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Transnationalism, Power and Change: Three Decades of Debt Campaigning

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Transnationalism, Power and Change: Three Decades of Debt Campaigning Transnationalism, Power and Change: Three Decades of Debt Campaigning Jean Somers, B. Soc. Sc., Msc. Social Research School of Law and Government, Dublin City University Supervisor: Dr. Eileen Connolly January 2014 Dissertation submitted for the award of PhD to Dublin City University i Declaration of Work I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of PhD is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: _________________________________(Candidate) ID No. 56124899 Date: _______________ ii Acknowledgements I would first like to warmly thank all those debt activists from across the globe who agreed to be interviewed by me and who mined their memories for the insights I sought. I am also very grateful to all the organisations which gave me access to their archival material – thank you all for keeping this material over the years. I thank my supervisor, Eileen Connolly, for her guidance and all her practical support over the years. I am also grateful to Peadar Kirby for maintaining his support over the thesis period. My colleagues, the fellow PhD students with whom I shared CA 126 over the years, provided support and sympathy and stimulating discussions. My friends and family kept faith in me and encouraged me to finish. Iris, for everything – especially the home-made bakewell tarts and sponges which saw me through the stressful final period. Thank you all! iii Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Introducing the main actor - transnational civil society ................................................ 2 Transnational civil society operating in a globalising world ........................................ 4 Thesis question .............................................................................................................. 5 How the study was carried out ...................................................................................... 8 Thesis structure ............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter One: The Debt Crisis and Its Contestation ................................................. 10 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 10 1.2 The emergence of two debt crises ......................................................................... 10 1.3 Debt campaigning ................................................................................................. 13 1.4 Debt campaigning in a changing world order ....................................................... 16 1.5 Positioning civil society in relation to the national and international arenas ........ 19 1.6 Debt movements and power .................................................................................. 21 1.6.1 Exploring the nature of the power of debt campaigns ................................... 22 1.6.2 Debt campaigns exercising power ................................................................. 25 1.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 28 Chapter Two: Power and Transnational Civil Society.............................................. 29 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Understanding power: an agency approach .......................................................... 29 2.3 Theories explaining the exercise of power of transnational civil society ............. 30 2.3.1 Power as persuasion ....................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Power as political opportunity ....................................................................... 34 2.3.3 Anti-systemic power ...................................................................................... 38 2.3.4 Power of global civil society within global governance ................................ 43 2.3.4.1 Global civil society power: bridging the democratic deficit ................... 44 2.3.4.2 Power within governmentality: Global Civil Society ............................. 46 2.5 Power of transnational civil society: analytic framework ..................................... 50 Chapter Three: Understanding World Order ............................................................ 54 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 54 3.2 A state or a multilateral system of world order ..................................................... 54 3.3 State /capital relationship: the internationalising state .......................................... 58 3.3.1 Internationalising state in action .................................................................... 62 3.3.2 Criticism of the internationalising state ......................................................... 64 3.3.3 Why the internationalising state as the framework for this research ............. 68 3.4 Operationalising the ‗debt nébuleuse‘ ................................................................... 70 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 80 Chapter Four: Researching Debt Movements............................................................ 82 iv 4.1 Theoretical framework of the study ...................................................................... 83 4.2 History and geography of debt movements .......................................................... 85 4.3 Reflections on study design .................................................................................. 87 4.4 Collecting, analysing and interpreting case study material ................................... 92 4.5 Analysing the case study material ......................................................................... 98 Chapter Five: The Making of Transnational Debt Movements 1976-1990 ........... 101 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 101 5.2 Managing and contesting the debt crisis : an overview ...................................... 102 5.3 The making of transnational civil society : debt activism................................... 108 5.4 Making common cause transnationally ............................................................... 119 5.5 Creditor action ..................................................................................................... 125 5.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 127 Chapter Six: Campaigning for debt cancellation in a Uni-polar economic world order……………… ..................................................................................................... 132 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 132 6.2 Emergence of the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative: an overview ........ 133 6.3 Making common cause transnationally ............................................................... 134 6.4 Debt nébuleuse in action ..................................................................................... 140 6.5 Debt campaigners‘ understanding of the debt nébuleuse .................................... 142 6.6 Transnational debt groups in action .................................................................... 144 6.6.1 Operating across the national/international interface ................................... 144 6.6.2 Engaging with the debt nébuleuse: institutional advocacy .......................... 146 6.6.3 Adversarial / conflictual/popular action ....................................................... 156 6.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 159 Chapter Seven: Jubilee Campaign ............................................................................ 163 7.1 Overview of the Jubilee campaign ...................................................................... 163 7.2 Making common cause transnationally ............................................................... 165 7.3 Geography of power ............................................................................................ 174 7.4 Knowledge, norms, frames ................................................................................. 180 7.5 Engaging with the state/internationalising state .................................................. 187 7.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 202 Conclusions .................................................................................................................
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