Imagining and Building a New Encyclopedia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Imagining and Building a New Encyclopedia UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Sum of all knowledge: Wikipedia and the encyclopedic urge Salor, F.E. Publication date 2012 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Salor, F. E. (2012). Sum of all knowledge: Wikipedia and the encyclopedic urge. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 2. Imagining and Building a New Encyclopedia It is quite natural that such developments should seem like marvels and that initially, deeming them to be impossible, the mind should reject any pursuit of them. But, according to a common slogan, do we not live in a time in which yesterday’s utopia is today’s dream and tomorrow’s reality? Paul Otlet Microphotographic Book, 1906 2.1 Introduction The modern encyclopedia, as it existed in the beginning of the 20th century, was the culmination of a continuous evolution that can be traced back to its Enlightenment origins, which in turn was the transformation of a much older ideal. The previous chapter traced the evolution of the encyclopedic form in line with its surrounding cultural, economic and technical environments. Encyclopedias occasionally fell behind the curve, with the continuing use of Medieval works during Renaissance, while sometimes they were the pioneers of new ideas that transformed the rest of the society, famously in the case of the Encyclopédie. At the end of the 19th century, the most notable encyclopedias settled into a matured form and focused their editorial efforts on increasing their breadth and depth, and this is exemplified by acclaimed 9th edition of Britannica. Along with their intellectual ambitions, encyclopedias also become significant business ventures, involving considerable capital investment and marketing budgets. While the struggle to combine the right amount of business acumen with excellence in scholarship has worked very effectively in refining the model, a radical rethinking of the encyclopedic ideal in its entirety would be unlikely to emerge from the offices of any large and established encyclopedia. Still, the beginning of the 20th century witnessed some of the most ambitious ideas concerning the future of encyclopedias from some of the most original and/or seminal thinkers of the period. Others, building upon such ideals and inspired by rapidly advancing 57 technology, expanded their vision of a fundamentally new encyclopedia, among which Wikipedia’s roots can be traced. This chapter aims to bridge the gap between mature modern encyclopedias as they were established at the end of the 19th century, and Wikipedia’s emergence in the beginning of the 21st century. This survey of the 20th century aims to cover two broad and intertwined themes, beginning with the earliest attempts to re-imagine encyclopedic thinking, and follows the works of theorists and science fiction authors. Some of these writers have laid down the foundations of our current understanding of digital technology while others have speculated on a future where culture and knowledge have transcended their existing boundaries. The second theme will focus on the work of pioneering computer scientists and engineers who, throughout the 20th century, built digital computers and the Internet, and directly contributed to the realization of some of the visions outlined in the first section. The central aim of this chapter is therefore to identify the blend of technical innovation and intellectual vision that went into the creation of Wikipedia through a discussion of these two movements and their interplay throughout the 20th century. 2.2 Challenging Print The massive increase in the number of printed books resulting from the proliferation of the printing press across Europe and the intellectual activity it fostered was illustrated in the previous chapter. The modern encyclopedia has come to incorporate a claim to address a perceived need to summarize the expanding body of knowledge that the development of print made possible. This trend can be traced back to Chambers’ claim that his Cyclopaedia was the only book a layperson would ever need and the editorial struggle of Chambers’ successors grew along with the accelerating advance of modern sciences. The result was often an expansion in the size of the encyclopedia coupled with editorial efforts to try sustaining a level of cohesion and accessibility across the whole set. While this was a particularly trying challenge for encyclopedia editors, the issue of increasing multitudes of books and expanding knowledge was relevant for a diversity of professionals such as librarians, bibliographers and lexicographers. 