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Urban Traffic Accidents: the Case of Montijo

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Urban Traffic Accidents: the Case of Montijo Urban traffic accidents: the case of Montijo Mariana Fragoso de Rhodes Baião Abstract: Portugal has shown a very positive evolution in reducing road traffic accident fatalities in the past decade. Hence, it is necessary to address the issue of road crashes in a smaller scale, in the municipal level, reducing the number of severe and light injuries as well. Thus, this study analyses the patterns of road traffic accidents in a Portuguese municipality: Montijo. A literature review of the state-of-the-art approaches in black spot analysis was performed and in correspondent counteractive measures as well. The road crash data collected for Montijo was analysed and a black spot detection methodology was applied, based on the currently used severity indicator and on a suggested indicator, calculated through accident costs. As a result, 11 black spots were identified. Several counteractive measures were proposed, within the traffic calming methodology, aiming to prevent the occurrence of severe and light injuries by reducing traffic speed and control traffic flows. Keywords: Black spots, road traffic accidents, severity indicator, traffic calming, urban traffic accidents. 1. INTRODUCTION The roadway environment is formed by the interaction between three factors: the road, the vehicle and the human element (Macedo, 1999). This paper aims to study the first factor, the road, in order to detect fragilities and propose possible solutions, within Road Safety Engineering. An accident occurs when a driver is unable to meet the challenges presented by the roadway system (Geurts and Wets, 2003). In fact, the link between the driver and the road is the most crucial part of the road environment, and were it is most urgent to take action in reducing risks. It is necessary to improve the safety of the infrastructure, in the phase of design as well as maintenance, and the response of the driver/pedestrian to adjust his behaviour to the risks that may appear in his itinerary. In order to improve road safety in European countries, there has been a huge investment in the implementation of safety measures and in the achievement of lower values of road traffic accidents indicators, such as the number of road fatalities per million inhabitants. To achieve these goals, countries have developed national strategies for road safety in order to define the areas in which it is most urgent to act and set internal targets so each territorial unit could play its part in the pursuit of the general goal. Currently, in Portugal, the road safety strategy is focusing on the municipalities once there have been developed guidelines for the elaboration of municipal road safety plans. Therefore, this paper aims to study road safety in a Portuguese case study municipality (Montijo) analysing several indicators in order to identify road traffic accidents black spots, and suggest road safety measures to correct them. The proposed safety measures are traffic calming measures, aiming to reduce road accident indicators by controlling traffic volume and speed. The choice of the case study of Montijo was based on its geographical characteristics, which include urban and rural areas, as well as on the impacts this municipality is most likely to suffer with the projected future investment in High Speed Railway, and the new Lisbon airport, due to the proximity of the location of these transport infrastructures to this municipality. 1 2. ROAD SAFETY 2.1 Road Traffic Accidents 2.1.2 Road traffic accidents in Portugal and in the EU In Portugal, the number of deaths in road crashes per million inhabitants has been decreasing since 1996 (Figure 1), bringing this country closer to the European average values for this index. Portugal has come a long way in the pursuit of the goal established by the European Union (EU) that consists of reducing the number of fatal victims in road accidents by 50% by the year 2010. However, one of the aims of this country’s National Road Safety Plan (PNPR) in 2003, to place this country above the European average, is proving to be difficult to achieve, as most of the other European countries are also showing an excellent performance in reducing their road fatality indexes, causing for the average values to raise higher and harder to surpass. 350 300 250 Portugal 200 150 100 European Average 50 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Média Europeia 162 151 138 134 132 124 126 123 120 117 112 110 103 95 91 86 Portugal 323 310 271 251 271 272 250 210 200 184 163 160 148 124 119 91 Figure 1 – Road fatalities per million inhabitants in Portugal and the European average [ANSR, 2009 (edited)] In the beginning of the year 2010, a new concept of road fatality was introduced in Portugal, in order to match the standard definition applied in Europe. Until this date, the number of road fatalities was obtained by multiplying the number of deaths occurring directly from the road crash by a coefficient of 1,4, so it could be compared to the European road fatalities values, which accounted for the deaths deriving from the road accident up to 30 days after it took place. Nowadays, this same concept is being used in Portugal, but up to date there are yet to be known the results of this first year of its appliance. It is most likely that the number of road fatalities obtained with this new concept will be higher than the one calculated from the previous method, which might jeopardize this country’s positive position in the European context, bringing it further from its goals. 2.1.3 Road traffic accident analysis in Portugal In Portugal, alongside the reduction of the number of fatalities (Figure 2), there has also been an improvement in terms of crash severity, since 2008, substantiated in a reduction of the severity index applied by the National Association of Road Safety (ANSR) of 40%. This index accounts for the number of fatalities per 100 accidents which resulted in personal injury (light injury, severe injury or fatal injury). Also the number of light and severe injuries has decreased around 30% until 2008 (Figure 3). At the present time these types of injury are not used to 2 characterize and compare road safety in Europe, but with the positive results in reducing traffic deaths that have been verified all over most European countries in the past years, the need to establish objective goals, within the EU, that include reducing every type of injury in road crashes is arising. Of all the road safety measures that have been implemented in Portugal since 1988, the ones which have shown the best results in road safety indicators were the National Road Safety Plan (PNPR) in 2003 and the updating of the road legislation enacted in 2005. 2000 10000 1748 7597 1500 8000 6000 1000 874 3799 4000 776 500 2000 2606 0 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Fatal injuries Goal set in the PNPR in 2003 Severe injuries Goal set in the PNPR in 2003 Figure 2 – Road fatalities between 1998 and 2008 and the Figure 3 - Road severe injuries between 1998 and 2008 and goals set for 2009 [ANSR, 2008 (edited)] the goals set for 2009 [ANSR, 2008 (edited)] One of the aims of the PNPR was to reduce the number of road fatalities and severe injuries by 50% until 2010. According to figures 2 and 3, both these goals were already achieved by the year 2006 and these indicators kept improving until 2008. In fact, by 2008, all the goals set on the PNPR for the reduction of fatal, severe and light injuries for 2010, were already achieved. Only the number of traffic deaths in urban agglomerations hasn’t had such a favourable development as of yet, but is likely to achieve its predicted goal by 2010. It is also based on this result that this paper aims to study road traffic accidents in an urban agglomeration, the municipality of Montijo. The analysis of the evolution of road traffic accidents in Portugal from 2006 to 2008 performed in this paper was based on severity indexes, which intend to demonstrate the human consequences resultant from the crashes. The applied severity index was set by the National Association of Road Safety (ANSR) and represents the number of road traffic fatalities in one hundred injury accidents. a) Evolution of road traffic accidents throughout the year in Portugal 2006 2007 2008 4,0 3,0 2,9 3,0 2,4 2,6 2,5 2,4 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,1 2,0 1,6 1,0 0,0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 4 – Monthly evolution of the severity index [ANSR, 2007 and 2008 (edited)] 3 The months which showed higher road crash severity were March, April, August and November, whereas May, June and October were the ones with less severe accidents (Figure 4). Both in June and in August, there was an increase of the severity of the crashes from 2006 to 2008. February and July, however, showed a decrease in this index. The other months did not show a clear rising or descending tendency in the three years in study. b) Evolution of road traffic accidents throughout the week in Portugal 2006 2007 2008 4 3,5 3 2,5 2,6 2,1 1,8 1,9 1,9 2 1 0 Friday Sunday Tuesday Monday Saturday Thursday Wednesday Figure 5 – Weekly evolution of the severity index [ANSR, 2007 and 2008 (edited)] According to figure 5, the accidents with more serious consequences tend to happen on the weekend, especially on Sunday.
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