervision”. ment process can foster ownership The new AIDS program will make Bank management report back reg- It suggested a series of principles for and accountability for results. It can funds available to any African country ularly to the Board on the progress the establishment and functioning of help to forge in-country partnerships which sets up a national AIDS pro- of implementing this project and the Group, to make it genuinely inde- and build institutional capacity. gram. Nearly 24 million people in that an Independent Advisory pendent of the World Bank. This was Indeed, it is doubtful whether the IMF Africa currently live with HIV/AIDS and Group be established. signed by 73 NGOs and NGO Umbrella and World Bank can produce positive the epidemic continues to ravage the Issues addressed will include: Organizations in 23 Countries. ® benefits for borrowing countries— continent’s development prospects. • the funding and implementation of especially poor and vulnerable pop- While this was widely welcomed, oth- the Indigenous Peoples’ Plan; µ Korinna_Horta ulations within those countries— ers pointed out that the World Bank • assessment procedures for future oil @environmentaldefense.org without reliance on such a process.” could do more in other ways. UNAIDS

Human Rights and Oxfam report on Taming Global Finance Finance for Human Development poverty targets Development Agenda The United Nations Development Pro- Missing the Target reviews progress towards Financial liberalisation has created volatility The agenda for next year's UN Conference grammes annual Human Development the international development targets for in financial markets, threatening the orderly on Finance For Development will cover 6 Report, released in June, treats human 2015, highlighting the danger that none of running of national economies. Taming broad themes. These are: mobilising rights as essential for development and the targets will be met. It calls for increased Global Financial Flows: a Citizen's Guide domestic financial resources for develop- sees development as a means to realize aid and debt reduction; increased budget by Kavaljit Singh, Coordinator of the Public ment; mobilising international resources human rights. With principles of account- allocation for priority social services; the Interest Research Centre, Delhi, explains for development: foreign direct investment ability and social justice at the heart of phasing out of cost-recovery in basic health and analyses the rapidly changing world of and other private flows; trade; international human development, it concludes that and primary education; and economic global finance and calls for radical reforms. financial cooperation for development, major advances against poverty will be won growth linked to redistribution in favour of It covers many aspects of the financial sys- debt; and the overall coherence of the only by confronting entrenched economic the poor. tem, including capital account liberalisation, international monetary, financial and trad- and political interests. hedge funds, tax havens, capital controls ing systems in support of development. No ∑www.oxfam.org.uk/policy and the international financial institutions. date or venue for the conference has been ∑www.undp.org/hdro /papers/target.htm Singh sets out guiding principles for a more confirmed although it will take place before /HDR2000.html stable financial architecture and recom- July 2001. mends concrete reform measures. µ [email protected] µ [email protected] ∑www.ngls.tad.ch 4 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000 program scientist Paul Zeitz, for ited to safety nets to minimise the example calculated that relieving impact of economic policies”. Africa of half of its external bilateral Report on transition The Bretton Woods Project co- Prague plans debt would permit a doubling of organised a workshop on National safety nets The annual meetings of the World spending on HIV/AIDS. Oxfam also Strategies for Sustainable Development: Bank and IMF will be the occasion for released a statement opposing new Forthcoming research by Save the Conflicting Approaches at the event. high-level official decision-making loans and calling for more debt relief Children Fund examines the record Kirk Hamilton, World Bank Senior about the future of the institutions and measures to change intellectual of “safety net” social programmes in Environmental Economist, opened as well as protests and alternative dis- property regimes so that cheaper formerly socialist countries. These the meeting by presenting his lat- cussions among civil society groups. generic drugs can be made available. state supported welfare schemes are est work on “genuine savings”, the Thousands of people will travel from After the AIDS conference, G7 typically associated with structural concept used by the World Bank to across the world to join both sets of Finance Ministers released a state- adjustment policies or other poverty adjust national income to reflect events. Civil society groups, led by the ment urging the