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The Terminology of Marine Pollution by Plastics and Microplastics The Terminology of Marine Pollution by Plastics and Microplastics The Terminology of Marine Pollution by Plastics and Microplastics By Marina Niceforo The Terminology of Marine Pollution by Plastics and Microplastics By Marina Niceforo This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Marina Niceforo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3904-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3904-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures........................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 5 Marine Ecology 1.1 Ecology: Key Concepts ........................................................................ 5 1.2 Introduction to Marine Ecology ............................................................ 9 1.3 Water pollution and marine litter ........................................................ 12 1.3.1 Marine Plastic Pollution ............................................................... 14 1.4 Plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea ......................................... 17 1.5 Regulations in the European Union area and Italy ............................. 21 1.5.1 Regulations on marine plastic pollution ....................................... 26 1.6 The plastic footprint: a heavy burden for the marine environment ..... 29 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 31 Terminology & Corpus Linguistics 2.1 Terminology studies: a brief literature review .................................... 31 2.2 Identifying the domain of a terminological project ............................ 33 2.3 Considerations on the synchronic approach ....................................... 35 2.4 Specialised Languages: issues of use and specificity ......................... 37 2.5 Corpus Linguistics .............................................................................. 40 2.5.1 Textual typology & genre taxonomy ............................................ 43 Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 46 Finding a Link between Humanities and Ecology 3.1 Humanities and ecology ..................................................................... 46 3.2 The language of marine ecology ......................................................... 50 3.2.1 Technical-scientific terminology .................................................. 53 3.3 A corpus-based research on lexicon ................................................... 56 vi Table of Contents Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 58 The MEco Corpus 4.1 Building the MEco corpus .................................................................. 58 4.2 Genres ................................................................................................. 60 4.2.1 Scientific papers and reports ......................................................... 61 4.2.2 Informative texts ........................................................................... 63 4.2.3 Normative texts............................................................................. 65 Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 67 Analysis of the Terminological Corpus 5.1 Analysing terminological data: preliminary operations ...................... 67 5.2 Model for terminological records ....................................................... 68 5.3 AntConc: a software for terminological extraction ............................. 69 5.4 Word frequency lists ........................................................................... 70 5.4.1 MEco corpus .............................................................................. 70 5.4.2 Scientific texts ............................................................................ 72 5.4.3 Informative texts ........................................................................ 76 5.4.4 Normative texts .......................................................................... 78 5.4.5 Genre comparison ...................................................................... 80 5.5 Keywords ............................................................................................ 82 5.5.1 Scientific texts ............................................................................ 82 5.5.2 Informative texts ........................................................................ 87 5.5.3 Normative texts .......................................................................... 91 5.5.4 Genre comparison ...................................................................... 96 5.5.5 MEco keywords ......................................................................... 96 5.6 Concordances ................................................................................... 100 5.7 Collocations and Clusters ................................................................. 101 Chapter 6 ................................................................................................ 104 Conclusive Remarks 6.1 Further perspectives .......................................................................... 104 6.2 Conclusive remarks .......................................................................... 107 Appendix A ............................................................................................ 111 Terminological Records Bibliography ........................................................................................... 136 Websites ................................................................................................. 152 Index ....................................................................................................... 154 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. The Mediterranean Sea. ..................................................... 18 Figure 3.2. EcoLexicon. ...................................................................... 49 Figure 3.3. MARLISCO stakeholders ................................................. 52 Figure 3.4. Map of common plastics ................................................... 55 Figure 4.5. Definitions ......................................................................... 66 Figure 5.6. Model for terminological records. ..................................... 68 Figure 5.7. AntConc Concordance Tool. ........................................... 100 Figure 6.8. Google form_microplastics ............................................. 105 Figure 6.9. Wood pellets vs plastic pellets ........................................ 105 Figure 6.10. Google form_pellet. ...................................................... 106 Figure 6.11. Google form_ghost net. ................................................. 106 LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1. Frequency list_MEco corpus .............................................. 71 Table 5.2. Frequency list_scientific sub-corpus .................................. 73 Table 5.3. Other frequent words_scientific sub-corpus ....................... 75 Table 5.4. Frequency list_informative sub-corpus .............................. 76 Table 5.5. Other frequent words_informative texts ............................. 78 Table 5.6. Frequency list_normative sub-corpus ................................. 78 Table 5.7. Frequency list_all sub-corpora and MEco corpus .............. 81 Table 5.8. Keywords_scientific sub-corpus ......................................... 82 Table 5.9. Other keywords_scientific sub-corpus................................ 86 Table 5.10. Keywords_informative sub-corpus ................................... 87 Table 5.11. Other keywords_informative sub-corpus .......................... 91 Table 5.12. Keywords_normative sub-corpus ..................................... 91 Table 5.13. Other keywords_normative sub-corpus ............................ 95 Table 5.14. Keywords_all sub-corpora and MEco corpus ................... 96 Table 5.15. Keywords_MEco corpus .................................................. 97 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This might be my only chance to thank some of the people who have helped me throughout the writing and publishing process of this book. First of all, Francesco Nacchia for the support and sincere friendship; without his constant assistance, this book would still be a PhD thesis. My gratitude goes to Michela Lazzè for her patience and her priceless help during proofreading. I owe her more than one favour. Thanks to Raffaella Antinucci for the continual advice and genuine interest in my work ever since the beginning. She really is the best tutor for me. Finally, all the colleagues, people and friends who have given their contribution
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