58 Belgian bibliographer Paul Otlet (1868-1944) was among the first to address the issue of organizing knowledge with a sensibility that would become increasingly familiar throughout the 20th century. A lawyer by profession, Otlet harbored a lifelong fascination with collecting and organizing knowledge. Rayward outlines Otlet’s primarily concerns with a series of questions (2): i. How best was order to be introduced into this proliferating, disorderly mass in such a way that progress in the world of learning could continue efficiently and effectively? ii. How could rapid developments in all areas of knowledge, so characteristic of modern period, be mobilized for the benefit of society? iii. How could the international flow of information, then obstructed (as it still is) by political, social and linguistic barriers on the one hand, and by cumbersome, unresponsive systems of publication, distribution and bibliographic processing on the other, become more open and more effective? iv. How could accurate, up-to-date, “integrated” information tailored specifically and exactly to particular needs be derived from this mass, re-worked to form ensuring immediate and optimal usefulness, and made available without hindrance or delay, whatever such potentially infinite, unpredictable needs might be. In his “Something about Bibliography”, originally published in 1891, Otlet attempted to address some of these questions with a radically new vision for the organization of information. According to Otlet, it is an almost impossible task to organize all the publications in print and make them available in an accessible form. To address this problem, Otlet argued, “various parts of any book can be reduced to different elements […] and a re-arrangement of contents not along the lines of the special plan of a particular book, but according to the genus and species appropriate to each element does not make for an loss of substance” (17). Underlying this ambitious proposal is Otlet’s belief that “the external make-up of a book, its format and the personality of its author are unimportant provided that its substance, its sources of information and its conclusions are preserved and can be made an integral part at the organization of knowledge” (ibid). Otlet envisioned the resulting compendium as an impersonal, collectively produced “artificial brain by means of cards containing actual information or simply notes of references” (ibid.). Otlet also noted that his proposed system of cards would have the added benefit of not being bound with alphabetical organization (18). 59 With such a scheme, Otlet aimed to create a compendium of knowledge where “any one person should be able to rapidly find out, not all about a subject, but all about the branches into which it has been divided and about the work already done relative to those branches” (19). Otlet’s desire to transcend the limitations imposed by print media and the other physical attributes of books are apparent in his proposals as is his willingness to embrace new technologies that might further his goal. Most practical applications of Otlet’s thinking found their manifestations with the help of index cards, although he was very interested in the possibilities offered by microphotography and other technical innovations. Otlet’s ideas culminated in the creation of the Mundaneum in 1910, co-founded with his lawyer colleague Henri La Fontaine and financially backed by the Belgian government. Based on a sanctioned adaptation of Dewey’s decimal system created by Otlet, called Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), the Mundaneum aimed to collect and organize the world’s information on a modular system of index cards. By reducing all the separate publications to their essence and combining them under a comprehensive system of classification, Otlet was striving to compile “the Source, the permanent Encyclopedia, the Summa [that] will replace chaos with a Cosmos” (Otlet, 1990,83). Based on his experiences with the Mundaneum, Otlet published “Transformations in the Bibliographical Apparatus of the Sciences” in 1918, in which
Recommended publications
  • Mcgraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Mcgraw-Hill Abc
    Y L F M A E T Team-Fly® Streaming Media Demystified Michael Topic McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distrib- uted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-140962-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-138877-X. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in cor- porate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw- hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
    THE HITCHHIKER'S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY BY DOUGLAS ADAMS 2001 HANOMAG D OCUMENT VERSION 1.0 C OPYRIGHT © DOUGLAS A DAMS for Jonny Brock and Clare Gorst and all other Arlingtonians for tea, sympathy, and a sofa Far out in the uncharted backwaters of the unfashionable end of the western spiral arm of the Galaxy lies a small unregarded yellow sun. Orbiting this at a distance of roughly ninety-two million miles is an utterly insignificant little blue green planet whose ape- descended life forms are so amazingly primitive that they still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea. This planet has - or rather had - a problem, which was this: most of the people on it were unhappy for pretty much of the time. Many solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of these were largely concerned with the movements of small green pieces of paper, which is odd because on the whole it wasn't the small green pieces of paper that were unhappy. And so the problem remained; lots of the people were mean, and most of them were miserable, even the ones with digital watches. Many were increasingly of the opinion that they'd all made a big mistake in coming down from the trees in the first place. And some said that even the trees had been a bad move, and that no one should ever have left the oceans. And then, one Thursday, nearly two thousand years after one man had been nailed to a tree for saying how great it would be to be nice to people for a change, one girl sitting on her own in a small cafe in Rickmansworth suddenly realized what it was that had been going wrong all this time, and she finally knew how the world could be made a good and happy place.
