Special Survey Reports on Selected Towns, Bandipore, Part-VI B, Series-8

Home , Bandipore

JAM MU AND KASHMIR CENSUS OF INDIA SERIES 8 1971 PART-VI B

Special Suncy Reports 011 Selected Towns

BANDIPORE

FIELD INVESTIGATION; (i) S. P. A R ORA, ASSTT. DIRECTOR . (ii) ALI MOHD. KALLOO, Tabulation Officer

I:JRST AND FINAL DRAFT ALI MOHD. KALLOO, Tabulation Officer

SUPERVISION AND GUIDANcE ABDUL GANI, M.A. (Eeon. Statistics) DEPUTY DIRECTOR

EDITOR ABDUL GANJ DEPUTY DIRECTOR, CENSUS OPERATIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

SURVEY GH. JEELANI, COMPUTOR SYED GH. oHAWS QADIRT, COMPUTOR M.L. JOTSHI, ASSTT. COMPILER

TABULATION GH. JEELANI, COMPUTOR SYED GH. GHAWS QADIRI, COMPUTOR

COVER DESIGN MMOOD AHMED, CARTOGRAPHER

MAPS AND GRAPHS MAP UNIT

TYPING V.K.L. TIKU, STENOGRAPHER BAL KRISHBN, L.n,C. B.L. BUTT, ASSTT. COMPILER

PROOF READING GH. JEELANI, COMPUTOR SYED GH. GHA WS QADIR I, COMPUTOR R. D. SHARMA, COMPUTOR GIRDHARI LAL, ASSTT. COMPILER MOT! LAL JOTS HI, ASSTT, COMPILER CONTENTS Page No.

Foreword xi-xi'\' Preface xv-xviii CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION 1-19 Location-Important characteristics-Area and density-Population and growth rate~ Topography and physical environment-Climate-Rainfall-Flora and fauna--Communication-- Morphology--Functional areas-Administrative area-Business area-Indust rial area-Residential areas-Planned pucca houses Ordinary pucca houses-Kutcha houses-Land use pattern-Important public places-Recreational places-Religious places-Location of sub-standard and other named areas and their ethnic socio-economic and cultural traits. CHAPTER II-HISTORY AND GROWTH OF THE TOWN 20-23 History-Growth history-Land speculation. CHAPTER III-AMENITIES AND SERVICES 24-42 Public institutions in the Town-Town admini stration-Budget-Water supply-Sewerage-Electri city-Fire Brigade-Educational institutions-Medical facilities-Veterinary services. CHAPTER IV-ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN 43-76 Economic structure-Working force-Non· workers-Distribution of sample households by number of primary occupations-organisational. operational and other particulars in 'respect of various industrial categories-Agriculture-Agri cultural labour-Industry-Construction-Trade and commerce-Grocery-Hotels and restaurants-Eating houses-Tea stalls-Transport and communication Bus service-Employment in other services Establishments.

(i) Page No. CHAPTER V-SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARA- CTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION 77-90 Demographic characteristics-Widow mar riage-Divorce and remarriage-Marital status and educational score-Non-enrolment in school-Dis continuation of study. CHAPTER VI-MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES 91-105 Census statistics-Survey data CHAPTER VII-NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN 106-120 Neighbourhoods-Amenities in neighbour hood-Shopping facilities-Cultural, religious and social activities within the neighbourhood. CHAPTER VIII-FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN 121-126 Size of family-Family composition by age and sex-Composition of households by Country, State and Caste-Members staying outside, reason, nature of link with the head of household. CHAPTER IX-HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE 127-148 Space problem-Nature of Use of houses-Floor position of houses and problems-Time and cost of construction of houses-Materials used in houses Number of living rooms-Households classified by number of persons and by 'number of rooms occu pied-Tenure status-Amenities-Furniture-Utensils Luxury articles-Dress. CHAPTER X-SLUMS BLIGHTED AND AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING 149-155 Location and type of Sub-standard area Settlement history-Ethnic composition and occupations -House type and housing condition-Basic amenities --Law and order. (U) Page No. CHAPTER XI-ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE 156-166 Political mobilization-Trade unions/voluntary organisations-Political awareness and voting behaviour -Respected persons-Influential persons.

CHAPTER XII-LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOC[AL PARTlC[PATlON, SOCIAL AWARENESS, REUGION AND CR[ME 167-177 Cultural and recreational centres -Newspapers and periodicals-Leisure time activities-Religious institutions-Crime.

CHAPTER XlH-LINKAGES AND CONTINUA 178-189 Description of selected villages-Growth of population-Density and ratio of households per census house-Working force and Industrial classification of workers-Literacy-Land utilization-Basic ameni ties-Market place-Purchase of commodities Diversified enrolment in schools.

