Pan African Sanctuary Alliance 1

PAN AFRICAN SANCTUARY ALLIANCE 1

Int. Zoo Yb. (2018) 52: 1–9 DOI:10.1111/izy.12174

Pan African Sanctuary Alliance: securing a future for the African great apes R. STOKES1, G. TULLY1,* & A. G. ROSATI2 1Pan African Sanctuary Alliance, Portland, Oregon 97219, USA, and 2Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA E-mail: [email protected]

The Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA) is the meeting in Uganda to bring the wildlife unified voice of primate rescue and rehabilitation pro- centres together for the first time. The jects in Africa, and includes 23 member organizations in 13 countries. PASA improves animal welfare by directors of the organizations agreed there regularly evaluating these sanctuaries to ensure that was a need for improved ongoing commu- they operate at a high standard of care, building the nication and, as a result, PASA was capacity of sanctuary staff and providing crisis support formed. Although PASA’s headquarters is to mitigate emergencies. Moreover, PASA works with now in Portland, Oregon, USA, and it is its member organizations to raise awareness globally ‘ fi about wildlife issues and to conduct other large-scale registered as a 501(c)(3) nonpro t organi- conservation projects. In these endeavours, PASA ben- zation’ in the United States, it was created efits greatly from the local experience and connections by the African wildlife centres. PASA- of its member organizations. Finally, nearly all PASA- member institutions work to secure a future member sanctuaries host researchers, thereby contribut- ing to our knowledge of the great apes and other Afri- for all African primates and their habitat. In can primates. Much of PASA’s work is made possible this article, the authors focus on how this by support from zoos around the world. A brief precis unique collaboration of African sanctuaries, of the current work carried out by PASA and its mem- communities, governments and global ber organizations is given, along with descriptions of experts impacts the welfare and conserva- conservation programmes that are planned for the future. tion of great apes. Despite working in extraordinarily chal- Key-words: Africa; chimpanzees; conservation; lenging conditions, members of the Alli- gorillas; great apes; primates; research; welfare. ance are making significant strides in great ape welfare and conservation. They give HISTORY OF THE PAN AFRICAN lifelong care to primates orphaned by the SANCTUARY ALLIANCE (PASA) bushmeat trade and confiscated from the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA), illicit pet trade, collaborate with law- the largest association of wildlife centres in enforcement agencies to stop the hunting Africa, includes 23 organizations that col- and trafficking of threatened species, defend lectively care for more than 3000 rescued critical habitat from exploitation, and con- primates (Fig. 1; Table 1). Prior to PASA’s duct community development and education formation, these wildlife centres had similar programmes, reaching more than 500 000 goals and were facing similar challenges, people across Africa each year. Addition- but largely did not communicate with one ally, PASA-member wildlife centres pro- another. In 2000, conservationists, primatol- vide employment for nearly 700 African ogists and senior zoo personnel arranged a people and inject millions of dollars into

*Correspondence: Gregg Tully, Pan African Sanctuary Alliance, Portland, Oregon 97219, USA. E-mail: gregg@ pasaprimates.org. Twitter: @pasaprimates

Fig. 1. Map of Pan African Sanctuary Alliance member sanctuaries. Pan African Sanctuary Alliance, 2017. local economies. Ferrie et al. (2014) pro- the world, veterinarians, conservationists, vide details on the work carried out by primatologists and educators. Moreover, PASA, although it has now surpassed many many of PASA’s programmes are aimed of the achievements described in that publi- at ensuring the success of its member cation. organizations. A series of published manuals are freely available on PASA’s website (https://www.pasaprimates.org/reports- PASA STRENGTHENS ITS MEMBER manuals), providing information about SANCTUARIES sanctuary standards and best practices, pri- PASA’s unique evaluation and accredita- mate veterinary health, and strategies and tion process brings credibility to the wild- methods for conservation-education pro- life centres, and PASA membership gives grammes in Africa. These are widely used them access to a global network of advi- throughout the African primate sanctuary sors, including experts from zoos around community. PASA’s annual reports and