    [Show full text]
  • Mostly Harmless Free Ebook
    FREEMOSTLY HARMLESS EBOOK Douglas Adams | 240 pages | 01 Apr 2005 | Random House USA Inc | 9780345418777 | English | New York, United States Mostly Harmless | Hitchhikers | Fandom It is described on the cover of the first editions as "The fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhikers Trilogy". It was the last Hitchhiker's book written by Adams and his final book released in his lifetime. The title derives from a joke early in the series, when Arthur Dent discovers that the entry for Earth in Mostly Harmless Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy consists, in its entirety, of the word "Harmless". His friend Ford PrefectMostly Harmless contributor to the Guideassures him that the next edition will contain the article on Mostly Harmless that Ford has spent the last 15 years researching—somewhat cut due to space restrictions, but still an improvement. The revised article, he eventually admits, will simply read " Mostly harmless". It later turns out that Ford had written a long essay on how to have fun Mostly Harmless Earth, but the editors in the guide's main office building edited everything out. Later in the series, Ford is surprised to discover that all of his Mostly Harmless had been edited back into the Guide, prompting his reunion with Arthur on Mostly Harmless alternate Earth in So Long, Mostly Harmless Thanks for All the Fish. In an interview reprinted in The Salmon of DoubtAdams expressed dissatisfaction with the tone of this book, which he blamed on personal problems, saying "for all sorts of personal reasons that I don't want to go into, I just had a thoroughly miserable year, and I was trying to write a book against that background.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy” Douglasa Adamsa I Prevo
    University of Sarajevo Faculty of Philosophy English Department Završni magistarski rad Analiza prevodilačkih strategija: “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” Douglasa Adamsa i prevod na hrvatski i srpski jezik Analysis of Translation Strategies: “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” by Douglas Adams and Translation into Croatian and Serbian Student: Mentor: Marko Trogrančić Amira Sadiković, Ph.D. Sarajevo, 2020 Abstract Since its publication in 1979, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy was translated into many languages across the world and became one of the most read literary works among the science-fiction audience. The aim of this paper is to analyse translation into Croatian and Serbian language and the translation strategies that were used. The analysis of these two translations shows how two different approaches to translation can change the perception of the source text and that the usage of domesticating or foreignizing strategies can create a different impact among the target language readers. Douglas Adams‟ writing style is characterized by unusual usage of language in terms of syntax structure, the characters in the novel have highly suggestive personal names and he often creates neologisms that are an important part of his literary universe. All of these features should be preserved in the translation, and this paper shows if this was achieved by the translators. Keywords: Domestication, foreignization, personal names, neologisms, source text, target text Sažetak Od objavljivanja 1979. godine, roman Autostoperski vodič kroz galaksiju je preveden na mnoge jezike širom svijeta i postao je jedno od najčitanijih knjiţevnih djela meĎu ljubiteljima naučne fantastike. Cilj ovog rada je analiza prevoda na hrvatski i srpski jezik, kao i prevodilačkih strategija koje su upotrijebljene.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PROSPECTOR's GUIDE to the GALAXY 237 on Whether Anyone Can Own Or Use Celestial Resources
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 37, Issue 1 2013 Article 12 The Prospector’s Guide to the Galaxy Austin C. Murnane∗ ∗Fordham Law School Copyright c 2013 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj NOTE THE PROSPECTOR’S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY * Austin C. Murnane a INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 236 I. ABORIGINAL TITLE, EXTRATERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY, AND THE COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND .................................................................... 243 A. Aboriginal Title: The Reward of Discovery .................. 243 B. Terra Nullius and the Exercise of Remote Sovereignty ................................................................... 245 C. Earth’s Deep Seabed: The Common Heritage of Mankind? ...................................................................... 249 II. LAW ON THE FINAL FRONTIER ......................................... 254 A. Extraterrestrial Sovereignty .......................................... 255 1. The Outer Space Treaty .......................................... 255 2. The Moon Agreement ............................................. 257 3. Property without Sovereignty? ................................. 259 4. American Asteroid Law ........................................... 259 B. Free Space ...................................................................... 261 1. The Limits of the Outer Space Treaty .................... 261 2. The Failure of the
    [Show full text]