CHAPTER XIV-CONCLUSION 190-194 APPENDICES Appendix I -Census Data 197 -294 1. Workers and non-workers according to main activity classified by sex and age-groups. 198-199 2. Male workers and non-workers according to main activity classified by marital status and age- groups. 200-203 3. Female workers and non-workeTs according to main activity classified by marital status and age- groups. 204-207 4. Classification of workers and non-workers ac:.:ording to main activity by educational levels. 208-211

(iii) Page No. S. lndustrial classification of per50ns at work other than cultivation as main activity by sex and divisions, major groups and minor groups. .• 212-215 6. Industrial classification of persons at work other than cultivation as main activity by sex and divi- SIOns, major groups apd minor groups. APPENDIX-Distribution of workers in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs by household industry and non-household industry. 216-217

7. Industrial cla~sification of workers in manufactu ring, processing, servicing and repairs on house hold industry basis as main activity by sex and class of workers. 218 8. Classification of workers in non-household industry, trade, business, profession or service as main activity by class of workers, age and sex. 219 9. Industrial classification by sex and class of workers of persons at work in non-household industry, trade, business, profession or service main activity. 220-221 10. Occupational classification by sex and class of workers in non-household industry, trade, business, profession or service as main activity .. , 222-224 11. Occupational classification of persons at work according to main activity other than cultivation classified by sex and age groups. 225-235 12. Occupational classification of persons at work according to main activity other than cultivation classified by sex and educational level. 236-243 13. Persons classified as non-workers according to main activity cross-classified by sex, age-groups and type of activity. 244

(iv) Page No. 14. Non-workers categorised as others aged IS and above classified by sex, age-groups and educational levels. 245-246 15. Age and Marital status. 247 16. Age, sex and education. 248-249 17. Single year age returns. 250-251 18. Population classified by place of birth. 252-253 19. Population classified by place of birth-Appendix (persons born in other districts of the State and enumerated in this district). 254 20. Migrants classified by place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration. 255-257 21. Workers and non-worke,s according to main activity classified by place of last residence. 258-263 22. Migrants classified by place of last residence, age- group, duration of residence and marital status. 264-273 23. Distribution of currently married women ann the related births during the last year by education, presen~ a.:;e and age at marriage. 274-277 24. Distribution ot currenCy married women and the related births during the last year by education. duration of marriage and age at marriage. 278-281 25. Nature of use of census houses. 282 26. Distribution of census houses by predomin::tnt material of wall. 2S3 27. Distribution of census houses by predominant material of roof. 28'+ 28. Distribution of residential census houses by material of wall cross classified by material of roof. 285 29. Households classified by number of members and by number of rooms occupied. 286 30. Households by size and tenure status. 287

(1') Page No. 31. Distribution of establishments by broad types. 288 32. Distribution of manufacturing, processing or servicing establishments other th;:tn household industries cla5sified by registered factories, unregistered workshops and size of employment. 289 33. Distribution of manufacturing, processing and servicing establishments other than household industries classified by industry, fuel/power or manual used and siz.: of employment. 290-291 34. Distribution of household industry establishments classified by industry, fuel/power used and size of employment. 292 35. Distribution of trade/oommercial establishments classified by the type of business or trade and size of employment. '293 36. Distribution of establishments (other than manu facturing, processing or servicing or business and trade establishments) by sizc of employment. 294

Appendix II--Survey Data 295-445

1. Distribution of population by age, sex. and mari (;:\1 status 297 2. Distnbution of households by locality and district! state to which head belongs. 298 3. Distribution of households by number of mcmbers and age of head of household. 299 4. Distribution of households by number of members and migration s~atus and place of birth of head of household. 300-301 5. Distribution of household by number of members and migration status and last residence of head of housl:'hold. 302-303 (vi) Page No. 6. Distribution of households by number of members and migration status of head of household and last residence and duration of stay of any member of the household who has stayed longest in present residence. 304-305 7. Distribution of households by type and educational level of head of household. .. 306 8. Distribution of households by type and occupation of head of household. 307 9. Place of last residence as related to place of birth. 308 10. Place of birth as related to countryfstatefdistrict to which belongs and broad age group. 309 It. Place of last residence as related to countryfstate/ district to which belongs and broad age group. . 310 12. Distribution of population by age, sex and educational level. 311 13. Marital status and average educational score. 312 14. Distribution of population by workers and non- workers by age-group, sex and locality. 313-314 15. Employment status of workers by locality and sex. . 315 16. Employment status of workers and place of work and sex. 316-317 17. Employment status of workers by sex and distance from place of work. 318 18. Employment status of workers by sex and hours of work. 319 19. Leisure time activities as related to occupation and hours of work. 320-327 20. Non enrolment of children and discontinuation of study by age, sex and reason. 328 21. Age at marriage as related to sex and educational level. 329 22. Migration stages of households hailing from outside. 330-331 2/Census J & K/78.- 2 (vii) Page No. 23. Relation of selected houses of selected households with adjoining houses in space by locality. 332-333 24. Problems faced by households with reference to locality and floor on which the house is situated. 334-336 25. Time and cost of construction and present value of houses, 1972. 337-338 26. Distribution of houses by predominant materials of floor, wall, roof and ceiling by locality 339 27. Availability of amenities by locality. 340 28. Existence of furniture by locality 340 29. Materials of which utensils are made. 341 30. Presence of luxury and costly goods by locality. 341 31. Boundary of neighbourhood as defined by persons belonging to different religion, ca~te!tribe, occupation and age-group. 342-343 32. Main characteristics of neighbourhood as described by persons belonging to different Religion, Caste! Tribe, ethnic group, occupation, category of population and with reference to aspect of landscape. 344-345 33. Purchase of commodities in and outside the neighbourhoods. 346-349 34. Medical facility in the neighbourhood. 350 35. Educational institutions in the neighbourhood. 351 36. Particulars of respected persons in the neighbour hood. 352-357 37. Particulars of influential persons in the neighbourhood. 358-361 38. Particulars of respected persons in the town .. 362-369 39. Particulars of influential persons in the town... 370-381 40. Number of rooms, number of beds, nature of amenities provided and compulsory services.. . 332-383 41. Nature of service. 384 ( viii) Page No. 42. Nature of arrangements for display of food stuffs and other commodities. 385 43. Proportion of customers with their background. 386-387 44. Population characteristics with reference to distance from urban centre. ., 388 45. Centre of marketing, transport and communications. 389 46. Amenities in the villages. 390-393 47. Land use pattern. 394-395 48. Animal Husbandry. 396-399 49. Work outside the village. 400-401 50. Particulars of workers inside the village from outside. 402-405 51. Particulars of commodities purchased from urban areas. 406-407 52. P. C. A. of 1971 Census ... 408-411 53. Locational particulars and ancillary data. 412-413 54. Important public institutions, (other than banks, educational and medical institutions.) 414-419 55. Educational Institutions. 420-421 56. Hospital/Health Centres/Dispensary/Maternity and Child welfare centre. .. 422 57. Veterinary Hospitals/Dispensaries 423 58. Communication. 424-425 59. Special particulars about political organisations 426-429 60. Special particulars about voting behaviours of the population during the last General Elections. 430-;-433 61. Particulars about trade unions/voluntary organisations. 434-437 62. Fire Brigade 438-439 63. Transport. 440 64. Special particulars about fairs and festivals. 441

