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Journal of Eastern Townships Studies Revue D'études Des Cantons De L'est

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Journal of Eastern Townships Studies Revue D'études Des Cantons De L'est JOURNAL OF EASTERN TOWNSHIPS STUDIES REVUE D’ÉTUDES DES CANTONS DE L’EST EASTERN TOWNSHIPS RESEARCH CENTRE / CENTRE DE RECHERCHE DES CANTONS DE L’EST INTERNAL EDITORIAL COMMITTEE COMITÉ INTERNE DE RÉDACTION Jonathan Rittenhouse Bishop’s University (Drama), Editor Robin Burns Bishop’s University (History) Michael Fox Bishop’s University (Geography) Jean Levasseur Bishop’s University (Études françaises et québécoises) Monique Nadeau-Saumier Musée des beaux-arts de Sherbrooke MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE / COMITÉ DE GESTION J. Derek Booth Bishop’s University (Geography) Peter Gossage Université de Sherbrooke (sciences humaines) Marie-Paule LaBrèque Acton Vale Monique Nadeau-Saumier Musée des beaux-arts de Sherbrooke Jonathan Rittenhouse Bishop’s University (Drama) CONSULTANTS Guy Laperrière Université de Sherbrooke (sciences humaines) J.I. Little Simon Fraser University (History) COMITÉ EXTERNE DE RÉDACTION EXTERNAL EDITORIAL COMMITTEE G. Caldwell Martinville D. Cartwright University of Western Ontario A. Désilets Sherbrooke Anne Drummond Montreal J-M. Dubois Université de Sherbrooke J-C. Dupont Université Laval M. Echenberg McGill University François Guérard Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Louis-Georges Harvey Bishop’s University M-P. LaBrèque Acton Vale L. Lacroix Université du Québec à Montréal G. Lane Lennoxville G. Laperrière Université de Sherbrooke M. Lessard Université du Québec à Montréal J.I. Little Simon Fraser University J.O. Lundgren McGill University A. Mercier Collège de Sherbrooke R. Milot Collège de Sherbrooke M. Phelps Knowlton C. Rose Bishop’s University H. Senior McGill University A. Sirois Sherbrooke P. Southam Université de Sherbrooke I. Tait Champlain College B. Young McGill University JOURNAL OF EASTERN TOWNSHIPS STUDIES REVUE D’ÉTUDES DES CANTONS DE L’EST No 8 Spring / Printemps 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / REMERCIEMENTS The Editors of the Journal of Eastern Les rédacteurs de la Revue d’études des Townships Studies/Revue d’études des Cantons Cantons de l’Est/Journal of Eastern Townships de l’Est gratefully acknowledge the financial Studies tiennent à remercier de leur assistance of: généreux soutien financier : THE BÉLANGER-GARDNER LA FONDATION FOUNDATION BÉLANGER-GARDNER THE TOWNSHIPPERS’ LA FONDATION DES GENS DES RESEARCH & CULTURAL CANTONS DE L’EST POUR LA FOUNDATION RECHERCHE ET LA CULTURE NO 8 SPRING/PRINTEMPS 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE DES MATIÈRES JOURNAL OF EASTERN TOWNSHIPS STUDIES REVUE D’ÉTUDES DES CANTONS DE L’EST ARTICLES The Tourism Development Process in the Eastern Townships — the Changing Tourist Product Composition / Jan O. Lundgren 5 St. Francis College, the Formative Years, 1854–1860 Richmond, Canada East / Esther Healy 25 LECTURE Growing Up in the Townships: Anecdotes and Recollections / Jean O’Neil 43 NOTE DE RECHERCHE Mais où est donc passé Jean Nicolet? Where in the World is Jean Nicolet? / Jacques Gagnon 63 DOSSIER LEDUC Pourquoi ce chef-d’oeuvre d’Ozias Leduc à Sherbrooke? / Antoine Sirois 75 Le journal de Sherbrooke d’Ozias Leduc / Ozias Leduc et Laurier Lacroix 85 BIOBIBLIOGRAPHIES/NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 107 La revue RÉCE est une revue scientifique publiée deux fois l’an, à l’automne et au printemps. Les articles parus dans la RÉCE sont répertoriés dans l’Index des périodiques canadiens, Canadian Index et CBCA. Nous invitons les chercheurs et chercheuses de toutes les disciplines des sciences sociales et humaines à nous soumettre des articles portant sur les Cantons de l’Est. Nous acceptons des textes de 2000 à 7000 mots, dactylographiés à double interligne, et présentés selon les normes de publication de la discipline de spécialisation. Le manuscrit doit être accompagné d’une disquette (Wordperfect 5.1 ou un logiciel compatible). Veuillez faire parvenir vos articles au : CRCE Casier 38 Université Bishop’s Lennoxville (Québec) J1M 1Z7 JETS is a refereed journal and is published biannually (Fall and Spring). JETS is indexed in the Canadian Periodical Index, Canadian Index and CBCA. We welcome manuscripts relating to the Eastern Townships in all disciplines of social sciences and humanities. Manuscripts should be between 2,000 and 7,000 words and conform to the editorial principles of the discipline concerned. Please supply one copy of manuscript, double-spaced throughout, and one copy on floppy disk (Wordperfect 5.1 or compatible equivalent). Send to: ETRC Faculty Box 38 Bishop’s University Lennoxville, QC J1M 1Z7 La couverture/Cover illustration : Ozias Leduc, Étude pour la décoration du palais de l’Évêque de Sherbrooke : “Annonce de Marie co-rédemptrice” / Study for the Decoration of the Bishop’s Palace, Sherbrooke: “Mary Hailed