Multilateral Devel- programmes. Case studies from sustainability concerns. CEE Bankwatch Network, are organ- opment Banks, and especially the Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Martin O’Connor, Professor of Eco- ising a skill-share, a public forum and World Bank, to “deepen their Mongolia and Bulgaria look in partic- nomics at the University of Ver- other events to exchange experiences engagement in global issues such ular at whether families’ livelihoods sailles responded with a paper and debate policy issues. These as infectious diseases and environ- and access to services have been sig- emphasising that “it is crucial to include debt, globalization, energy mental problems closely related to nificantly impaired and whether reflect on the development concepts strategies and the roles of the IMF and development”. ® measures to protect children have underlying greened national World Bank. A series of short, acces- been effective. In Kyrgyzstan, for accounts”. He urged analysts to sep- sible, briefings will be produced on G8 statement available on: example, the World Bank-advised pri- arate out commercializable natural these and other topics. There will also ∑www.g8kyushu-okinawa.go.jp vatization of livestock has had devas- assets from well-being prospects be a number of demonstrations /e/documents/index.html tating effects on pastoral communi- related to maintenance of key envi- organised by the September 26 Col- ties, with drastic stock reductions, ronmental functions. He urged fur- lective (S26) and others. which have impacted food supply ther attention to the strong linkages On the official agenda topics and livelihoods. Save the Children between local community infra- include IMF evaluation; follow-up argues that what policy-makers think structures, informal and unpaid to the G8 discussions on financial New SAP alerts of as short-term impacts (say five or labour and local ecosystem integrity architecture; the role of the IMF;the ten years of adjustment) may often and the dependence of national US-based NGO Globalization Chal- role of the World Bank in middle have significant long-term effects as economies on the world commu- lenge Initiative has launched a income countries and a review of children’s health and education suf- nity for primary energy, water, agri- “Structural Adjustment Program the Comprehensive Development fer. The report is due out in mid-Sep- cultural land, fisheries and absorp- (SAP) Information Alert” service. This Framework. There will also be a tember. ® tion of toxic wastes, and other will feature detailed information programme of seminars titled Mak- pollutants. The discussants were from public and confidential sources ing the Global Economy Work for µ [email protected] Paul Steele of the UK Department about IMF and World Bank-financed Everyone. ® ∑www.scfuk.org.uk for International Development and SAPs in selected countries. They will Fander Falconi of the Universitat include analysis of likely social, eco- ∑www.bankwatch.org Autonoma, Barcelona. ® nomic, political and environmental ∑www.x21.org/s26/ impacts and contact details for key ∑www.imf.org/external/am Full notes and papers will be available on officials. The first two “SAP Alerts” /2000/prague.htm Sustainability ∑www.brettonwoodsproject.org feature Ecuador and Tanzania. ® Prague 2000 Timetable of events strategies debated Also available from Bretton Woods Project: September To subscribe send a blank email to • a new english translation of Fander Fal- Academics, officials and NGO repre- µ Eye.IMF-WB.SAPS- coni’s article: Indicators of Weak Sustainable 20-21 NGO Skillshare sentatives heard a range of promi- [email protected] Development: A Pale Reflection of a More nent speakers at the Annual Bank 23 Debate with President Vaclav Havel Complex Reality; Conference on Development Eco- To recommend a country for a SAP Alert: • The World Bank’s Genuine Savings 24-27 Public forum nomics-Europe in late June. French µ [email protected] Indicator: a Useful Measure of Sustainabil- Prime Minister Lionel Jospin 24 IMF Committee meeting ity?,Bretton Woods Project,December,1999. To obtain "SAP Alerts" as bound booklets in opened the meeting with an appeal 25 Development committee meeting single or bulk orders contact: that “strategies to combat poverty ∑www.worldbank.org/research/abcde µ [email protected] and inequality should not be lim- ∑ www.worldbank.org/environment 26-27 WB/IMF Annual general meeting