(ix) Page No. 65. Law and order, crime and deviant behaviour. 442 66. Special particulars about marketing. 443 67. Special particulars about supply of vegetables, eggs, meat, fish, milk etc. from outside the town. • 444 68. Special particulars about areas where slums are found. 445--447

MAPS AND GRAPHS

S.No. Title Facing Page 1. Growth of population 4 2. Average land value by wards 22 3, Workers and non-workers 44 4. Age, sex and marital status 78 5. Literacy 80 6. Areas by castes and professions 124

(x) FOREWORD

The Census has become an indispensable instrument of policy and development planning. It need hardly be stressed that a census is not a mere counting of heads. It is a kind of stock-taking as it were, of the nation's human wealth. Census aims at presenting as complete a picture of man as may be possible in his social, cultural and economic setting. Recognising that its role is to serve the needs of the planner, policy maker, administrator and the academician, the Census Organisation from time to time arranges discussions with the main data users and seeks guidance in planning its op:;:rations. However, for a further and more realistic appre ciation of the data thrown up by the census on various aspects of the life of the community, it has been realised that more and more empirical studies would have to be undertaken. This requirement was kept in view even while planning the 1961 Census. The studies undertaken as ancillary to it, and particularly the socio-economic" survey of five hundred and odd villages throughout the country provided insight into the meaning of the statistical data in terms of real life situations. India is no doubt predominantly rural, but urbanisation has been rapidly occuring. With increasing tempo of economic and industrial development of the country urbanisation would seem inevitable. Urbanisation has become sine qua non of progress. Urban centres are undoubtedly the centres of dis semination of knowledge, new ideas, technical skills and so on. This influences the life around till more and more areas get urban ised. India is at this interesting transi tional stage and the census organisation thought it fit to undertake studies to get a deeper insight into the growth of smalI towns which are likely to play an important role in the life and economy of the community in the near future. Under the 1971 Census a separate Town

(xi) Directory g;ving certain basic data pertammg to each town in the country was brought out. This is being supplemented by fairly detliled accounts of a few town selected for study all over the country whieh may help to bring out the intensity and effect of the socio -economic forces generated by urbanisation as also wh3.t impact urbanisation has made on the rural neighbourhood. In consultation with the town planners, anthropologists, sociologists, geographars, economists, demographers, etc., the criteria laid down for selection of towns for special studies were size; demographic features, such as growth rate, density of population and age of town; functional type; loeational factors such as topography and natural environment, climate, growth pattern of the region, growth history and distance from nearest metropolitan area; nature of relation with other towns; concen tration 01 ethnic or religious group, caste or community and other social and cultural phenomena.

Towns with maximum clustering of the different criteria were preferred at the time of the selection, on an all India basis, at the same time ensuring that the various characteristics are represented in one town or the other as finally selected for the study.

This history covers, among other things, the (a) growth his tory of towns inclUding the infrastructure of growth and basic and non-basic economy and concomitant changes in the econo mic and social relations of the region, (b) ,growth history of the various servicing institutions in the towns in response to the different factors of change and the concomitant changes in the pattern of distribution of community power and prestige, (c) fre quency and plttern of inter-action among the different seg meats of the popUlation, (d) nature and intensity of linkages with other towns of the region on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the other, (e) persistance of the values of traditional society and percolation of technological values of modern civili zation in the social complex of the towns, and (f) other ancil lary matters.