  • Science Fictional Parody As a Postmodernist Trope in Douglas Adams’S Serial Novels the Hitchhiker’S Guide to the Galaxy
    SCIENCE FICTIONAL PARODY AS A POSTMODERNIST TROPE IN DOUGLAS ADAMS’S SERIAL NOVELS THE HITCHHIKER’S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY Pamukkale University Social Sciences Institution Master of Arts Thesis Department of English Language and Literature Çelik EKMEKÇİ Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali ÇELİKEL June 2012 DENİZLİ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to express my sincerest gratitudes and thanks to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali ÇELİKEL for his guidance and helpful suggestions for my study and my teachers whose wisdom I have profited during my MA education; Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul İŞLER, Assist Prof. Dr. Şeyda İNCEOĞLU, Assist. Prof. Dr. Cumhur Yılmaz MADRAN, Assist. Prof. Dr. Meryem AYAN and Assist. Prof. Dr. Sonia VILLEGAS-LOPEZ. I am also grateful to my MA Classmates and Research Assistants Selime SOYUÇOK, Reyhan ÖZER TANIYAN and Baysar TANIYAN. Lastly, I want to thank my dearest family members, especially my mother, Türkan EKMEKÇİ, for her endless contribution, support and patience. iii ABSTRACT SCIENCE FICTIONAL PARODY AS A POSTMODERNIST TROPE IN DOUGLAS ADAMS’S SERIAL NOVELS THE HITCHHIKER’S GUIDE TO THE GALAXY EKMEKÇİ, Çelik M.A. Thesis in English Literature Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali ÇELİKEL June 2012, 55 pages Postmodern elements found in Douglas Adams’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy is the main topic of this study. Thanks to its postmodern science fictional specialties, The Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy has been considered one of the favored best-seller books ever written. Even though the humorous narrative of the novel has the potential risk of impetuous categorization as science fiction as a genre, the novel moves closer to postmodernist science fictional text domain since the structural features of postmodernism are combined with the qualities and the elements of science fiction which establish a unification and integrity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison Between Science Fiction Works of Arthur C. Clarke and Douglas Adams' Parody of the Genre
    Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Pedagogická fakulta Katedra anglistiky Bakalářská práce A Comparison Between Science Fiction Works of Arthur C. Clarke and Douglas Adams' Parody of the Genre Vypracoval: Michal Horák Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Alice Sukdolová, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2017 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že svoji bakalářskou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své bakalářské práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. Datum: Podpis studenta: Anotace Úkolem práce je nejprve definovat žánr science fiction na základě odborné literatury a dále rozebrat obecně literárně teoretický pojem parodie. Součástí práce budou stručné životopisy obou autorů (Arthur C. Clarke a Douglas Adams) a analýza Clarkovy série románů Vesmírná Odysea. Cílem práce je srovnání Clarkovy legendární série a Adamsovy parodie žánru Stopařův průvodce Galaxií, přičemž v každé sérii práce vytyčí hlavní postavy, motivy a symboly a následně porovná prostředí obou sérií, motivaci hrdinů, narativní strategii a vypravěčský styl. Abstract The first purpose of this paper is to define the term of science fiction genre, using literature specialized in the subject and later analyse the theoretical concept of parody in literature.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER I Isaac Asimov
    UNIVERSIDAD DE CUENCA FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN CARRERA DE LENGUA Y LITERATURA INGLESA "Isaac Asimov and the Golden Age of Science Fiction: A Study in Terms of his Contribution to the Genre” Trabajo de graduación previo a la obtención de un título de Licenciado en Ciencias de la Educación en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa AUTOR: ISMAEL ALEJANDRO OCHOA COBOS CI. 0106650153 DIRECTOR: FABIÁN DARÍO RODAS PACHECO CI. 0101867703 CUENCA-ECUADOR 2017 Universidad de Cuenca RESUMEN Este trabajo investigativo trata de la vida y la obra literaria de una persona extraordinaria: Isaac Asimov. Su vida fue la de un genio que aprendió a leer y escribir por sí mismo y que escribió su primer relato a la edad de once años. Su producción literaria abarca diversos campos del conocimiento: ciencia pura, religión, humanismo, ecología y, especialmente, el campo de la ciencia ficción. Este último, género literario al cual él contribuyó a darle la forma definitiva que tiene en la actualidad. Concomitantemente, entonces, esta investigación cubre la historia de la ciencia ficción como género literario, desde sus manifestaciones más tempranas hace miles de años, hasta las absorbentes producciones audiovisuales que cautivan la atención tanto de niños como adultos hoy en día. Por este motivo, los contenidos de esta tesis también incluyen una descripción, llena de abundantes ejemplos, sobre las características que este género ha adquirido en nuestros días. Entre los numerosos trabajos de Asimov que se encuentran ligados a la ciencia ficción, dos series de libros aparecen como los más importantes. Se trata de sus series Fundación y Robots.