invites sanctuary directors, leaders of zoos CAMEROON and consultants to give presentations and Ape Action Africa participate in panel discussions on diverse Limbe Wildlife Centre topics, including fundraising, disease pre- Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue CONGO vention, enclosure construction and strate- HELP Congo gic planning. This helps the sanctuaries to Projet Protection des Gorilles – Congo improve their primate care, become more Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Centre sustainable and achieve their missions. In DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ﬁ Centre de Rehabilitation des Primates de Lwiro 2017, for the rst time, the Strategic Devel- (CRPL) opment Conference was combined with a Jeunes Animaux Conﬁsques au Katanga (J.A.C.K.) Conservation Education and Outreach Lola Ya Bonobo Workshop for the coordinators of education GABON programmes at the wildlife centres (PASA, Fernan-Vaz Gorilla Project Parc de la Lekedi 2017). The conference and workshop were Projet Protection des Gorilles – Gabon attended by 53 people, including 17 leaders GAMBIA and 14 education professionals from PASA- Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Project member organizations, four members of GUINEA ’ Centre de Conservation pour Chimpanzes (CCC) PASA s Board of Directors, and others KENYA committed to the conservation and protec- Colobus Conservation tion of Africa’s primates (PASA, 2017). In Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary previous years, members of the European MALAWI Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) Lilongwe Wildlife Centre NIGERIA participated regularly in the conference and Drill Ranch offered valuable insights on areas such as SIERRA LEONE organizational management, networking and Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary writing grants. Several chapters of the SOUTH AFRICA Chimp Eden American Association of Zoo Keepers Vervet Monkey Foundation (AAZK) support PASA and its members, UGANDA particularly by sponsoring wildlife-centre Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary directors to attend the annual PASA confer- ZAMBIA ence. Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage

Table 1. The Pan African Sanctuary Alliance Primate Care Training Program (PASA) is an association of 23 wildlife centres in 13 countries working to secure a future for primates in Many alliance members lack the funding Africa and their habitats. and connections necessary to provide staff with advanced training by skilled instructors. In 2017, PASA responded to this reports on recent conferences are also problem by launching a Primate Care available. Training Program aimed at engendering significant, long-term improvements in the welfare of thousands of great apes and Strategic Development Conference monkeys. PASA identifies highly qualified PASA holds an annual Strategic Develop- instructors who are employed by zoos or ment Conference for the directors of its have managed primate care and have abun- member wildlife centres. This conference dant experience in training African primate provides directors with an opportunity to caregivers, and matches them with PASA- share ideas and learn from each other, and member sanctuaries whose training needs to discuss how PASA can most effectively meet their specialties. PASA then arranges support their work (Plate 1). PASA also for the instructors to spend weeks or

Plate 1. Directors of sanctuaries and wildlife centres that are members of the Pan African Sanctuary Alli- ance have a meeting at The Strategic Development Conference in Nairobi, Kenya, in December 2015. Pan African Sanctuary Alliance, 2017. months at the sanctuaries to train all the sanctuaries, meaning governments are more animal-care staff. The specific topics cov- likely to send to them primates that local ered, duration of the training and teaching law-enforcement agencies have confiscated methods are customized for the needs and from wildlife traffickers. Having suitable resources of each sanctuary. Since the start homes for confiscated apes and monkeys of the Program in early 2017, more than increases the government’s capacity and 300 staff who work directly with animals motivation to arrest traffickers, thereby pre- have received comprehensive training. The venting the removal of additional animals instructors, who have often gained their from the wild. own experience by working in zoos, teach animal-care staff to follow internationally Veterinary Supplies Program recognized best-practice guidelines and work to high standards. In addition to train- Many of PASA’s member wildlife centres ing animal-care staff directly, the instructors have an urgent need for medical supplies will teach the management how to educate that are difficult or impossible to source in new staff. Printed materials are left at the Africa. PASA receives donations of sup- institution to reinforce lessons learned and plies from non-profit organizations and help new staff to catch up with their more- zoos, and uses its network of collaborators experienced colleagues. The ability of who frequently travel between the United member wildlife centres to train their own States and Africa to identify people who staff will provide sustainability and reduce can bring the supplies when they travel to dependence on PASA. wildlife centres. PASA also seeks financial In addition to improving welfare, this donations to facilitate the purchase of training programme also has a positive greatly needed medical supplies. Travelling influence on conservation. It increases the with certain drugs into some countries overall effectiveness and reputation of the requires additional considerations, such as a