(xii) A set of schedules was evolved in connection with the pres~nt survey by the Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India under the guidance of Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, Deputy Registrar General, India (Social Studies). The survey of individual towns has been carried out mainly by the Directors of Census Operations in the various States and Union Territories, with the technical device of the Social Studies Division. Qualified research personnel have been placed at the disposal of the Directors of Census ONrations/Social Studies Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India for carry ing out the field investigations and coordinating the studies of individual towns, etc. It is an encouraging feature that certain individual scholars and academic institutions have come forward to take up the studies of some towns within the framework of the present scheme. I feel confident, thanks to the enthusiasm shown by my colleagues in the State Census Offices and the academic world, ,1 corpus of knowledge will be built up which may be useful not only for academic purposes but also for v:Hious development activities. The credit for organising these studies righqy belongs to my colleagues in the S')cial Studies Division. I am grateful to Dr. B. K. Roy B~lrman, who was in charge of the Social Studies Division, for stimulating his c'JlIea'~ucs in th'~ Census Offices to study in derJth the specific problems of social change and for developing the necessary tools' for the study by devising exhaustive schedules for c)lIecting the requisite data, I am thankful to Shri N.G. Na3, Assistant Registrar General, who later took over the coordination of the programme from Dr. Roy Burman. I also acknowledge the important role of Shri C. G. Jadhav, Officer on Special Duty, who undertook the scrutiny of the statistical data and drafts prepared in th~ Censu" Offices in the States with the assistance of Smt. Sabharwal and Sarva$hri R. K. Mehta and N. P. Jagota. The present monograph is the outcome of the study undertaken by the Direct\}rate of Census Operations, Jammu and Kashmir State. The study was conducted by

(xiii) S/Shri S. P. Arora, Assistant Director and Ali Mohd. Kalloo, Tabulation Officer ,under the supervision of Shri Abdul Gani, Deputy Director, Census Operations. Shri Gani also edited the report. I am indebted to my colleagues in the Census Office for their painstaking efforts in the preparation of the monograph.

New Delhi P. PADMANABHA October 4, 1978 REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA

(xiv) PREFACE

Unprecedented growth of population returned by urban areas in the recent decades has become a world-wide phenome non. In developed countries the urban sector has almost reached a point of saturation in terms of population whereas in develop:" ing countries there is an unending wave of migration going on from rural to urban areas. It has been estimated that by· 2000 A.D. the world population will be of the order of 6 billion of whom more than 50% will be inhabiting the urban sector.

Even in a country such as ours where nearly 80 % of the population still lives in rural settlements, there is ample evi dence to show that urbanisation has made rapid strides during the last thirty years. We notice that urban populati{)n which stood at 6241akhs in 1951 rose to 789 lakhs in 1961 and increased further by 301lakhs during the decade 1961-71. Thus at the 1971 Census, 19.9% of the total population of the country was found living in its urban areas. With increasing tempo of economic and industrial development, large scale urbanisation of the country is no longer a distant goal.

In J & K State, the urban popUlation which was of the order of 4.571aklis in 1951 went up to 5.93 la,khs in 1961 and then to 8.58lakhsin 1971. Thus 18.59 % of the population {)fthe State was living in its urban areas in 1971, giving it rank IX in the country as regards the proportion of urban popUlation to the total.

In view of the rapid expansion of the urban sector in J &K as in the rest of the country, it is clear that more emphasis would have to be given to research projects relating to urban growth. Although urban areas are centres of dissemination of knowledge, new ideas and technical skills, at the same time continuous flow of rural dwellers to these areas has created complex attendant problems like proliferation of slums, inadequacy of civic amenities, 2fCensus (J & K)78-3 (xv) transport and communications. From uncontrolled urbanisa tion have also cropped up problems of a high incidence of crime, immoral traffic, educational and industrial unrest besides environ mental pollution. It was to make a study of these problems that about 200 towns, small as well as medium, were selected throughout the country to understand the intensity and direction of socio-econo mic forces generated by the process of urbanisation and its impact on rural hinterland. According to 1971 Census, there were 45 towns/notified areas in J & K State including the cities of Srinagar and Jammu. Out of them, 5 towns, 3 from Kashmir province Viz; Anantnag, Sopore and Bandipore and 2 from Jammu province namely Batote and Ranbirsinghpora were selected for intensive study. The present volume on Bandipore town is the first in the series of these town studies. The various schedules canvassed for the study were devised by the Social Studies Division of the office of Registrar General, India and are listed below ,-

Name of prescribed schedule Number canvassed

1. Town schedule 1 2. Village schedule 6 3. Household schedule 250 4. Institutional schedule 6 5. Commercial, industrial & establishment schedule 30 6. Neighbourhood schedule 50 7. Temple/mosque/church schedule 10 8. Bank schedule 1 The observations were supplemented by group discussions with Chairman, Notified Area Committee and other elderly persons of the town. Experience gained from this study has helped in improving the design and the scope of the other town studies.

(xvi) The study reveals that Bandipore which is a small town per ched in the bosom of a hillock, about 56 kms. from Srinagar the summer capital of the State-and 31 kms. from Sopore-a, flourishing commercial centre in the region has a history of its own. In the past, lying enroute to Gilgit Agency and Frontier illaqas, the town had acquired considerable ill-fame since it was here that under 'begar' system hordes of kashmiri peasants used to be marshalled for taking heavy loads of rations .etc., for State forces in the difficult frontier areas. The economic develop ment of the town during the last one decade has been rather slow. This is evident from the fact that as in 1961, it continues to be a primary activity town. Despite some expansion in service activi ties, the economy has not experienced much of a diversification.