    [Show full text]
  • Ford Foundation 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    FORD FOUNDATION 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Dwight MacDonald | 9781351519588 | | | | | Ford Foundation 1st edition PDF Book You should also avoid treating leather bindings with oil; instead, consult a professional restoration technician. Decorative Books. Winklevoss twins on crypto: Wall Street has been asleep at the wheel. Wellesley College. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. He observes that the technicians can only maintain the plants, but cannot repair them. Foundations by Total Giving". Roy links the Ford Foundation's establishment of a economics course at the Indonesian University with aligning students with the coup that installed Suharto as president. Under pressure by several members of Congress, chief among them Rep. Conservative critic Heather Mac Donald contends that the financial involvement of the foundation instead changed the clinics' focus from giving students practical experience to engaging in leftwing advocacy. He also knew that Anacreon's forces would be arriving soon to forcibly take the Foundation. Margaret Atwood Signed. Namespaces Article Talk. After the previous viceroy rebelled against the Emperor, Barr participated in a revolution that overthrew the viceroy. Salvor Hardin , as Mayor of Terminus City, is the effective ruler of the Foundation, and has been reelected as mayor continuously since his political victory over the Encyclopedia Galactica Board of Trustees. Retrieved A short time after Parma has been let aboard the ship, an angry mob appears, surrounding the Far Star, and demanding that the missionary be turned over to them as an escaped criminal. Anne Rice Signed. More than 80 percent have completed their studies and are now serving their home communities. Between and , the foundation was the biggest funder for research into In vitro fertilisation in the United Kingdom, which led to the first baby, Louise Brown born from the technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Essays on Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production
    Essays on Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production by Benjamin Mako Hill B.A. Hampshire College (2003) S.M. Media Arts and Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2007) Submitted to the Sloan School of Management in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management and Media Arts and Sciences at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2013 ©2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: Sloan School of Management July 31, 2013 Certified By: Eric von Hippel T. Wilson Professor of Management and Professor of Engineering Systems Thesis Supervisor Accepted By: Ezra W. Zuckerman Sivan Nanyang Technological University Professor Director, Sloan PhD Program Essays on Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production by Benjamin Mako Hill Submitted to the Sloan School of Management in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management and Media Arts and Sciences on July 31, 2013. ABSTRACT Although some examples of Internet-based collaborative “peer production” – like Wikipe- dia and Linux – build large volunteer communities and high-quality information goods, the vast majority of attempts at peer production never even attract a second contributor. This dissertation is composed of three essays that describe and test theories on the sources and effects of volunteer mobilization in peer production. The first essay is a qualitative analysis of seven attempts to create English-language on- line collaborative encyclopedia projects started before January 2001, when Wikipedia was launched. Analyzing data from interviews of these Wikipedia-like projects’ initiators, along with extensive archival data, I offer a set of three propositions for why Wikipedia, similar to previous efforts and a relatively late entrant, attracted a community of hundreds of thousands while the other projects did not.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Automation for Space Missions
    NASA Conference Publication 2255 Advanced Automation for Space Missions Edited by Robert A. Freitas, Jr. Space Initiative/XRI Santa Clara, California William P. Gilbreath NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California Proceedings of the 1980 NASA/ASEE Summer Study sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the American Society for Engineering Education held at the University of Santa Clara Santa Clara, California June 23-August 29, 1980 N/\51\ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1982 For aale by the Superintendent of Document.., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2CK02 N83·15352 CHAPTER 5 REPLICATING SYSTEMS CONCEPTS: SELF-REPLICATING LUNAR FACTORY AND DEMONSTRATION 5.1 Introduction duplicates of itself which would themselves be capable of further replication. Successive new systems need not be As the cost of fossil-fuel energy continues to escalate exact copies of the original, but could, by remote design and supplies of readily accessible high-grade ores and min­ and control, be improved, reorganized, or enlarged so as to erals gradually become depleted, the utilization of non­ reflect changing human requirements. A few of the benefits terrestrial sources of energy and materials and the develop­ of a replicative growing lunar manufacturing facility (dis­ ment of a nonterrestrial industrial capacity become cussed at greater length in secs. 5 .4 and 5 .5) include: increasingly desirable. The Moon offers plentiful supplies (I) The process of LM F design will lead to the develop­ of important minerals and has a number of advantages for ment of highly sophisticated automated processing and manufacturing which make it an attractive candidate fac­ assembly technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Universe and Everything.Pdf
    Life, the Universe, and Everything Douglas Adams 2 Introduction The regular early morning yell of horror was the sound of Arthur Dent waking up and suddenly remembering where he was. It wasn't just that the cave was cold, it wasn't just that it was damp and smelly. It was the fact that the cave was in the middle of Islington and there wasn't a bus due for two million years. Time is the worst place, so to speak, to get lost in, as Arthur Dent could testify, having been lost in both time and space a good deal. At least being lost in space kept you busy. He was stranded in prehistoric Earth as the result of a complex sequence of events which had involved him being alternately blown up and insulted in more bizarre regions of the Galaxy than he ever dreamt existed, and though his life had now turned very, very, very quiet, he was still feeling jumpy. He hadn't been blown up now for five years. Since he had hardly seen anyone since he and Ford Prefect had parted com- pany four years previously, he hadn't been insulted in all that time either. Except just once. It had happened on a spring evening about two years previously. He was returning to his cave just a little after dusk when he became aware of lights flashing eerily through the clouds. He turned and stared, with hope suddenly clambering through his heart. Rescue. Escape. The castaway's im- possible dream - a ship. And as he watched, as he stared in wonder and excitement, a long silver ship descended through the warm evening air, quietly, without fuss, its long legs unlocking in a smooth ballet of technology.
    [Show full text]