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Trends in Body Mass Index Distribution and Prevalence of Thinness

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Trends in Body Mass Index Distribution and Prevalence of Thinness Downloaded from adc.bmj.com on June 1, 2013 - Published by group.bmj.com Original article Trends in body mass index distribution and prevalence of thinness, overweight and obesity in two cohorts of SurinameseSouthAsianchildreninTheNetherlands Jeroen Alexander de Wilde,1,2 Silvia Zandbergen-Harlaar,3 Stef van Buuren,2,4 Barend J C Middelkoop3,5 ▸ Additional material is ABSTRACT published online only. To view Objectives Asians have a smaller muscle mass and a What is already known on this topic please visit the journal online (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ larger fat mass at the same body mass index (BMI) than most other ethnic groups. Due to a resulting higher archdischild-2012-303045). ▸ South Asian children and adults have a higher cardiometabolic risk, the BMI cut-offs for overweight 1Department of Youth Health body fat percentage for the same body mass and obesity were lowered for adults. For Asian children Care, Municipal Health Service index (BMI) level than most other ethnic groups. universal criteria apply. The objectives of this study were The Hague (GGD Den Haag), ▸ BMI cut-offs to determine overweight and The Hague, The Netherlands to determine the normal BMI distribution and assess the 2 obesity have been lowered for adult Asian Department of Child Health, BMI class distribution in a reference cohort of affluent populations to 23 and 27.5, respectively. Netherlands Organisation for South Asian children born before the obesity epidemic Applied Scientific Research ▸ Underweight prevalence in India is the highest and to assess the influence of the obesity epidemic on TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands in the world. 3Department of Public Health the distributions. and Primary Care, Leiden Methods Historical cohort study with 4350 University Medical Center, measurements of height and weight of two cohorts Leiden, The Netherlands 4 (born 1974–1976 and 1991–1993) of Surinamese Department of Methodology What this study adds and Statistics, Faculty of Social South Asian children living in The Netherlands, analysed Sciences, University of Utrecht, with WHO Child Growth References and International Utrecht, The Netherlands ▸ 5 Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cut-offs. The mean BMI Z-score of a reference cohort of Department of Epidemiology, – Surinamese South Asian children, born before Municipal Health Service The Results The reference cohort 1974 1976 was Hague (GGD Den Haag), The significantly lighter (BMI Z-score=−0.63; 95% CI −0.69 the obesity epidemic, was much lower than of Hague, The Netherlands to −0.58) and more variable (SD=1.19) than WHO WHO reference. reference. Total thinness prevalence was exceptionally ▸ Thinness prevalence in a reference cohort of Correspondence to high, both in cohort 1974–1976 (WHO 38.3%; IOTF Surinamese South Asian children was very high Jeroen Alexander de Wilde, – Department of Youth Health 36.4%) and 1991 1993 (WHO 23.6%; IOTF 23.9%). and overweight and obesity prevalence very Care, Municipal Health Service Overweight and obesity prevalences were low in the low. The Hague (GGD Den Haag), reference cohort (WHO respectively 6.0% and 2.1%; ▸ The obesity epidemic had a strong influence on PO Box 12652, The Hague IOTF 5.3%, 0.9%), but much higher in cohort the BMI class distribution in Surinamese South 2500 DP, The Netherlands; – Asian children but the thinness prevalence [email protected] 1991 1993 (WHO 13.6%, 9.1%; IOTF 11.7%, 6.0%). Conclusions The low mean BMI Z-score and high remained very high. Received 18 September 2012 prevalence of thinness are likely expressions of the Revised 9 January 2013 characteristic body composition of South Asians. Accepted 10 January 2013 Universal BMI cut-offs should be applied carefully in Published Online First 31 January 2013 South Asian populations as thinness prevalence is likely highest prevalence of childhood underweight and to be overestimated and obesity underestimated. The low birth weight (<2500 g) in the world.5 development of ethnic specific cut-offs is recommended. The nutritional status of children and adults is generally assessed with the body mass index (BMI) as an indirect measure of body fat. To assess health risks associated with low or high percentages of INTRODUCTION body fat, universal BMI cut-off values, suitable for The worldwide prevalence of childhood overweight all ethnic groups, were recommended by WHO.67 and obesity has increased dramatically during the During the past decades increasing evidence has past decades, both in developing and developed shown that South Asian populations are predis- countries.1 Up to the 1980s, South Asian countries posed to a lower BMI because of a typical ‘thin-fat’ were among the countries with the lowest rates1 body