However, the town offers ample scope for the development of agro-based and small scale industry. It is already well reputed throughout the valley for its indigenous products like woollen blankets (chadderies), chaffing vessels (kangries), baskets, minor forest products etc. The town also shows signs of increasing impact of its economic commercial, cultural and recreational ties with the neighbouring Sopore town. A ,number of labour unions or associations have come up to safegaurd the workers against exploitation. The crime rate is very low. There is no special law and order problem obtaining in the town. To sum up the study reveals that the town has yet to go a long way to cast off its rural character which is still menifest in many facets of its life I am deeply indebted to Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, M.Sc. D. Phil, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) for the valu able comments and suggestions he made while examining the report. I also acknowledge with thanks the co-operation and assistance rendered by a host of government and semi-govern ment agencies located in the town. I like to make a particular mention of the help given by Shri S. P. Bali, the then Tehsildar of Bandipore tehsil and Sh. Gh. Nabi Mir, Chairman of Bandi pore town in the execution of the field study.

,(xvii) This report is the outcome of the labour of several of my colleagues. The field investigation was conducted by S/Shri S. P. Arora, AD CO and A. M. Kalloo, Tabulation Officer who were assisted in this task by . S/Shri Ghulam Jeelani, and Syed Ghaws Qadiri, Computors and M. L. Jotshi, Assistant Compiler. Preparation and scrutiny of tables were carried out by SjShri Ghulam Jeelani and S. Ghaws Qadiri under the close supervision of Shri A. M. KaHoo an efficient and dependable worker, who also contributed the draft of this report. The maps and graphs are th~ contribution of the Map Section headed by Shri Masood Ahmed.

The manuscript was typed out by SjShri V. K. Tiku, Steno, Bal Krishen, LDC and Bushan Lal Butt, Assistant Compiler. I am thankful to all these colleagues for the valuable contribution made by each .one of them in making possible to bring-out this report.

ABDUL GANI Srinagar The 15th March, 1~78

(l);'iii) CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Location Bandipore is one of the six towns of Baramula district and lies at a distance of about 56 kms. from Sri nagar. It en compasses an area of 5.56 Km2 within its revenue limits. To its south-we:;t, at a distance of 31 kms., lies Sopore town, a flourishing business centre. Srinagar as well as Sopore are connected to the town by a tarred rnotorable road.

Important Characteristics Bandipore falls at the base of the mountainous route to Rajdhani pass (4,117.5 metres) giving access to Gurez Valley. Onwards from here prior to 1947, a link was available with the areas known as Baltistan, the Gilgit Agency, Fronti~r ilJaqas and S kard u tehsiI. Thl Se areas are presently under the iI!egal occupation of Pakistan. The town now serves the Gurez valley only. Despite the change in its frontiers, commercial activities of Bandipore have progressed since 1947 although there is little sign of any industrial growth. The town owes its prosperity to substantial volume of exports of water chest nuts, walnuts and minor forest products like =eera (Carum sp), guchi (Mush rooms) and kuth (Saussurea lappa). From the surrounding forests, timber is extracted which is sent to Srinagar or Soporc for sale. Among the local handicrafts, the high quality blankets woven here find a ready market even outside the State. Besides, Bandipore is an important religious centre containing a number of Ziarats and an important Hindu temple. Of these Dastigir Sahib, Malik Sahib and Ahmi-Sharief deserve special mention. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Pilgrims in large numbers are attracted to the town which contributes further t~ the pros perity of the place. 2

In the past, Bandipore lying en route to Gilgit, had acquired considerable ill-fame since it was here that gangs of coolies under the 'begar' system-forced labour-were marshalled for performance of arduous jobs on the frontier. Numerous tales are told by local inhabitants about the wretched plight of the unfortunate victims who had to leave their families and fields unattended for long intervals in order to serve the needs of the State.

Since the abolition of 'begar', Bandipore has emerged as a reputable tourist resort. Overlooked by Harmukh (5,154 m), the highest peak of the valley, and washed by the cool and foamy waters of the Madhumati, Erin and Gadder streams, the town attracts thousands of tourists every year. The Erin stream contains rare species of rainbow trout, a big temptation to anglers. There is also big game available in the nearby forests. During summer months, Tragbal on the way to Gurez is a popular camping site.

However, it is the Wular lake which gives Bandipore its unique importance, situated at an elevation of 1,587.40 metres above sea level, it is spread over 32 km2 which during floods extends to 267 km2• Area-wise, it is the largest fresh water lake in India if not in whole of Asia. When viewed in the back drop of towering mountains of Harmukh and Nanga Parbat, it presents a breath·taking sight. According to legend, a city flourished where the bosom of the lake now lies. Wular unlike the Dal lake is suseptible to the action of high winds which blow from the north and is consequently dreaded by Kashmiri boatmen since their craft is flat bottomed and can be easily overturned. Every boatman crossing the lake turns his face towards the mosque of Baba Shuqur-ud-Din, the patron saint of Hanjis-situated at the top of a nearby hill with a prayer for safe passage. Zain-ul-Abidin is reported to have built a pleasure resort on an island near about the middle of the lake called Zaina Lank but of this only some ruins survive. Dr. IqbaJ'i famous verse 3