Int. Zoo Yb. (2018) 52: 1–9 © 2017 The Zoological Society of London PAN AFRICAN SANCTUARY ALLIANCE 5 letter of permission from a government vet- flood and reduce the impact of future erinary authority; the specific requirements floods. depend on the country. Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, IL, USA, very generously CONSERVATION-EDUCATION solicits donations of veterinary supplies and ACTIVITIES stores them until people who will bring the materials to Africa are found. PASA is con- In addition to advocating for and supporting tinuously seeking more zoos and other its member organizations, PASA collaborates organizations that can provide veterinary with them on large-scale conservation-educa- supplies. tion initiatives, which are made possible with One important focus for PASA’s Veteri- funding and technical support from zoos in nary Supplies Program is acquiring contra- North America and Europe. ceptives. PASA-member sanctuaries only voluntarily permit animals to reproduce if Cameroon Conservation Education breeding is part of a currently active release Program programme in accordance with the Interna- tional Union for Conservation of Nature In 2015, PASA and its member organiza- (IUCN) guidelines for reintroductions tions in Cameroon launched the Cameroon (Baker, 2002; Beck et al., 2007), and where Conservation Education Program with the reproduction does not compromise the goals of (1) determining the most effective resources of the sanctuary, or negatively approach to inspiring Cameroonian children impact the health and welfare of the other ani- to protect their country’s wildlife and other mals also living there. Reversible contracep- natural resources, and (2) teaching tens of tion is used, wherever possible, on primates thousands of schoolchildren in Cameroon that may be reintroduced. Decisions about the value of protecting animals and their contraception are made by each sanctuary’s habitats. This is expected to engender a veterinary staff based on the animal’s age, sex long-term nationwide shift in the popula- and potential for reintroduction. tion’s attitudes and behaviour regarding conservation, resulting in an increase in the number and size of protected areas, stronger Emergency support programme legal protections for natural habitat and an PASA provides crisis grants to its member increase in the abundance of threatened wildlife centres to help them recover from species in Cameroon. In July 2015, a com- emergencies that are beyond their control, munity-engagement workshop was con- such as fires, collapsed buildings and the vened in Cameroon. A director and two recent Ebola outbreak. PASA aims to community-engagement programme staff address these issues as quickly as possible, from each of the three sanctuaries located to ensure that the apes and monkeys under in the country attended the workshop the care of PASA-member sanctuaries do (PASA, 2016). not suffer as a result of unforeseen circum- A very successful pilot study was held in stances. In 2016, heavy rains in East Africa Cameroon in 2016 with several thousand caused flooding at Sweetwaters Chim- students. Highlights of the evaluation panzee Sanctuary in Kenya and Ngamba results included an increase from 57% to Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda. 98% in students who understood that Chim- PASA gave a grant to Sweetwaters to panzees should not be eaten as bushmeat, rebuild an electric fence that keeps the and an increase from 34% to 68% of stu- Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes safely in the dents who knew to contact the police if enclosure. A grant was also given to help they see a Chimpanzee in a neighbour’s Ngamba Island to build a retaining wall to house. Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue protect the sanctuary facilities from the and Ape Action Africa are expanding this

