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ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.)

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ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.) ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.) SKRIPSI YUNI ROMASNI PURBA 140802006 DEPARTEMEN KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 1 Universitas Sumatera Utara 2 ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk melengkapi tugas dan memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Sains YUNI ROMASNI PURBA 140802006 DEPARTEMEN KIMIA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 Universitas Sumatera Utara PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN DAUN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros celebica Bakh) SKRIPSI Saya mengakui bahwa skripsi ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri, kecuali beberapa kutipan dan ringkasan yang masing-masing disebutkan sumbernya. Medan, Januari 2019 YUNI ROMASNI PURBA 140802006 i Universitas Sumatera Utara PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI Judul : ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN DAUN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros celebica Bakh) Kategori : SKRIPSI Nama Mahasiswa : YUNI ROMASNI PURBA Nomor Induk Mahasiswa : 140802006 Program Studi : SARJANA (S1) KIMIA Departemen : KIMIA Fakultas : MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM (FMIPA) UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Disetujui di Medan, Januari 2019, Ketua Departemen Kimia FMIPA USU Pembimbing Dr. Cut Fatimah Zuhra, M.Si Dr. Helmina Br. Sembiring, M.Si NIP: 1974 0405 1999 032001 NIP. 197602022000122002 ii Universitas Sumatera Utara ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN TUMBUHAN KAYU HITAM (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.) ABSTRAK Isolasi senyawa fenolik yang terdapat pada daun tumbuhan kayu hitam (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) (Ebenaceae) telah dilakukan dengan ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan pelarut methanol. Ekstak pekat metanol dilarutkan dengan aquadest dan dipartisi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat lalu dilarutkan dengan pelarut methanol dan dipartisi dengan n-heksana . Kemudian di analisa dengan kromatografi lapis tipis dan dipisahkan dengan kromatografi kolom dengan eluen Kloroform : Metanol (90:10) v/v; (80:20) v/v; (70:30) v/v; (60:40) v/v; (50:50) v/v. Isolat dimurnikan dengan kromtografi lapis tipis preparative dan di kristalisasi , diperoleh kristal berwarna kuning sebanyak 7,5 mg, dengan harga Rf = 0.45. Uji kemurnian senyawa yang diperoleh dilakukan dengan kromatografi lapis tipis menunjukkan noda tunggal menggunakan eluen kloroform : etil asetat ( 50:50) v/v, n-heksana : etil asetat (80:20) v/v , selanjutnya senyawa yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Spektofotometer UV-Visible, Spektrofotometer Inframerah (FT-IR), dan Spektrofotometer resonansi magnetik inti proton (1H-NMR). Dari interpretasi data spektroskopi, diduga bahwa senyawa hasil isolasi yang diperoleh adalah senyawa fenolik metil galat golongan asam fenolat. Kata Kunci : Daun Kayu Hitam (diospyros delebica Bakh.), Fenolik, Metil Galat, iii Universitas Sumatera Utara ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM KAYU HITAM LEAVES (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) ABSTRACT Isolation of phenolic compounds from kayu hitam leaves (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.) has been done by maceration technique with methanol solvent.The concentrated exstract of methanol dissolved with aquadest and partition exstrakted with ethylacetate. The concentrated extract of ethyl acetate dissolved with methanol solvent, and partition with n-hexane. Then Thin layer chromatograpy was analyzed before coloumn chromatography and the eluen obtained that is suitable for separation is chloroform : methanol 90:10, 80:20, 70:30,60:40,50:50 (v/v) as mobile phase.The compounds was purified with a thin layer preparative and cristalitation yielding yellow pasta with weigh 7,5 mg with Rf = 0,45. The test purity of compounds is done by thin layer chromathography show sigle spot with eluen chloroform : ethyl acetate (50:50) v/v ang n-hexane : ethyl acetate ( 80:20) v/v . the next,compound was further indified by Spectrophotometer ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonancy Spectrophotometer (1H-NMR) was estimated as a phenolic methyl gallate. As fenolat acid. Keywords : Kayu Hitam (Diospyros Celebica Bakh.), Methyl Gallate, Phenolic, iv Universitas Sumatera Utara PENGHARGAAN Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan karunia yang begitu luar biasa karena melalui penyertaanNya skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan dalam waktu yang telah ditetapkanNya. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih yang luar biasa kepada : Ibu Dr. Helmina Br. Sembiring, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing penulis yang telah banyak membantu segenap kegiatan penelitian dan penulisan skripsi penulis dan juga selaku Kepala laboratorium Kimia Bahan Alam Hayati FMIPA USU. Terimakasih juga kepada, Ibu Dr. Cut Fatimah Zuhra selaku ketua program studi kimia FMIPA USU, Ibu Dr. Sovia Lenny, S.Si, M.Si selaku sekretaris program studi Kimia FMIPA USU, Bapak Dr. Kerista Sebayang, MS selaku Dekan FMIPA USU, Bapak Drs. Albert Pasaribu, M.Sc, Ketua Bidang Laboratorium Kimia Bahan Alam Hayati FMIPA USU serta memberikan arahan dan nasehat, dan seluruh Staff pengajar di Laboratorium Kimia Bahan Alam Hayati FMIPA USU, Bapak Prof. Dr. Harlem Marpaung selaku dosen pembimbing akademik yang telah memberikan waktunya untuk memberikan pengarahan dalam menyelesaikan studi selama perkuliahan dan penelitian berlangsung,Bapak Drs. Lamek Marpaung M.Phill Ph.D atas bantuan, ajaran, nasehat serta waktu yang boleh diberikan selama kegiatan penelitian berlangsung. Ucapan terima kasih secara khusus penulis sampaikan dengan segala kerendahan hati kepada kedua orang tua tercinta penulis, alm. Aliansen Purba dan Ibu Rumina Sinaga atas doa, dukungan dan kasihnya kepada penulis sejak mulai terlahir kedunia sampai pada seorang Sarjana dan sampai selama-lamanya, serta abang - abang saya Budi Purba, Jeni Purba, Jhon Liharman Purba atas bantuan, dukungan dan doa seta bantuan dana yang tak henti-hentinya kepada penulis. ucapkan terima kasih yang tulus juga penulis sampaikan kepada sahabat- sahabat terbaik penulis ; terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada rekan-rekan assisten Lab Kimia Organik Bahan Alam Hayati, dan kepada teman-teman yang mendukung penulis dalam penelitian dan juga penulisan skripsi penulis. Akhir kata penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi penelitian dan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Kiranya Tuhan selalu mencurahkan Damai Sukacita dan Perlindungan kepada kita semua.Tuhan memberkati kita semua. Medan, Januari 2018 Yuni Romasni Purba v Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI Halaman PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS i PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI ii ABSTRAK iii ABSTRACT iv PENGHARGAAN v DAFTAR ISI vi DAFTAR TABEL viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ix DAFTAR LAMPIRAN x Bab 1 Pendahuluan 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2 Permasalahan 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian 2 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 2 1.5 Metodologi Penelitian 3 Bab 2 Tinjauan Pustaka 2.1 Tumbuhan Bisbul 4 2.2 Senyawa Bahan Alam 5 2.3 Senyawa Fenolik 6 2.3.1 Klasifikasi Senyawa Fenolik 7 2.4 Skrining Fitokimia 11 2.5 Metode Pemisahan 13 2.5.1 Ekstraksi 13 2.5.2 Partisi 14 2.5.3 Kromatografi 15 2.5.3.1 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 15 2.5.3.2 Kromatografi Kolom 16 2.5.3.3 Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Preparatif 17 2.6 Teknik Spektroskopi 17 2.6.1 Spektroskopi Ultra Violet (UV-Vis) 18 2.6.2 Spektroskopi Infra Merah (FT-IR) 18 2.6.3 Spektroskopi Resonansi Magnetik Inti Proton (1H-NMR) 19 vi Universitas Sumatera Utara Bab 3 Metode Penelitian 3.1 Waktu dan Tempat 21 3.2 Alat – alat 21 3.3 Bahan – bahan 21 3.4. Penyediaan Sampel 21 3.5 Uji Pendahuluan Terhadap Ekstrak Daun Tumbuhan Bisbul 22 3.6 Ekstraksi Daun Tumbuhan Bisbul 22 3.7 Analisis Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 22 3.8 .Pemisahan Senyawa Fenolik dengan Kromatografi Kolom 23 3.9 .Pemurnian 24 3.10 .Uji Kemurnian Hasil Isolasi dengan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis 24 3.11 Identifikasi Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 24 3.11.1 Identifikasi dengan Spektrofotometer UltravioletVisible (UV-Vis) 25 3.11.2 Identifikasi dengan Spektrofotometer (FT-IR) 25 3.11.3 Identifikasi dengan Spektrometer Magnetik 25 Inti Proton (1H-NMR) 3.12 Bagan Penelitian 26 3.12.1 Bagan Uji Ekstrak Metanol 26 3.12.3 Bagan Isolasi 27 Bab 4 Hasil dan Pembahasan 4.1. Uji Pendahuluan dan Isolasi senyawa Fenolik 28 4.2 Hasil Identifikasi Senyawa Hasil isolasi Bab 5 Kesimpulan dan Saran 5.1 Kesimpulan 35 5.2 Saran 35 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 36 LAMPIRAN 38 vii Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR TABEL Nomor Tabel Judul Halaman 2.1 Uji Standar Senyawa Kimia 12 2.2 Frekuensi Vibrasi Ikatan 18 4.1 Panjang Gelombang UV-Visible Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 30 4.2 Hasil Analisis Spektrun FT-IR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 32 4.3 Pergeseran Kimia dan Jenis Peak 1H-NMR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 33 viii Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR GAMBAR Nomor Gambar Judul Halaman 2.1 Tumbuhan Daun Kayu Hitam 6 2.2 Struktur dasar fenolik 8 2.3 Struktur Floroglukinol 9 2.4 Struktur dari asam galat 10 2.5 Struktur Hidroksi asetofenon 10 2.6 Struktur asam p-kumarat 11 2.7 Struktur plumbagin 11 2.8 Struktur Xanton 12 2.9 Struktur trans-resveratrol 12 2.10 Struktur Flavon 13 2.11 Struktur aril naftokuinon 13 2.12 Struktur Amentolflavon 14 4.1 senyawa Hasil Isolasi 36 4.2 Spektrum UV-Visible Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 37 4.2 Spektrum Infra Merah (FT-IR) Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 38 4.3 Spektrum 1H-NMR Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 40 4.4 Struktur Senyawa Hasil Isolasi 41 ix Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Nomor Judul Halaman Lampiran 1 Hasil Determinasi Daun Tumbuhan kayu hitam 46 (Diospyros
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