"Prophet Khazir on the bank of Wular is musing over as to how long the springs of Himalaya would continue to ooze" is an eloquent testimony to the eternal and mystifying charm of the lake. Area and Density Bandipore was notified as an urban place in 1911 but denoti fied only a decade later in 1921. It continued to possess non urban status til! 1961 census when it was included among places notified as towns. Its area in 1961 was 4.97 km) Village Papachan was merged in its jurisdiction during 1961-71. Consequently its area in 1971 stood at 5.56 km.2 The density of the town at the 1971 Census was of the order of 1,115 persons per km.2 as compared to 820 persons per km.2 returned at 1961 Census. The position of the town vis-a-vis other urban areas of the district stands as under :-

Name of Town Density as per Name of Town Density as per 1971 Census 1971 Census

1. Sopore 1,843 persons 4. HandwaM 594 persons per Km.2 per Km.2 2. Baramula 1,694 -do- 5. Uri 372 -do- 3. Bandipore 1,11 5 -do- 6. Gulmarg 69 -do-

Population and Growth Rate

The population of the town which stood at 4,074 persons (2,178 males and 1,896 females) in 1961 was returned at 6,201 persons (3,311 males and 2,890 females) in 1971 showing an overall increase of 52.21 % during the intervening period. 4

TABLE NO.1

Growth of population from 1911 to 1971

Yelf Population Percentage Remarks of increase ------._-- 2 3 4 1911 1,303 From 1921 to 1951, the town having 1921 1,363 4.60 lost its urban status was a mere 1931 1,602 17.53 village. 1941 [,972 23.09 The 1951 population is the arithma 1951 2,288 16.02 tic mean of populations of 1941 1951 4,074 78.D5 and 196\ censuses as there was no 1971 6,201 52.21 census held in 1951. In 1961 the town saw its jurisdiction extended over three villages. In 1971 one more village, Papachan, was added to the town limits.

The table shows that the town did not witness stagnation of growth of population in any decade although it was deprived of its urban status from 1921 to 1961. The reason for the sharp increase in its population during the decades 1951-61 and 1961-71 is ascribable mainly to inclusion of more villages in its jurisdiction.

TABLE NO.2 Households·'and population by mohallas, 1961 and 1971

No. of households Population Percentage to total Mohallas population r----..A.-__, r---__A..-__, ,-___...A.. ___ ---. 1961 1971 1961 1971 1961 1971 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nassu 160 207 1,033 1,373 25.36 22.14 Nowpora 71 136 438 875 10.75 14.11 Bandipore 436 567 2,603 3,437 63.89 55.43 Papachan * 77 * 516 8.32 f()TAL 667 987 4,074 6,201 10000* 100.00 NOTE:-(*) Papachan was not part of the town at the 1961 Census. BANDIPORE TOWN GROWTH OF POPULATION 1901-1971 70- r-70

• Declassified

60- ~60

~50 50- II) II) 0 b 0 0 Z Z 40- ... 40 Z Z 0 0 -l- I-- <'. oCt ...J ...J a.:::> 30- f-30 ~ 0 O· a. a. ...J ...J « « t- I- 20- -20 O 0 l- t-

10- -10

O~ __~ ___u~~~~~~~~~ __u- __~O 1901 1911 1921 1¢31 1941 1951 1961 1971 ------YEAR------THE 1951 POPULATION IS THE ARITH~ATIC WEAN OF POPULATION OF 1941 AND 1961 CENSUS 5

It will be seen that increase in households has kept pace with the increase in population. There has been considerable housing activity in the Nowpora area in the northly direction. For purposes of census-taking in 1961, the town was divided into three mohallas; Nassu, Bandipore and Nowpora. At the 1971 census it was divided into seven blocks. Bandipore mohalla was sub-divided into four sub-mohallas.

Topography and Physical Environment As already stated the town occupies a physical area 5.56 km2 according to local revenue records. The entire area of the town does not consist. of plain land. Towards the north and north-east, it is made up of rugged mountain slopes. Towards its southern direction lies the great Wular lake. It is only towards east and south-east directions that the town becomes slightly plain and is separated from the adjacent rural areas by a metalled road which branches off from the Bandipore Srinagar road near the check post and Erin nallah flowing in a south-eastward direction to the Wular lake. The west and south-west limits of the town are separated from the adjoining rural areas by Madhumati nallah. The facade of the mountain constituting the main part of the town goes upto a height rangin, between 150 to 200 metres with its summit marked by tho mausoleum of Shaban Meer - a saint held in high esteem by the local population. At Nassu, a mohalla located toward II east of the town, a tarred road branches off from the Bandipore Srinagar route running parallel to it along the slop{:s of tho mountain. An earthen bund, strengthened by rows of willow trees (Salix tetrasperma) separates the town from the Wular. In the event of flood, the low lying areas and paddy fields of the town are protected by this bund from total inundation.

Climate The cycle of seasons in the area i5 tho same as obtaining in the Kashmir valIey as a whole. The winter season from November to February is followed by a brief spring. The 2jCensus (J & K)j78-4 6 summer season lasting between June to August is followed by autumn from September to middle of Novemba and is the most pleasant season.