Plate 2. Children display their certificates of achievement upon completing the Cameroon Conservation Edu- cation Program. Sanaga-Yong Chimpanzee Rescue, 2017. education programme to reach thousands national television networks, others have more Cameroonian youth in 2017 and are tens of thousands of visitors to their wild- obtaining similar results (Plate 2). life centres and some conduct education programmes that reach thousands of students every year. Edutainment Films Program The Edutainment Films Program is a Worldwide bushmeat awareness pioneering initiative in Africa to distribute campaign high-quality, engaging films with conservation messaging that were created specifi- Few people are aware of the bushmeat cri- cally for African audiences. The flagship sis, its inherent cruelty, or that it is now movies of the programme were produced considered the greatest threat to the future by the non-profit Stichting Nature for Kids of African primates. Bushmeat originates (Bussum, The Netherlands), which makes from wild animals that are hunted, captured excellent, entertaining films with messages and killed specifically for their meat. Stud- about environmental conservation. In a pilot ies have shown that there is a chain of programme, hundreds of thousands of peo- actors along the commodity chain of this ple in Cameroon saw the films on national illegal trade, and it is difficult to prevent television and on the national train system. such hunting (see Tagg et al., 2018). Following this tremendous success, PASA Effecting behaviour change is likely to be is expanding this Film Program to include the best way to reduce the illegal trade in ten African countries. The ways in which bushmeat. In August 2016, PASA launched the films are distributed in each country a campaign to educate people worldwide depends on the resources of the PASA- and motivate them to act in an online member organizations in the country; for movement against the bushmeat trade. A example, some have connections with cornerstone of the campaign is a petition

Int. Zoo Yb. (2018) 52: 1–9 © 2017 The Zoological Society of London PAN AFRICAN SANCTUARY ALLIANCE 7 which provides an easy way for people to and less-profitable crime, and fewer apes become involved. Signatories receive a ser- will be removed from the wild. ies of e-mails that inform and engage them. The strong emotional appeal of the issue, Sustainable communities programme including the baby Chimpanzees and gorillas orphaned by the trade, enables the cam- Almost all PASA-member organizations paign to be shared widely via social media manage community-based projects near and influence public opinion. Complement- vital primate habitat, where local people ing this global campaign, PASA-member illegally hunt wildlife and destroy habitat. sanctuaries conduct education programmes PASA is connecting its members with and community-based projects near critical organizations that specialize in community- wildlife habitat to reduce the illicit hunting, development projects in Africa and facili- trade and consumption of bushmeat. tate new partnerships. For example, PASA has linked Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, which uses radio dramas to NEW CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES educate the public about the importance of At the time of writing, PASA is working to Chimpanzees in the wild, to a non-profit launch new conservation projects, some of organization that specializes in using radio which are briefly described below. to produce social change. The main aim is to improve the effectiveness of African community development programmes in Ending wildlife trafficking: educating reducing threats to wildlife. law-enforcement programme The combination of PASA’s global net- Illegal trafficking, driven by demand for work, and the local expertise and connec- exotic pets and live props in the entertain- tions of its member organizations, uniquely ment industry, is a significant threat to ape positions the Alliance to produce lasting conservation. Between 2005 and 2011, changes to protect Africa’s great apes and there were an estimated 22 218 cases of monkeys. ape trafficking. Of these, only 27 arrests were made, 25% of which were never pros- GREAT APE RESEARCH AT PASA- ecuted. This indicates that law enforcement MEMBER SANCTUARIES has been almost non-existent (Stiles et al., 2013: page 8). A major reason for this is In addition to playing an essential role in that many enforcement officials receive primate welfare and conservation, almost inadequate training, or no training at all, in all PASA-member wildlife centres host the prevention of wildlife crime. PASA researchers from universities, zoos and other aims to address this by creating educational institutions worldwide. The researchers media that can be easily distributed to, and arrange this by contacting the sanctuaries understood by, enforcement officials across directly. Cooperation between PASA-mem- Africa and the Middle East. The media will ber institutions and academics has greatly include printed materials, such as posters increased knowledge about the behaviour and leaflets, as well as electronic files and a and physiology of great apes (and other Afri- smartphone app. In the short term, this can primates), and has enabled a better under- endeavour will improve animal welfare, standing of the evolution of humans. because live confiscated animals will be Research comparing human children and sent to accredited sanctuaries rather than the apes at PASA-member sanctuaries has being sold to disreputable entertainment provided support for the ‘cultural intelli- industries or to individuals as pets. In the gence hypothesis’; that is, the idea that long term, increased enforcement will make human cognition is unique not because we wildlife trafficking a much more difficult are generally more intelligent than other

