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Chloroplast and Cytosolic Triosephosphate Isomerases from Spinach: Purification, Microsequencing and Cdna Cloning of the Chloroplast Enzyme

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Chloroplast and Cytosolic Triosephosphate Isomerases from Spinach: Purification, Microsequencing and Cdna Cloning of the Chloroplast Enzyme Plant Molecular Biology 26: 1961-1973, 1994. © 1994 KIuwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium. 1961 Chloroplast and cytosolic triosephosphate isomerases from spinach: purification, microsequencing and cDNA cloning of the chloroplast enzyme Katrin Henze 1, Claus Schnarrenberger 2, Josef Kellermann 3 and William Martin 1,, l lnstitutfiir Genetik, Technische Universitiit Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, FRG (* author for correspondence); 2Institut fiir Pflanzenphysiologie und Mikrobiologie, Freie Universitiit Berlin, KOnigin-Luise-Strasse 12-16a, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; 3Max Planck Institut fiir Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany Received 27 September 1994; accepted 25 October 1994 Key words: triosephosphate isomerase, isoenzyme purification, Calvin cycle enzyme, cDNA cloning, gene phylogeny Abstract Chloroplast and cytosolic triosephosphate isomerases from spinach were separated and purified to homogeneity. Bothenzymes were partially sequenced by Edman degradation. Using degenerate prim- ers designed against the amino acid sequences, a homologous probe for the chloroplast enzyme was amplified and used to isolate several full-size cDNA clones. Chloroplast triosephosphate isomerase is encoded by a single gene in spinach. Analysis of the chloroplast cDNA sequence in the context of its homologues from eukaryotes and eubacteria reveals that the gene arose through duplication of its pre- existing nuclear counterpart for the cytosolic enzyme during plant evolution. Abbreviations: TPI, triosephosphate isomerase; PEG, polyethylene glycol; cp, plastid; c, cytosolic; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate; PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PGK, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase. Introduction zyme and lack the cytosolic form altogether [51, 52]. Like its counterparts in other eukary- Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) (EC 5.3.1.1) otes, cytosolic TPI (cTPI) of higher plants is a catalyses the interconversion of dihydroxyacetone homodimer composed of 27 kDa, subunits [25], phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. In molecular sequences for which have been reported higher plants and Euglena, TPI exists as two dis- from several sources, including maize [30], rice tinct isoforms, a glycolytic enzyme located in the [64] and Arabidopsis [54]. Chloroplast TPI cytosol and a Calvin cycle enzyme compartmen- (cpTPI) has also been studied at the biochemical talized in chloroplasts [ 15, 37]. By contrast, some level and the enzyme has been purified from rye, green algae possess only the chloroplast isoen- spinach and lettuce [25, 26, 43]. But, in contrast The nucleotide sequence data reported will appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession number L36387. 1962 to its cytosolic counterpart, molecular probes for week under a 14-10 h light/dark regime at 25 °C, the chloroplast enzyme which would permit in- harvested in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 ° C. vestigation of expression, structure and evolution of the gene(s) have not been reported. The complete sequences of several plastid ge- Enzyme separation nomes have revealed that, with the exceptions of rbcL in chlorophytes [62] and rbcL, rbcS and All procedures were carried out at 0-4 °C. A phosphoglycerate mutase in rhodophytes [45 ], all total of 500 g spinach leaves were washed and enzymes of sugar phosphate metabolism in plas- their midribs removed. The leaves were homog- tids are encoded in nuclear DNA and imported enized in a Waring blender in 600 ml of buffer A into the organelle with the aid of a transit peptide. (10 mM potassium phosphate pH 8.6, 20 mM In general terms, genes for plastid enzymes may 2-mercaptoethanol, lmM leupeptin; 0.5 mM have arisen during evolution through duplication PMSF could be substituted for leupeptin). The of pre-existing nuclear genes, as in the case of homogenate was filtered through cheesecloth and glutamine synthase [58, 52], through transfer of centrifuged for 45 min at 15000 x g. The super- the gene from the chloroplast genome to the natant was ad justed to pH 5.5 with 85~o phos- nucleus as in the case of chloroplast GAPDH phoric acid, gently stirred for 5 min on ice and [31, 20] and rbcS [63, 35] or through gene trans- centrifuged for 20 min at 15000 xg. The pH of fer emanating from mitochondrial DNA, as may the supernatant was adjusted to pH 8.6 with 5 M be the case for rpl21 [32]. Regardless of their KOH. Ammonium sulphate was added to 40~o origin, contemporary nuclear genes for enzymes saturation while the pH was held at 8.6 by addi- of plastid sugar phosphate metabolism are regu- tion of 5 M KOH. After 15 min of stirring, the lated by the eukaryotic transcriptional apparatus. mixture was