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Occupation Chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek Site| an Analysis of Stratigraphy and Dating University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2005 Occupation chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek site| An analysis of stratigraphy and dating Trinity D. Schlegel The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Schlegel, Trinity D., "Occupation chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek site| An analysis of stratigraphy and dating" (2005). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3118. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3118 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission ^ No, I do not grant permission Author's Signature Date: ~ Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 An Occupation Chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek Site: An Analysis of Stratigraphy and Dating By Trinity D. Schlegel B.A. The University of Montana, 2000 Presented in partial fuIfiUment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts The university of Montana 2005 Approved by: \ i Chairperson Dean, Graduate School S'23-OS Date UMI Number: EP36470 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI EP36470 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This worl< is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code PrnOi if^Qf ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Schlegel, Trinity D., M.A., May 2005 Anthropology An Occupation Chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek Site: An Analysis of Stratigraphy and Dating (142 pp.) ^ Chairperson: Doctor William C. Prentiss {XJ During the spring of2001 the University of Montana conducted excavations at the Keatley Creek site, a large winter pithouse village on the Canadian Plateau. One goal of the research was to continue to refine the occupation chronology of Housepit 7. Testing a sub-housepit located beneath the northwestern floor and rim deposits of Housepit 7 would do this. Based on findings fi-om the 1999 excavations the sub-housepit was confirmed and was assumed to be the remains of a pre-Housepit 7 occupations at Keatley Creek. Further testing of the sub-housepit was needed to fiirther refine the occupation chronology. The 2001 field school continued the excavations of the 1999 field season. Previously identified sub-housepits that were located stratigraphically beneath the floor of Housepit 7 were re-opened and excavation of the sub-housepits was expanded. The expansion allowed fiirther testing and a more complete data set. The sub-housepits are chronologically older than Housepit 7 and date to late Plateau and early Kamloops horizons. As a result of the new excavations a refined stratum legend was developed. The new data allow for a more precise occupation chronology of Housepit 7 to be developed, I examine the stratigraphy and the radiocarbon dates produced fi-om previous published and un-published manuscripts along with the new data from 2001 field season to create a new occupation chronology of Housepit 7. A summary of my research and its implications concludes my study. li Table of Contents Chapter Page Abstract ii List of Tables v List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 History of Research 1 Research Problem 4 Research Goals 6 Significance of Research 6 Thesis Outline 7 Chapter 2: Research Background 8 Environmental Context 8 Site Setting 8 Physiography and Topography 9 Post Glacial Landform Development 10 Paleoenvironmental Svmimary: 10 Climate, Fauna, and Vegetation Cultural Chronology 13 Summary 22 Excavation of Housepits 24 Chapter 3: Research Methods 28 Analytical Methods 28 Layers and Interfeces 29 Stratigraphic Laws 29 Process of Archaeological Stratification 30 T Tnifc ^ — Interpreting Radiocarbon Dates 32 Plan of Excavation and Contingencies 3 3 Excavation Methods 33 Laboratory Methods 35 Chapter 4: Results 37 Stratigraphy 37 Stratigraphic Results of all Exploratory Subsquare Excavations 43 iii Summary of Excavated Stratigraphy 93 Features 95 Dating 105 Results Summary 110 Chapters: Discussion 113 New Housepit 7 Occupation Chronology 113 Comparing the Established and New Occupation Chronologies 117 Of Housepit 7 Chapter 6: Conclusions 122 Summary of Research 122 Research Implications 123 Appendix A: Figures 125 References 136 i V List of Tables Table Page Table 1-1 Cultural Chronology of Keatley Creek 3 Table 4-1 Stratum Legend for 2001 excavation of the Keatley 40 Creek Site, EeR17 Table 4-2 1999 Field Season Stratum Legend of the Keatley 41 Creek site, EeR17 Table 4-3 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 1 43 Table 4-4 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 2 46 Table 4-5 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 3 49 Table 4-6 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 4 52 Table 4-7 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 5 (profile) 56 Table 4-8 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare DDD 5 58 (not an east wall profile) Table 4-9 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare FFF 15 60 Table 4-10 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare FFF 14 62 Table 4-11 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare FFF 13 64 T'oV\i<a id_io '^^3i*2,ct5ristics of SutscjusjTS FFF 9 Table 4-13 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare HHH 16 68 Table 4-14 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare HHH 15 71 Table 4-15 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare HHH 14 73 Table 4-16 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare HHH 13 76 V Table 4-17 Sediment characteristics for Subsquare GGG 16 79 Table 4-18 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare GGG 15 81 Table 4-19 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare GGG 14 84 Table 4-20 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare GGG 13 86 Table 4-21 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare III 1 88 Table 4-22 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare JJJ 4 89 Table 4-23 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare NN 14 90 Table 4-24 Sediment characteristics of Subsquare NN 15 91 Table 4-25 Features excavated during the 2001 field season investigation 105 Table 4-26 Radiocarbon dates fi"om Keatley Creek 112 Table 4-27 Radiocarbon dates fi'om Lenert 2000 thesis. 112 Table 4-28 Radiocarbon dates fi-om the 2001 filed season. 112 vi List of Figures Figure Page Figure 1 Map showing Keatley Creek. 126 Figure 2 Map of Lillooet region of British Columbia. 127 Figure 3 Map of Keatley Creek site. 128 Figure 4 Contour Map of Keatley Creek. 129 Figure 5 Map of the core of Keatley Creek Site. 130 Figure 6 Excavation map, northwest quarter of HP 7. 131 Figure 7 Plan view of housepit floors. 132 Figure 8 Profile of rim and housepit floors on Northwest side of HP 7. 133 Figure 9 Profile of square NN west wall. 134 Figure 10 Profile of west wall, north trench of HP 7. 135 vii 1 CHAPtERONE: INTRODUCTION The site of Keatley Creek is located in the Middle Fraser canyon on the western edge of the Canadian Plateau in British Columbia. It is 25 km upstream from the modem town of Lillooet, British Columbia and 350 km upstream from the mouth of the Fraser River (Hayden 2000a)(Figures 1-4). The central part of the site covers approximately 4 ha or 9.9 acres. There are additional areas of occupation that extend upwards onto the high narrow ridge of gravel and sand left by a receding glacier on the riverside and up onto two small terraces at the base of the mountain. With these outlying housepits the total size of the site is extended to 12 ha (Hayden 2000a). The site contains approximately 119 housepit depressions (Figure 5). The housepits were semi-subterranean and occupants gained entrance by a ladder placed in a hole in the roof Based on floor space per person and number of contemporaneous housepits Hayden estimates that 1,200 to 1,500 persons resided at Keatley Creek during the height of occupation (Hayden 2000a). This thesis seeks to test Hayden's theory on the occupation chronology of Housepit 7 at the Keatley Creek site. New stratigraphic, feature and radiocarbon data will be used to constmct a new occupation chronology of Housepit 7. The new occupation chronology will then be compared to Hayden's chronology. fflSTORY OF RESEARCH Keatley Creek is one of the largest winter pithouse villages of the Canadian Plateau. Evidence suggests that occupation of Keatley Creek spans the Middle and Late 2 Prehistoric period's ca. 5000-200 BP (Hayden 2000)(Table 1-1). Stryd (1972) has defined a big village as a cluster of twenty or more housepits. The large pithouse depressions measure greater than 15 m in diameter and are surrounded by smaller pithouse depressions. Hayden determined that a depression was a housepit if the diameter of the structure measured more than 5 meters from rim crest to rim crest.
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