Slug Power Phenomenal Image Student Handout

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Slug Power Phenomenal Image Student Handout Sea Slug Chloroplast Biology of Cells Published March 2018 www.BioInteractive.org Page 1 of 2 Phenomenal Image Slug Power Student Handout BACKGROUND Slug Image The sacoglossan sea slug Elysia crispata can be found sunbathing on Caribbean reefs. The slug feeds on green algae but can survive for more than a month without eating. This is because sea slugs store chloroplasts, organelles in the cells of plants and algae that capture energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy by photosynthesis, as they ingest different species of green algae. The chloroplasts are stored in the slug’s digestive epithelium and remain active for up to 3-4 months, providing nutrients from photosynthesis, as well as camouflage by making the slug green in color. “Kleptoplasty,” or “stolen plastids,” is the term for the slugs’ remarkable ability. Some marine protists including foraminifera, dinoflagellates, and ciliates are capable of kleptoplasty, but sea slugs are the only animals to exhibit kleptoplasty. They represent a powerful model system for studying the evolution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes through multiple endosymbiotic events. Chloroplast Image Humans depend on photosynthesis because it is responsible for most of Earth's primary productivity and fossil fuels are obtained mostly from remains of prehistoric plants. A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. Several lines of evidence, including DNA evidence, suggest that chloroplasts evolved from an endosymbiotic event, when a eukaryotic cell incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts contain their own DNA that descended from the cyanobacterial ancestor. Biology of Cells Published March 2018 www.BioInteractive.org Page 2 of 2 .

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Frontiers in Zoology Biomed Central
Frontiers in Zoology BioMed Central Research Open Access Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells - a unique evolutionary strategy in animal life Katharina Händeler*1, Yvonne P Grzymbowski1, Patrick J Krug2 and Heike Wägele1 Address: 1Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany and 2Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California, 90032-8201, USA Email: Katharina Händeler* - [email protected]; Yvonne P Grzymbowski - [email protected]; Patrick J Krug - [email protected]; Heike Wägele - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 1 December 2009 Received: 26 June 2009 Accepted: 1 December 2009 Frontiers in Zoology 2009, 6:28 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-28 This article is available from: http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/6/1/28 © 2009 Händeler et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Among metazoans, retention of functional diet-derived chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) is known only from the sea slug taxon Sacoglossa (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Intracellular maintenance of plastids in the slug's digestive epithelium has long attracted interest given its implications for understanding the evolution of endosymbiosis. However, photosynthetic ability varies widely among sacoglossans; some species have no plastid retention while others survive for months solely on photosynthesis. We present a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Sacoglossa and a survey of kleptoplasty from representatives of all major clades. We sought to quantify variation in photosynthetic ability among lineages, identify phylogenetic origins of plastid retention, and assess whether kleptoplasty was a key character in the radiation of the Sacoglossa.
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The Identification of Functional, Sequestered, Symbiotic Chloroplasts
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2006 The identification of functional, sequestered, symbiotic chloroplasts in Elysia clarki: A crucial step in the study of horizontally transferred, nuclear algal genes Nicholas E. Curtis University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Curtis, Nicholas E., "The identification of functional, sequestered, symbiotic chloroplasts in Elysia clarki: A crucial step in the study of horizontally transferred, nuclear algal genes" (2006). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2496 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Identification of Functional, Sequestered, Symbiotic Chloroplasts in Elysia clarki: A Crucial Step in the Study of Horizontally Transferred, Nuclear Algal Genes by Nicholas E. Curtis A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Sidney K. Pierce, Jr., Ph.D. Clinton J. Dawes, Ph.D. Kathleen M. Scott, Ph.D. Brian T. Livingston, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 15, 2006 Keywords: Bryopsidales, kleptoplasty, sacoglossan, rbcL, chloroplast symbiosis Penicillus, Halimeda, Bryopsis, Derbesia © Copyright 2006, Nicholas E. Curtis Note to Reader The original of this document contains color that is necessary for understanding the data. The original dissertation is on file with the USF library in Tampa, Florida.
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Chloroplast Incorporation and Long-Term Photosynthetic Performance Through the Life Cycle in Laboratory Cultures of Elysia Timid
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Two New Sacoglossan Sea Slug Species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania Annelyleorum Sp
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Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia)*
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Identification Guide to the Heterobranch Sea Slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas Del Toro, Panama Jessica A
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Identification of Photosynthetic Sacoglossan Species
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Solar-Powered Sea Slugs Defy Evolution and Horizontal Gene Transfer
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Mollusca, Gastropoda) Gregor Christa1*, Katharina Händeler1, Till F Schäberle2, Gabriele M König2 and Heike Wägele1
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CURRICULUM VITAE SIDNEY K. PIERCE I. Personal Data Born
CURRICULUM VITAE SIDNEY K. PIERCE I. Personal Data Born Holyoke, Massachusetts Married, two children II. Education Undergraduate: University of Miami, Bachelor of Education, 1966 Graduate: Florida State University, Doctor of Philosophy, 1970 III. Academic Activities A. Experience in Higher Education 1966-68 Teaching Assistant, Florida State University 1968-69 Research Assistant, Florida State University 1969 (summer) NIH Trainee, Marine Ecology Program, Marine Biological Lab., Woods Hole, Massachusetts 1969-70 Predoctoral Fellow, Florida State University (NIH) 1970-73 Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park 1973-77 (summers) Instructor, Marine Biological Lab., Woods Hole, Massachusetts 1973-78 Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland 1986-92 Affiliate Senior Staff Scientist, Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland 1987-89 Acting Associate Director, Agriculture Experiment Station, University of Maryland 1987-89 Program Director, Biological Instrumentation Program, National Science Foundation 1978-00 Professor, University of Maryland 1979-85, 90-97, 99-00 Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland 1990-97, 99-00 Associate Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland 1997-99 Acting Chairman, Department of Biology (formerly Zoology), University of Maryland 2000-2006 Professor and Chair, Department of Biology, University of South Florida 2000-2014 Professor, Department of Biology, University of South Florida 2000- Professor Emeritus, Department of Biology, University of Maryland 2014- Professor Emeritus, Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida PIERCE-3 IV. Research, Teaching, Service A. Publications l. Full papers in refereed journals 1. Pierce, S. K. 1970. The water balance of Modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae): osmotic concentrations in changing salinities.
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