The town experiences temperate climate in summer and severe cold in winter. During summer the heat becomes oppres sive during the day. The nights are generally pleasant but marred by mosquitoes which breed in large numbers in nearby paddy fields and stagnant water pools. September, October and November are usually dry months. In December, the sky gets overcast with clouds followed by haze. The snow-fall generally sets in by Christmas and sometimes it is so heavy that all means of communications get immohilised for several days at a time.

There is no meteorological observatory in the town and as such month-wise maximum and minimum temperatures and variations thereto are not available. However, the maximum tempernture in the town does not go beyond 32°C. The minimum temperature sometimes falls below minus 10 "c. It can, therefore, be said that the town experiences climatic extremes, characteristic of the region, a:. a whole.

Rain-fall

There are no arrangements in the town for the record of monthly rain-fall. The average rain-fall as per local sources does not exceed more than 400.00 mms. per year.

Flora and Fauna

The town falls in the Sind Forest Range belt. The thick forests situated at a distance of 2 or 3 kms. from the town towards its northern side, abound in forest species like fir (Abies webbiana), himalaya blue fir (Pinus excelsa) and spruce (Pices morinda). 7

The common flora consist of (a) Willow (Salix tetra-sperma): This is the most common tree generally found around paddy fields, orchards, embank ments and roads. This tree grows by planting cuttings. Its wood being comparatively light is used for the manufacture of sports-goods, fruit boxes and also as fuel. (b) Walnut (Juglans regia) : A good number of these trees are found in residential compounds and orchards. Its fruit is exported in bulk to markets outside the State. The wild nuts are, however, crushed for cooking oil used by local popula tion. Its grained wood is largely used for the manufacture of furniture, gun stocks and ploughs. (c) Water chest-nuts (Trapa bispinosa): The plant grows in abundance in the Wular lake. Its fruit also called singhara is nutritious with lot of calories. It is exported in bulk outsido the State. It forms the co-staple food of the inhabitants of Lankrishipora, a part of mohalla Nassu. Its stalk as well as shell is used as fuel.

In addition to above, cherries, peaches, pears and varioui species of apple trees are found in various orchards. The Horticulture Department maintains a fairly large-sized orchard.

There is nothing remarkable about the fauna found in the town. It is the same as found in other urban areas of the district.

However, black bear is not uncommon in the forests. Horses and mountain ponies are met in large numbers in the town as these are used as means of transport to Gurez and other mountainous areas.

The birds found in the town are crows, mynas, bulbuls, kingfishers, pigeons, kites, vultures etc. Because of Wular lake being situated in the vicinity, wild-fowls are a common siiM in winter months. Communication As already stated, the town is located at the cross roads of mountainous areas situated towards the north like Gurez. Sopore and Baramula lie towards its south and west and Srinagar in the east. The road to Gurez is one of the highest roads in India. It winds up in a zigzag fashion along steep and craggy mountains crossing enroute the Rajdhani pass (4,117.5 metres). Important places on this route are Sonarwani, Ahmi-sharief, Athawatoo and Bonakote. Beyond Bonakote there is no habitation upto Gurez proper. On south-eastern side, the town is connected with Sri nagar city by a tarred road, about 56 kms. in length. This route is hilly and runs circuitously upto Saffapore. Important places falling on this route are Nadihal, Ajas, Suddar Kote, Saffapore, Sumbal and Shadipore. At Saffapore, another route about 13 kms. in length takes off towards Ganderbal to connect the town with Sri nagar through & stretch of Srinagar-Leh national highway. Important places on this route are Manasbal, Tullamulla, Duderhama and Ganderbal. Manasbal with its lake of bluish water, is a beauti ful tourist resort. Tullamulla, a shrine of Durga is held in high esteem both by Hindus and Muslims. Towards south-western direction, the town is connected with Sopore town, a flourish ing fruit mandi of the region. The major portion of this road about 31 kms. in length, passes along the rotund bank of the Wular. Beyond Watlab hillock, the road runs straight with few curves upto Sopore. The important places enroute are Kaloosa, Alloosa, Mangni Pora, Ashtengu, Kunas, Watlab and Dangerpora. The summit of WatIab hillock is marked by the mausoleum of Baba Shaqur-ud-Din-a saint belonging to the Reshi cult. The shrine is connected with the main road by a zigzag, steep and craggy metalled road.

Bandipore has the distinction of being one of the few towns in Jammu and Kashmir served by a water-way. The town via Wular is connected with river Jhelum which in turn links it with Srinagar city and towns of Sopore, Baramula and Anantnag. In earlier times, when the means of communication 9 were poor and limited, the water-way was the main transport link between the -town and Sri nagar city and other important towns of the region. Th6 trade with Central Asia was routed through this water-way. With the development of land trans port this ancient water-way has practically gone out of usc.

Morphology Peculiar topography as also the historical evolution has left an impress on the morphology of the town. The narrow shaped town is skirted in the north by Shabdin's mountain and in the south by the Wular. East and west are, therefore, the only limits towards which further growth of the town can take place in future. Along Bandipore-Srinagar road, the town extends upto Erin nallah constituting for the present its eastern limits. Like wise towards the west, on Bandipore-Sopore road, the town extends upto the Police Station, hardly a few furlongs from Madhumati nallah.