Int. Zoo Yb. (2018) 52: 1–9 © 2017 The Zoological Society of London 8 CONSERVATION OF GREAT APES species, but rather because we specifically conservation, and also enable researchers to excel at skills needed for cultural learning further illuminate our evolutionary origins and transmission (Herrmann et al., 2007; through comparisons with our closest living Wobber et al., 2014). relatives. Work in sanctuary populations has also PASA is enthusiastic to continue its shown that Chimpanzees frequently collabo- long-standing collaborations with zoos rate to gain mutual benefits (Melis et al., worldwide and develop new partnerships. 2006a,b, 2009) or simply to assist a partner PASA can provide zoos with photographs, (Warneken et al., 2007; Melis et al., 2011). stories and other content that can be used However, unlike humans, Chimpanzees gen- to inform visitors about the conservation erally show a preference for working alone work being supported. Additionally, the unless having a partner is obligatory for suc- Alliance’s website has infographics (https:// cess (Melis et al., 2006a; Bullinger et al., www.pasaprimates.org/infographics-poste 2011; Rekers et al., 2011). rs), and other information about the threats Moreover, research carried out at PASA- to African apes and the work being done to member sanctuaries has helped to elucidate protect them, which zoos can use in their many behavioural (Hare et al., 2007; Wob- marketing and interpretive materials. PASA ber, Wrangham & Hare, 2010; Woods & can connect zoo personnel to sanctuaries Hare, 2011; Rosati & Hare, 2012a,b, 2013; where they may conduct research, form Rosati, 2015) and hormonal (Wobber, Hare partnerships on conservation projects, vol- et al., 2010; Wobber et al., 2013) differences unteer or collaborate in other ways. between Chimpanzees and Bonobos Pan PASA unites its member organizations paniscus. This is especially important in collaborative initiatives conducted at a because while most comparisons between much larger scale than would be feasible humans and apes focus on Chimpanzees, we if they were acting alone. Without assis- have an equally close evolutionary relation- tance from zoos around the world, how- ship with Bonobos and could have much to ever, much of PASA’s work would not gain by an increased understanding of them be possible. Zoos regularly provide fund- (Groves, 2017). ing and technical support that allow Lastly, research in sanctuaries has revealed PASA to continue to expand its efforts to new insights into how humans have evolved secure a future for the African great apes certain traits that differ from those of other pri- and their habitats. Zoos interested in sup- mates, including a large brain and more fre- porting or working with PASA are always quent reproduction. One proposed explanation welcome to send an inquiry. For more is Richard Wrangham’sinfluential ‘cooking information about PASA’s programmes or hypothesis’, arguing that an early adoption of a opportunities to conduct research at a high-energy cooked diet played a critical role PASA-member sanctuary, please visit in the ability of our species to grow such large www.pasaprimates.org. brains (Wrangham, 2009). Research in PASA sanctuaries has revealed that Chimpanzees ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS possess some foundational cognitive and beha- We thank Brian Hare for providing us with informa- vioural skills needed to engage in cooking tion on noteworthy research projects conducted at PASA-member sanctuaries and Erica Peth for construc- behaviours, providing important behavioural tive feedback. tests of this hypothesis (Wobber et al.,2008; Warneken & Rosati, 2015). REFERENCES BAKER, L. R. (2002): IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Spe- CONCLUSION cialist Group: guidelines for nonhuman primate reintroductions. Re-introduction News No. 21: 29–57. PASA and its member sanctuaries work BECK, B., RODRIGUES,M.&UNWIN, S. (2007): Best tirelessly to improve great ape welfare and practice guidelines for the re-introduction of great

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