Kenya MPs urge aid halt London workshop on Wolfensohn takes a PRGF lending guidance over graft sustainability break discussions In mid-July 64 Kenyan MPs signed a state- In late May WWF and UK NGOs organised a Bank President James Wolfensohn IMF staff are discussing whether to release ment urging the IMF and World Bank to workshop on National Strategies for Sus- announced in mid-July that he was taking a for external consultation a draft staff Guid- suspend discussions on new loans to their tainable Development (NSSDs). This six week sabbatical. He told the Financial ance Note on its Poverty Reduction and government after a select committee report discussed the call for all countries to pro- Times (14/7/00) he was “exhausted” and Growth Facility. The note covers pro- into corruption was cut, deleting the duce NSSDs as one of the International planned to go walking and fishing to “try gramme ownership; collaboration with the names of some politicians and civil ser- Development Targets. It looked at how to work out how I'm going to take on the World Bank; social impact analysis; use of vants. “We want to tell the World Bank and NSSDs fit with initiatives such as World challenge of the next five years.” The paper aid resources; public resource management; the IMF that they have no business dealing Bank/IMF Poverty Reduction Strategy commented that among the factors which pro-poor budgets and more selective use of with the Moi regime when it cannot accept Papers, whether they are strictly “environ- may have prompted him to take time off conditionality. In recent discussions with to investigate and prosecute those named mental” or about livelihoods, and the roles were the controversies over the China NGOs the IMF has been keen to emphasise in the report,” the MPs said. of civil society groups. The meeting report Western Poverty Project and the resignation that it will streamline its conditionality on The IMF and World Bank ignored these clarifies these issues and contains a list of of Ravi Kanbur as World Development PRGF loans to focus on a few key macro- requests, resuming lending to Kenya at the resources. Report lead author. economic criteria and on essential end of the Month. µ [email protected] structural reforms important for macroeco- ∑www.nssd.net nomic stability.

5 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000

A draft report will be discussed by the Misleading studies bad Köhler seeks focused, Board in time for its conclusions to be revealed by Köhler in his speech to independent IMF the Annual Meeting in Prague in Sep- for the poor tember. Board members at a weekend In May in his first public speech as retreat in July broadly accepted Köh- IMF Growth is good for the poor, proclaims a much-discussed new paper of the the new head of the , Horst Köh- ler’s proposal, however, a Board mem- ler signalled that he agrees with ber pointed out “there is still an awful same title by the Bank’s research department. Open markets, capital recent calls for the IMF to be more lot of grey territory on what IMF core account liberalisation, rule of law and ﬁscal discipline boost growth. focussed. Concentrating on macro- business really is.” Another com- And, since poor countries and poor people beneﬁt as much as richer economic stability should “lead to mented, “there is a need for some people, growth is good for the poor. But policies such as education and a focus in its advice on monetary, adjustment in the way conditions are democracy are found to have marginal impact on income levels. fiscal and exchange rate policies and designed, and for more political judge- financial sector policies.” He ques- ment,” reported Reuters. These conclusions have been con- growth and that is our contribution. tioned whether it was appropriate Poverty Reduction and Growth demned by analysts outside the If we are going to get into pro-poor for the IMF to try to act as an inter- Facility Loans will also include more Bank. Writing in The Guardian (14/6/00), growth, we are going to have to go national lender of last resort and streamlined conditionality focusing Irish economist Richard Douthwaite into individual countries and the emphasised the need for “construc- on macroeconomic and governance commented, “even if we accept the micro level. I am sceptical that we can tive engagement” with the private conditions. This will effectively give paper’s finding that the incomes of do this through macro analysis”, con- sector. A Capital Markets Consulta- the World Bank more responsibility the poor grew at the same rates as the cluded Dollar. Howard White from tive Group has been established to to oversee structural reforms. This rich in percentage terms, what this IDS suggested the best title for the provide a forum for such dialogues. might involve new lending win- means in real life is that the absolute paper would be “Not explaining the The IMF should also be more dows at the World Bank, and enable number of possessions the rich could pattern of growth”. “Dollar’s paper independent from the US and other the Bank to provide adjustment afford was growing much faster than should be the death knell of the ‘One governments. “I know that’s very loans to countries which are not those of the poor”. Size Fits All’ approach, not its justifi- difficult because we have very receiving IMF support. ® Oxfam’s critique, Growth with cation” said Duncan Green, CAFOD. strong shareholders and they want Equity is Good for the Poor, commented The authors have received com- to exercise their interests—that’s ∑www.imf.org/external/np that: “the high profile given to Growth ments which have led to a few very clear,” Köhler earlier remarked /speeches/2000/053000.htm IS Good for the Poor by the World Bank changes in the paper, “though in the Wall Street Journal (29/3/00). raises serious questions about the frankly no one has made any tech- “But I would like to embark on a dia- institution’s role as a poverty reduc- nical critique that challenges the logue where I advocate an under- tion agency.” “The authors argue that basic findings” commented Dollar. standing of the independence of the income distribution patterns are However, as Oxfam point out “the Fund—not that it is independent of G7 will impose their irrelevant to poverty reduction. How- more serious problem with the Dol- its shareholders, but that it not be architecture agenda ever, there is a discrepancy between lar and Kraay Study is that it demon- pushed around like a yo-yo by daily recent evidence and their policy con- strates the potential for absurd ques- events or by, say, national agendas.” G7 finance ministers in July reiter- clusions”. tions to produce absurd answers, Köhler has established a task force ated their commitment to enforce David Dollar, who co-authored the even with the most sophisticated of seven senior IMF managers to their agenda without a commit- report with Aart Kraay, presented econometric model.” Indeed two review the IMF’s role. The review will ment to address the needs of the their conclusions in June to UK offi- UNICEF researchers claimed to have look at the focus of the IMF’s work in poorest countries. The statement cials, academics, press and NGOs. Dol- generated similar conclusions from the areas of conditionality versus again focuses on codes and stan- lar admitted that they found a big the model using plausible random ownership; the Poverty Reduction dards which require developing variation in the rate at which the numbers. The revised paper will soon and Growth Facility and use of other countries to take action at the income of the poor grows compared be issued in the research depart- financing facilities; capital account lib- national level but fails to address to average per capita income. ment’s working paper series. ® eralisation; private sector involvement key gaps in the international archi- Changes in average per capita in crisis resolution and surveillance. tecture such as a standstill mecha- income, explain about half of poor Growth is good for the Poor is available at: In particular the task force will con- nism to ensure private sector par- people’s income growth, they say, ∑www.worldbank.org sider whether the IMF’s role should be ticipation or measures to protect the but their evidence does not say what /research/growth/ streamlined and how the IMF relates poorest countries which cannot explains the other half. “We cannot ∑www.oxfam.org.uk/policy to the World Bank. There are no plans borrow from non-concessional explain what leads to pro-poor /papers/equity/equity00.htm to consult outside the Fund. sources. Nor does it include any pro-

Committees to review US Congress rules Köhler go home say Turkish students in selection of IFI heads against user fees South Africans anti-IMF protest The Boards of the IMF and World Bank In July, the United States Congress passed In July South African activists told IMF Turkish students protested against the have each established working groups to legislation aiming to bar the International Managing Director Horst Köhler that the International Monetary Fund and the review the processes for selecting the Man- Monetary Fund and the World Bank from IMF was not welcome. They pointed out government's austerity programme in aging Director and President of the imposing “user fees” on primary health care that the IMF made huge loans to apartheid May. The protest was broken up by riot respective institutions. The Executive and education on poor countries. This is South Africa during the late 1970s and police and 19 students were detained. Boards will report to their Boards of Gover- the first time the House has demanded a early 1980s and called for the IMF to make The protest coincided with a visit to nors at the September Annual Meetings. change in a specific IMF-World Bank “struc- reparations. The Campaign for Neoliberal- Turkey by an IMF delegation, led by the The Boards are not likely to seek external tural adjustment” policy on the ground. ism in South Africa concluded that the IMF fund's Turkey desk chief, Carlo input into the process. Details of directors The likely impact of this action is unclear, has no role in a democratic society, and Cotarelli, which arrived to review in the working groups are on the Fund and however, as the IMF often argues that it should begin the process of full debt can- progress under a $4bn stand-by deal, Bank websites. only “advises” governments on how they cellation and reparations for the enormous approved by the fund in December. might meet its macroeconomic conditions damage done to the region over the past ∑www.imf.org/external such reducing budget deficits. few decades. /np/sec/pr/2000/pr0040.htm µ [email protected] ∑wbln0018.worldbank.org /news/pressrelease.nsf