centrifuged for 30 min at 15 000 x g. Study of these genes can provide valuable in- Proteins of the supernatant were precipitated with sights into the evolution of the isoenzymes and 80~o ammonium sulphate as described above. their regulation in plants. The pellet was dissolved in a small volume of We have separated the chloroplast and cyto- buffer A. The solution was dialysed overnight solic triosephosphate isomerases from spinach against 2 1 of buffer A. The dialysate was centri- leaves and have purified them to apparent homo- fuged for 20 min at 23 000 x g, diluted with dis- geneity. Partial amino acid sequences were deter- tilled water until its conductivity was less than mined from both enzymes. Using PCR primers 2 mS/cm and applied to a 2 cm x 10 cm DEAE- designed against oligopeptide sequences, we am- Fractoge1650S (Merck) column equilibrated with plified specific probes for the chloroplast enzyme buffer A. The column was washed with two vol- and isolated several independent full-size cDNA umes of buffer A and proteins were eluted with a clones for cpTPI from a spinach cDNA library. 300 ml gradient of 0 to 0.2 M KC1 gradient in Here we show that the chloroplast enzyme is en- buffer A. Fractions of 1 ml were collected. Frac- coded by a single-copy gene, TpiP1, which arose tions with TP! activity were pooled, diluted with during plant evolution through duplication of a water to a conductivity of less than 3 mS/cm, and pre-existing nuclear gene for the cytosolic enzyme. applied at 3 ml/min to a Synchropak AX 300 column (250 mm x 8 ram, Molnar, Berlin) equili- brated with buffer B (10 mM potassium phos- Material and methods phate pH 7.5, 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol). The Plant material column was washed with buffer B until the ex- tinction at 280 nm fell to zero. Proteins were Leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Monnopa for eluted with a 30 min gradient of 0.05-0.15 M KC1 enzyme isolation were grown in the field. Spinach in buffer B. One ml fractions were collected and seedlings for mRNA isolation were grown for one tested for TPI and PGK activity. Fractions con- 1963 taining chloroplast TPI (cpTPI) and cytosolic TPI total volume of 1 ml. One unit of activity corre- (cTPI) activity, respectively, were separately sponds to 1/~mol of NADH oxidized per minute. pooled and dialysed overnight against 2 1 of TPI assays contained 100 mM triethanolamine buffer B. pH 7.6, 5 mM glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 200 #M NADH, and 2.6 units glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase [3]. PGK assays con- Isoenzyme purification tained 80 mM Tricin pH 7.5, 4.5 mM MgCI> 5 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM adenosine triphos- For the isolation of chloroplast triosephosphate phate, 200 #M NADH, 10 mM 3-phosphoglyc- isomerase (cpTPI), the above enzyme solution erate and 0.5 units glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate was rechromatographed on the AX 300 column dehydrogenase [4]. KC1 concentrations in eluted by a 0.06-0.15 M KC1 gradient in buffer B. The fractions were measured by conductivity. cpTPI fractions were pooled, concentrated to 1-2 ml by dialysis against solid PEG 4,000 and dialysed overnight against 2 1 of buffer B. Proteins Protein sequencing of this solution were applied at 1 ml/min to a 300 mm x 7.5 mm Biosil TSK 250 column (Bio- Purified proteins were digested with endoprotein- Rad) equilibrated with buffer B. Elution was ase LysC as described by Eckerskorn and monitored by UV absorption. Fractions of 250 #1 Lottspeich [10]. Peptides were separated on a were collected and those containing TPI activity 2 mm x 125 mm Supersher 60 RP select B col- were pooled, concentrated by dialysis against umn (Merck) at a flow rate of 200/A/min in a PEG 20,000 and dialysed overnight against 2 1 of 1 ~o/min gradient of 0.17o (v/v) trifluoroacetic buffer B. acid in water to 0.1 ~o (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in For the isolation of cytosolic triosephosphate acetonitrile. Peptides were sequenced by amino- isomerase (cTPI), the enzyme after the first AX terminal degradation [ 11 ] in an automatic Porton 300 column was rechromatographed as above on 3600 Sequencer (Beckman) and amino acids were the AX 300 column using a 0.05-0.1 M KC1 gra- identified in a Mikrobore HPLC System Gold dient in buffer B. Fractions with cTPI activity (Beckman). were pooled, concentrated by dialysis against PEG 20000, dialysed overnight and chromato- graphed on Biosil TSK 250 as described for Nucleic acid isolation cpTPI (PGK coeluted with cTPI from Biosil TSK 250). Fractions with TPI activity were pooled, One-week-old spinach seedlings (80g) were concentrated, and dialysed against 2 1 of buffer C ground in liquid nitrogen and vigorously shaken (10 mM potassium phosphate, 20 mM 2-mercap- for 10 min in 100 ml of 50 mM Tris-HC1, 100 mM toethanol pH 6.5). In a final step, the solution NaC1, 10 mM EDTA, 2~o (w/v) sodium dodecyl was re-chromatographed as above on the AX 300 sulfate (SDS), 200 #g/ml proteinase K (Merck) column using a 0.05-0.15 M KC1 gradient in pH 9.0, followed by two extractions of one vol- buffer C.
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