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Retinal Waves: Implications for Synaptic Learning Rules During Development DANIEL A

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Retinal Waves: Implications for Synaptic Learning Rules During Development DANIEL A REVIEW Retinal Waves: Implications for Synaptic Learning Rules during Development DANIEL A. BUTTS Department of Neurobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Neural activity is often required for the final stages of synaptic refinement during brain development. It is thought that learning rules acting at the individual synapse level, which specify how pre- and postsynaptic activity lead to changes in synaptic efficacy, underlie such activity-dependent development. How such rules might function in vivo can be addressed in the retinogeniculate system because the input activity from the retina and its importance in development are both known. In fact, detailed studies of retinal waves have revealed their complex spatiotemporal properties, providing insights into the mechanisms that use such activity to guide development. First of all, the information useful for development is contained in the retinal waves and can be quantified, placing constraints on synaptic learning rules that use this information. Furthermore, knowing the distribution of activity over the entire set of inputs makes it possible to address a necessary component of developmental refinement: rules governing competition between synaptic inputs. In this way, the detailed knowledge of retinal input and lateral geniculate nucleus development pro- vides a unique opportunity to relate the rules of synaptic plasticity directly to their role in development. NEUROSCIENTIST 8(3):243–253, 2002 KEY WORDS Activity-dependent development, Spontaneous retinal waves, Lateral geniculate nucleus, LTP, Learning rules Over the course of development, the central nervous sys- into changes in synaptic efficacy. Although a variety of tem accomplishes the monumental task of wiring an different synaptic learning rules have been observed in immense number of connections in the brain. Often, the developing nervous system (Malenka and Nicoll activity-independent processes set up an initial connec- 1999), it is largely unclear how they might drive devel- tion pattern (Tessier-Lavigne and Goodman 1996), and opmental plasticity. In most systems where synaptic its refinement and maintenance requires neural activity plasticity has been studied, one or both of the following (Katz and Shatz 1996). The latter activity-dependent is not well understood: 1) the pattern of input that drives processes may be a subset of the more general phenom- postsynaptic activity patterns and may underlie competi- enon of activity-driven rewiring of connections between tion between the inputs and 2) how the developmental neurons, which is thought to underlie such processes as outcome should manifest on the synapse level. Thus, it is learning and memory (Holscher 1999). As a result, there often unclear whether the known examples of synaptic is broad-ranging interest in the rules that the nervous plasticity are relevant to “natural” input patterns that system employs that effect activity-dependent refine- would be observed in vivo and whether such plasticity ment of connections during development. underlies development. Knowledge of activity-dependent development is The early development of the visual system provides heavily reliant upon studies of developmental plasticity, a situation where the distribution of activity over the where changes in the patterns of connection established inputs is well characterized and the developmental impor- during development were induced by blocking or alter- tance of such input is known. Before the onset of vision, ing the activity patterns normally present in the brain waves of spontaneously generated neural activity travel (Katz and Shatz 1996). It is thought that developmental across the retina and are relayed to higher visual centers. plasticity is accomplished at the level of the individual Retinal waves are required for the refinement of retinal synapse by particular learning rules, which specify how projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) presynaptic and postsynaptic activity should translate (Sretavan and others 1988; Penn and others 1998; Wong 1999) and superior colliculus (Thompson and Holt 1989; Simon and others 1992) and may play a role in This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Informatics. The author thanks visual cortical development as well (Weliky 2000). Due Patrick Kanold, Lisa Boulanger, and Gene Huh for very helpful com- to their multiple developmental roles, the spatiotemporal ments on the manuscript. properties of the retinal waves have been intensively Address correspondence to: Daniel A. Butts, Ph.D., Department of studied, using multielectrode arrays (Meister and others Neurobiology, GB 405, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood 1991; Wong and others 1993) and calcium imaging Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: [email protected]). (Wong and others 1995; Feller and others 1996, 1997). Volume 8, Number 3, 2002 THE NEUROSCIENTIST 243 Copyright © 2002 Sage Publications ISSN 1073-8584 Thus, during early retinogeniculate development, both until 3 weeks after birth. From embryonic day 35 (a the system-level input (retinal waves) and the develop- week before birth) until eye opening at postnatal day 30 mental outcomes (synaptic refinement) are known. (P30), the retina is spontaneously active, generating Furthermore, synaptic learning rules in the LGN are activity that spreads across the retina in waves. experimentally accessible (Mooney and others 1993), Throughout this period of development, retinal afferents potentially in situations with naturally generated input innervating the LGN undergo significant remodeling. (Mooney and others 1996). For this reason, this review Retinal afferents are initially intermixed at birth but seg- will focus on predictions and conclusions about devel- regate into eye-specific layers (Linden and others 1981) opmental learning rules reached through the study of the and later into sublayers specific to ON and OFF path- properties of retinal waves. Such discussion rests on the ways (Hahm and others 1991). Retinal afferents also likely tenet that retinal waves provide instructive signals undergo retinotopic refinement (Sretavan and others for brain development (Crair 1999; Wong 1999). If this 1988), where neighboring retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is the case, then waves contain information about the ultimately project to neighboring LGN neurons such that spatial organization of the retinal afferents to the LGN. a map of the retina is replicated in each of the layers of Knowing what information they provide leads to insights the LGN. into the developmental processes that use this informa- Because any instructive role that retinal waves play in tion, including rules governing changes in synaptic development must rely on their patterns of activity, they strength and those governing synaptic competition. have been studied in detail using both multielectrode First, I will review what is known about the patterns of arrays (Meister and others 1991; Wong and others 1993) input to the LGN, the retinal waves. Under the standard and calcium imaging (Feller and others 1996, 1997). dogma of Hebbian learning rules, it is apparent how Both the spatiotemporal properties of the retinal waves many of the qualitative features of this activity might (Bansal and others 2000; Wong and others 2000) and the play a role in the refinement that takes place in the LGN. mechanisms that govern them (Bansal and others 2000; I will review work that quantifies the information trans- Wong and others 2000; Zhou and Zhao 2000) change mitted by retinal waves in order to gain insight into the dramatically over development, so we will focus on learning rules that may exist at the retinogeniculate waves observed in the ferret over the first 2 postnatal synapse. Finally, I will discuss how competition between weeks. inputs is a necessary component of rules governing Simultaneous recordings of 39 neurons are shown in retinogeniculate refinement, and detail what is known Figure 1A, demonstrating the roughly 2-min periodicity about synaptic competition in the LGN. of events that are nearly synchronous among most neu- Retinal waves are a subset of the spontaneous activity rons (data from Meister and others 1991). This activity present in the brain that drives development (Katz and is composed of bursts of action potentials fired by Shatz 1996; Yuste 1997), and the in-depth study RGCs, which comprise the output layer of the retina reviewed here may have ramifications to a broad variety (Wong and others 1993). (Other neurons in the develop- of systems where the inputs are not as well known and ing retina are known to be involved in retinal waves their developmental outcomes are less amenable to [Feller and others 1996, 1997], though they do not fire study. action potentials during waves [Zhou 1998].) When the timing of burst onset is plotted relative to position on the multielectrode array (Fig. 1B), it is clear that the retinal The Spatiotemporal activity travels across the array as a wave from right to Properties of Retinal Waves left in Figure 1B. The existence of spontaneous retinal activity was pre- Calcium imaging experiments can visualize RGC dicted before waves were observed, owing to the depend- bursting over much larger spatial scales and with better ence of retinogeniculate development on neural activity spatial resolution (Feller and others 1996, 1997). This (Shatz and Stryker 1988). Direct evidence of sponta- technique cannot resolve individual action potentials but neous activity
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