6 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE NUMBER 18 / AUGUST 2000 posals to control volatility of flows by IMF MD Horst Köhler. Köhler sug- IMF President, Horst Köhler dis- investment. Mozambican President from the source countries. The bias gested in July that “at its meeting tanced the IMF from the demon- Joaquim Chissano said his adminis- in the proposals demonstrates the last month, [the IMF Committee] set strations, “I was quite impressed tration will continue to protect the failure to include developing coun- us a very full program—so full and that the President of Argentina sugar industry. “We see no reason tries in the architecture discussions. so sophisticated, for example in the strongly told me that it is his gov- why we should be excluded from a A major focus of the report is area of standards and codes, that I ernment’s program and not an resource we have in our hands.” reform of the IMF. Proposed mea- worry a bit about the practicality of imposition of the IMF”, he remarked Representatives of the US Con- sures include: implementation in many develop- at a press conference. ® gress wrote to President Clinton ing countries.” ® calling on the President to “strongly • strengthening the IMF’s surveillance encourage the IMF and the World function, including surveillance of ∑www.mof.go.jp/english/if Bank to remove any conditions on national financial systems and exchange /summit2000e.htm the cashew nut processing industry rate regimes, publishing indicators of Mozambique sugar and the sugar industry from their national liquidity and balance sheet risks, negotiations with Mozambique, so and promoting application of the Special industry threatened that debt relief for Mozambique will Data Dissemination Standard; The IMF looks set to repeat mistakes not be delayed by irrelevant and • increasing the IMF’s ability to coordi- Argentine anti-IMF which led to the demise of Mozam- inappropriate conditionalities.” nate compliance with and assessment of protests bique’s cashew processing industry. A study has been commissioned countries’ observance of international This time the sugar industry, which to examine options and negotia- standards and codes, through Reports on Argentine church leaders joined employs 17,000 people, is threat- tions will restart when it is com- the Observance of Standards and Codes labour groups in late May to demon- ened. New private investors, pleted. ® and Financial System Stability Assess- strate against IMF economic policies. attracted to Mozambique by assur- ments, and working with the World Bank Protests erupted after the govern- ances that the domestic market for on Financial Sector Assessment Pro- ment announced tax increases and sugar was protected, are threaten- grammes and action plans; cuts in social spending, government ing to pull out if the government investments, public sector salaries yields to pressure from the IMF to Indians protest at • reforming the IMF’s lending facilities and pensions. The measures have remove protection. including streamlining facilities, intro- power price increases been taken to bring down the gov- The investors claim that the IMF ducing new prices for non-concessional ernment’s deficit to satisfy commit- knew that their investments were Increased power tariffs as part of facilities, and better incentives for joining ments to the IMF. Union leaders conditional on the measures stay- World Bank plans to privatize the the Contingency Credit Line; called for a one day strike to protest ing in place and that staff initially power sector in Andhra Pradesh, • refocusing conditions on “issues of against the measures and the eco- expressed no opposition. However, India have sparked protests. Under macroeconomic relevance”; and nomic misery which is being in November, a visiting IMF team contract with the World Bank, the blamed on the IMF. told the government that the pro- state government has to increase • increasing the transparency and An estimated 80,000 people tection on sugar should be cut over the power rates every year for five accountability of the IMF by,amongst other joined the protest which coincided the next two years. Investors protest years. This year’s increases are high- things,briefing the IMF Board earlier in the with an IMF mission to the country that this timetable would not est for lower consumption sectors, programme formulation process,establish- to review the government’s spend- enable them to recover their invest- up to 300 percent for people on low ing a permanent independent evaluation ing and income. The protesters ments nor to compete with world incomes. office, and reviewing the quota formula. claim that the government’s eco- market prices. Protesters are also concerned The paper reiterates the primary nomic policy and international cap- “If the IMF forces these imposi- that the industry’s assets are being focus of the MDBs should be poverty ital markets are directly impacting tions on the government, the result undervalued and will bring windfall reduction, including for the emerg- on peoples’ lives, and are calling for will be the closure of the factories,” gains to the private owners. More- ing and middle income countries. It greater attention to social matters. warned an investor. over, the book value does not reflect called for a series of steps including The IMF has granted Argentina a Both the World Bank and Govern- environmental and resettlement greater selectivity, more support for $7.3bn loan in exchange for a com- ment agree that only after the indus- costs such as compensation for vic- capacity building and structural and mitment to keep this year’s budget try is fully operational and competi- tims of dam construction. A Peo- institutional reform and exploring deficit below 4.7 billion dollars, tive should tariffs come down. The ple’s Monitoring Group on Power the possibility of separating lend- although the government has World Bank’s International Finance Reforms in Andhra Pradesh has ing from non-lending services. already consumed half this Corporation has lent money to a been established. ® Its not clear how the G7’s IMF pro- amount in the first four months of sugar mill and sees the industry as posals will link with those set out the year. important for attracting foreign µ [email protected]

Protests over Paraguay Nigerian parliament Slovaks condemn WB- New book on debt privatisation plans rejects IMF IMF collusion origins and impacts In June, several protesters and journalists In July, the Nigerian House of Representa- Friends of the Earth Slovakia has com- Brazilian activist Marcos Arruda exposes the were injured after clashes with police in tives adopted a non-binding motion urging plained about the World Bank's problems with his government's economic Asuncion, Paraguay, on the ﬁrst day of a the federal government to suspend all requirement that the government agree a policies and the role of the IMF in a new 48-hour general strike against plans to pri- activities in respect of an IMF standby loan programme with the IMF before it can book. External Debt, Brazil and the Interna- vatize telephone, water and railroad until the conditions were made public. The access Bank loans. “This illustrates how the tional Financial Crisis assesses the history companies. The privatizations are part of a motion comes after riots in June following two institutions work as a team to push and implications of development lending series of “non-negotiable” measures government removal of subsidies for cook- their own agenda, regardless of whether to Brazil and discusses the programme demanded by the World Bank and IMF, ing fuel and petrol as a condition for the the government and the public want it,” agreed with the IMF in 1998 which has led which must be implemented before the $1bn standby loan. The Speaker of the commented Juraj Zamkovsky of Friends of to major cuts in social expenditure. Arruda government can access $400 million in House, Umar Ghali Na'Abba called for the Earth Slovakia. The government aims concludes with proposals developed loans from the World Bank. members to be given full information to establish a formal relationship with the through his work with Policy Alternatives about the institutions and their relation- IMF, although some ofﬁcials feel this could for the Southern Cone. ship with Nigeria, “it is only then that we hurt Slovakia's standing on the interna- can be properly equipped to delve into tional capital markets. ∑ www.plutobooks.com these things,” he said. ∑ www.alternex.com.br/~pacs µ [email protected] ∑www.changenet.sk/foe/ge 7 BRETTON WOODS UPDATE

Ecuadoreans protest Protests at UN against adjustment collaboration with New collaborative Web plan reforms Bank and Fund The Bretton Woods Project and other organisations have been discussing a new collaborative website to assemble documents and links on World Bank-related In June the Patriotic Front, a coali- In June, 80 non-governmental orga- policy issues. It will focus in particular on the roles of the World Bank as “knowledge tion of unions and grass-roots organizations and people’s movements bank”. The site will contain original material discussing the knowledge bank, video nizations, held a national strike to issued a joint statement condemn- clips of activists questioning the Bank’s role, and up to date links to speciﬁc pages protest neoliberal economic policies ing the UN’s involvement in a joint and documents on key NGO and research sites. To function well the initial site will promoted by the World Bank and UN, WB, IMF and OECD report A Better need feedback and cooperation from a wide range of organisations. ∑ International Monetary Fund (IMF). World for All, released during the fol- realworldbank.org µ Police attacked protesters with low-up summit to the Copenhagen [email protected] tear gas in Quito and Guayaquil. Social Summit held five years ago. Groups of indigenous people blocked They called on Member States to some highways in the southern part reject “A Better World for All which does of Chimborazo province. The strik- not reflect the spirit, opinion and Selected websites ers’ demands included: positions of the UN as a whole, particularly that of civil society. NGOs • no dollarization; further pledge to intensify a global Bank Information Center • a price freeze; campaign against the document”. ∑www.bicusa.org The NGOs, peoples’ organisations • elimination of all structural adjust- and movements expressed “out- ment reforms, including an end to plans CEE Bankwatch Network rage” that: ∑ for privatization of state-owned compa- www.bankwatch.org nies in strategic sectors; and • the document was presented as a new consensus between the United Nations, Global Development Gateway discussion • no payment of the external debt. ∑ the OECD, the IMF and the World Bank, www.bellanet.org/gdgprinciples Following the two-day strike, a dele- thereby reinforcing Northern perspectives gation of Ecuadorean human rights, and disempowering the South while women’s and trade union organisa- undermining the concept of political tions met World Bank and IMF offi- inclusiveness that defines the UN; Update available in multiple options cials in Washington. They demanded • the timing of the release of the “biased that the World Bank Board postpone messages”, by the Secretary-General at The Bretton Woods Update is now available in four formats: printed, e-mail, HTML approval of the Country Assistance opening sessions of the General Assembly and PDF. Please let the Project know if you would like to receive it in a different Strategy (CAS) and a new structural and Geneva 2000 forum, pre-empted nego- way and have not yet replied to the June mailout we sent. adjustment loan (SAL) because: µ tiations and devalued its very process; [email protected] ∑ • there was no effective participation in www.brettonwoodsproject.org/bwupdate/18 • equal status was accorded to the sig- 18 the CAS process; natories despite a clear distinction between • the CAS is conditioned on the fulfil- the UN and its specialised agencies; ment of IMF policies, such as the removal • the document promotes an image of of subsidies, that have led to protests in Project ofﬁce move, new grant poor people living only in the South who Ecuador; will be grateful for assistance, as opposed After four and a half years based in Christian Aid’s building in Waterloo the Bretton • the World Bank programme requires to empowering people living in poverty Woods Project has moved. It is now hosted by Action Aid in Archway, North social sector spending to be frozen everywhere to demand their rights; London. The Project is very grateful to Christian Aid for its generous support of the although spending levels are already • the report's characterisation of "pro- Project and will continue to work with Christian Aid and all the other groups in the abysmally low and were cut by 10 per cent poor growth" makes Southern people network. The Project is also very grateful to the MacArthur Foundation which has in 1999; and themselves responsible for climbing out of recently approved a grant to help take forward the Project’s work. • the new World Bank lending will add poverty; further to Ecuador’s crippling debt burden • the document not only fails to recog- which is projected to consume 53.9 per nise the role of IFI liberalisation policies in cent of government expenditures in 2000. generating poverty,but instead proposes to eradicate poverty with more of the same The civil-society delegation called medicine—despite the recent failure of for: these very same policies in East Asia. • the contents of the CAS and the condi- Among other things the statement tionalities in the SAL to be made public; ¬ called for: • the first tranche of the adjustment • a re-commitment to the social sum- Published by Bretton Woods Project loan to be dedicated to social protection; mit process by analysing the root causes of supporting UK NGOs on World Bank and IMF reform and poverty and gender inequality in the con- ISSN 1471-1168 • an independent social assessment, text of current globalization policies; involving direct consultations with the No permission needed to reproduce articles.Please pass to colleagues interested in • the introduction of a Currency Transfer affected communities; the Bank and Fund,and let us know of other groups interested in getting the Update. Tax (CTT) to counter the instability of global capital transactions and mobilise The bank did not agree to these Bretton Woods Project further resources for social development. demands. However, David de Fer- Alex Wilks / Angela Wood ranti, Bank vice-president for Latin c/o Action Aid, Hamlyn House, Macdonald Road, London N19 5PG, UK The NGO joint statement is at: America and the Caribbean, indicated † +44 (0)20 7561 7546 / 7 ∑www.wcc-coe.org/wcc that the Bank would make greater ≈ +44 (0)20 7281 5146 /what/jpc/NGO-state.html efforts to ensure adequate citizen µ [email protected] participation in the design and A Better World For All is available from: ∑ www.brettonwoodsproject.org implementation of the next CAS. ® ∑www.paris21.org/betterworld Supported by the CS Mott Foundation.

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