composition, comprising of a smaller lean but since then overweight and obesity prevalences body mass but larger fat stores at equivalent BMI – have gradually increased in preschool children levels compared with other ethnic groups.8 10 In (<5 years) in South Asian countries.2 For children differing degrees most Asian subpopulations display 5–18 years in this region national prevalence data this body composition and consequently cardiome- on overweight and obesity are currently unavail- tabolic risks for these groups are higher at lower 911 To cite: de Wilde JA, able, but in urban areas an increasing trend has also BMI levels. For this reason WHO has recom- Zandbergen-Harlaar S, van been found34with current figures ranging up to mended lowering the BMI cut-off values for over- Buuren S, et al. Arch Dis 19.6%–27%3 approximating those of developed weight and obesity for all Asian adults, respectively, – Child 2013;98:280 285. countries. At the same time, India still has the from 25 to 23 kg/m2 and from 30 to 27.5 kg/m2.12 280 de Wilde JA, et al. Arch Dis Child 2013;98:280–285. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303045 Downloaded from adc.bmj.com on June 1, 2013 - Published by group.bmj.com Original article Even though South Asian children and adolescents have a similar these records were excluded from the analyses. Furthermore, body composition to adults, with comparable increased cardiome- only singleton children with a gestational age of ≥37 weeks – tabolic risks,81315 BMI cut-offs for South Asian children have not were included in the study as multiple birth and preterm birth – been lowered. Considering the differences in body composition may have a long-lasting influence on childhood growth.19 21 between ethnic groups, the BMI distribution in a healthy popula- tion of South Asian children, unaffected by the obesity epidemic, is Anthropometric measurements expected to be shifted to the left, relative to the BMI distribution Trained Youth Health Care professionals (physicians, nurses and of a universal reference population. However, knowledge about healthcare assistants) routinely measured the children’s height the normal BMI and BMI class distribution in such a population is and weight, respectively, with a stadiometer/measuring tape and currently lacking, but may support the decision to establish BMI a calibrated mechanical flat scale. All children were measured criteria specific for South Asian children. without shoes wearing light (under) clothing. BMI was calcu- The first objective of our study was to determine the normal lated with the formula (weight)/(height)2(kg/m2). BMI distribution of a reference cohort of South Asian children WHO Child Growth Standard (for ages 0–4 years)22 and living in a developed country and born before the obesity epi- Reference (5–19 years),7 further referred to as WHO, were demic began. In addition, the BMI class distribution (prevalence applied to calculate BMI Z-scores of each measurement. of severe thinness, thinness, overweight and obesity) in this A Z-score of −2, −1, +1 and +2 SD at 18 years of age cohort was assessed with two sets of universal BMI cut-offs. corresponds respectively to a BMI of 17.3, 19.2, 24.9 and Last, we compared the BMI and BMI class distribution in the 29.2 kg/m2 in boys and 16.4, 18.6, 24.8 and 29.5 kg/m2 in reference cohort with those in a similar cohort of South Asian girls. As cut-offs to determine the BMI class we used a value of children born during the obesity epidemic. <−2 SD for severe thinness, ≥−2 SD and <−1 SD for thinness, ≥+1 SD and <+2 SD for overweight and ≥+2 SD for obesity. METHODS BMI class was also determined by using a second set of sex Subjects and data collection and age specific BMI cut-off values for ages 2–18 years that The city of The Hague in The Netherlands comprises many were constructed to pass the adult BMI cut-offs at age 18 for ethnic groups. South Asian people are one of the largest ethnic severe thinness (<17 kg/m2), thinness (≥17 and <18.5 kg/m2), minority groups, estimated at 8% of the city’s population.16 overweight (≥25 and <30 kg/m2) and obesity (≥30 kg/m2).23 24 Most South Asians in The Netherlands are descendants of Asian The cut-offs for overweight and obesity were adopted by the Indians who migrated to the former Dutch colony of Suriname International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and are often named between 1873 and 1916. After Suriname’s independence IOTF cut-offs. In this paper, we will use the term IOTF to des- in 1975 a large group of Surinamese South Asians migrated to ignate the whole set of BMI criteria. The Netherlands.17 For this study we used routinely collected growth and back- Statistical analyses ground data from the medical records of Youth Health Care in Continuous variables are reported as means with 95% CI, and the city of The Hague. Ethical approval for this study was not categorical variables as percentages and number of observations.
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