as Co-Redeemer” (No. 6233.1), v./c. 1922, Musée des beaux-arts du Canada / National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa Design : VisImage Lithographié sur les presses de : Metrolitho inc. – Sherbrooke Dépôt légal : 2e trimestre 1996 © ETRC/CRCE 1996 et les auteurs/and the authors THE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS — THE CHANGING TOURIST PRODUCT COMPOSITION Jan O. Lundgren McGill University Investigative Background The tourist development process has been a principal focus of study for social scientists, notably economists, but also sociolo- gists, anthropologists and geographers, during the past 30 years (Brière, Butler, Carlson, Christaller, Clawson, Doxey, Dumazedier, Gray, Graburn, McLaughlin, Krippendorf, Miossec, O’Loughlin, Pearce, Peters, Robinson, V.L. Smith, Turner and Ash, Wolfe, et al.). This is not surprising considering the massive growth of the tourist travel phenomenon, especially after 1950, and the subse- quent consequences for participating countries, especially those that have served as major destinations. In 1960 the international tourist travel volume (arrivals) amounted to some 60 million trav- elers — thirty years later the volume is almost ten times higher — over 500 millions. In order to get the full picture of the phenome- non one must also include domestic, interregional tourist travel, which pushes the combined aggregate (=international plus nation- al-domestic) volume to some two billion tourist travelers annually. We can in a sense, therefore, argue that about over one third of the world’s population is a tourist traveler (World Tourist Organisation — WTO Statistics). If the above figures approximate reality there is little wonder that their relationship to the tourist destinations system can be major and often severe, and that consequently the dynamics of tourism can have profound and often detrimental consequences for the destination environment as a whole (Turner and Ash, 1975), and especially for the elements that constitute its principal attraction(s) — an often geographically definable (tourist) product (S.L.J. Smith, 1994) consumed/used by the tourists during their stay in the destination. Thus, the saying that describes the destruc- 6 JOURNAL OF EASTERN TOWNSHIPS STUDIES JOL–96 Fig. 1 Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution (Modified from Butler, 1980) tion of tourism through tourism — die Zerstorung der Turismus durch Turismus- aptly coined already in the 1970s (Krippendorf, 1975), when tourist travel volumes were much smaller, rings even more true today due to the astounding growth of tourism, at least if measured in terms of tourist visitor volumes at both internation- al and domestic levels. Placing the Development Process in a Conceptual Context The detrimental environmental consequences of the modern tourism development process were recognized already in the early 70s as they started to manifest themselves in different types of des- tinations, including national parks, popular international resort areas in the Mediterranean, and in really confined Third World island destinations suddenly receiving large tourist influxes (Ambio, 1977, 1981). The conceptualization of the destination area development process and its environmental consequences, however, was brought to the forefront of the tourism debate by Butler (1980) in his stark and revealing interpretation of the work- ings of the process (Fig. 1). His overall design identifies two princi- pal and opposing trends affecting the tourist destination area: on one hand, a “successful” growth in visitor numbers (Fig.1, curve “A” in diagram) — a slow beginning phase followed by a sharp Jan O. Lundgren 7 acceleration, later to level off and stagnate in a manner resembling Rostow’s (1961) original stages-of-growth concept or the tradition- al product life cycle concept borrowed from the marketing and business management literature (Fig. 2, from Kotler and Turner, 1993); on the other, an exploitation-of-resources process (Fig. 1, curve “B”) by which, over time, first-echelon and prime tourist attractions are exploited, followed by the subsequent consumption of similar but second-rate and third-rate attractions of increasingly marginal quality. Ultimately, the growth process faces diminishing economic and environmental returns, slows down, and grinds to a halt. Butler’s model incorporates numerous aspects common to desti- nation area development dynamics, external as well as internal, The fundamental and inherent notion of “resource depletion” is perhaps the most important feature of his analysis, when viewing the development process against today’s tourism debate which revolves around the notion of sustainable tourism, alternative tourism and various forms of “soft tourism” (Smith and Eadington, 1994). Now, we critically evaluate destination area development dynamics and its intricate implications as they relate to questions as to how to prolong the tourist product
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