Papachall : Until recently, this was the part of rural area and was merged with the town only in 1970. Notwithstanding the fact that this area is now part and parcel of the town, it still wears a rural look. There is no market in the area and consequently the inhabitants invariably commute to the main market at Bandipore for the purchase of necessities of life. The houses in this area are made mostly of unburnt bricks and thatched roofs. The houses are huddled together and inter sected by narrow and kutcha lanes which give the appearance of slums. The area is named after a holy spring called Papachan Nag. There is a legend attached to it which says that if any body takes adipinthisspring, all his sins would be washed off. The water of the spring is considered efficacious for combating scabies and other skin diseases.

Weaving of woollen blankets on wooden handlooms forms the secondary occupation of a large number of workers in this area. The Bandipore "chadder" is reputed throughout the 10 valley for its fine texture, shade and craftsmanship. In Ganai mahalia, a hamlet of this area, a good proportion of workers is engaged in wicker work. The area is exclusively inhabited by Muslims. The domi nant occupational castes consist of Peers, Shah~ or the priestly class and lulaha and Sh'lkhs:l.l. engaged in weaving and basket making respectively. Nassu : This area lies between Papachan and Bandipore mohallas. Bandipore-Srinagar road passes through it. Except for a few shops dealing in grocery there is no established market in this ward. The houses are mostly built of burnt bricks and thatched roofs. Nas~u is linked with the Wular lake by a water cour,e navigable by small and medium sized boats. Nassu was once the main launching station for transportation of timber as well as fire-wood to Sri nagar and other towns of the region. Nassu is said to have been originally settled by boatmen or hanjis believed to have migrated from Sopore. With the development of land transport, their traditional occupation received a serious set-back and consequently majority of them are now engaged in cultivation. L(ll1krishipora : A hamlet of Nassu, it lies about 1/2 km. towards its north-east on the bank of Wular. Nallah Erin separates it from the adjoining rural areas. Although, there are a number of grocery and bakery shops, the area depends on the main market at Bandipore. The houses are kutcha with roof" m3.d~ of gras; and are huJdJeJ together with narrow and kutcha approaches intersecting them. Lankrishipora is said to have been settled by one Rinzal Reshi~a boat rower of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin. The king is said to have once ordered Rinzal Reshi to guard the mosque built by him on Zaina Lank, an island in the Wular lake. This new assignment made him "Lank Reshi" or the custodian of Lank. Thus the area as settled by him came to be known, in course of time, as Lankrishipora. The population is composed mainly of fishermen and water-chest-nut gatherers. 1 !

During the lean season of the year, workers of the place carry rations and other necessaries of life to Gurez by llleallS of their ponies anu horses.

The area is exclusively inhabited by Muslim~. The most common professional castes met with in Nassu are Sheikh, Dar and Khan while in Ltnkrishipora, Reshi and Dar out number other castes. Socially as also cultura.l1y, Nassu is still reckoned to be the most backward area of the town. The people arc slow in accepting the wind of change in their social structure. Lankrishi para is the main station for supplying fish and water-chest nuts to the town and its hinter-land.

Bandipore : 1 his area con<;tituting the matn and newly cOIl~tructed part of the town lies between Na'isu and Nowpora Physically the area extends from Nishat park in the east to the Electrical Sub-station in the west. The main Srinagar-Bandi pore road passes through the area. The area was completely gutted by fire in {963. It was rebuilt and plan.n.ed with a mouern touch. The houses are pucca with roofs made of e.G.I. sheets, separated by wide metalled lanes. The main market, also built anew, ha,> rows of shops on cith~r side of the main road. The market serves not only the town but also its hinter-land including Gurez valley. Most government and semi-government institutions are located in this a.rea. There are also a number of well-maintained parks located in this area. Most of the restaurants, tea shops, sweetmeat shops are concentrated around the cirwlar chowk called Gulshan Chowk at the centre of the town. Almost all the shrines located in the town are concentrated in lhis part of town.

The area is divided into four sub-mohallas riz. Meer llhlhalla, Hajam mohalla, Krala mohalla and Sheikh mohalla. Ch·ing to the fact that Hajam and Sheikh mohaltas escap~d the ra\

Peer, Bhat and Kral. Even the sub-mohall as mentioned above have been named after a particular occupational caste found in predominance. For instance, in Hajam mohalIa, castes like Ganai and Hajam linked with the profession of barbers are found in good concentration. Similarly, in Sheikh and Krala mohallas, Sheikh and Kral castes linked respectively with the profession of scavanging and pottery are found pre dominating others. This area, as a whole, is multi-religious in composition with Muslims enjoying dominant position. Nowpora : This area lies to the south-west of the town and extends from Electrical Sub-office in the east to the Police station in the west. Bandipore-Gurez road passess through the area towards its north-western direction and Bandipore Sopore road towards its south-western direction. Nallah Gadder, a tributary of Madhumati also meanders through the area before flowing into the Wular. It is said that prior to 1947, nallah Gadder besides contributing to irrigational needs, was also tapped for generating electricity from a small generating set installed in this area at the site of present Electrical Sub office. Most of the residential houses in this area are built of burnt bricks and thatched roofs. The area has a market of its own, which consists of a number of shops dealing in grocery, cloth and medicine, on either side of Bandipore-Sopore road. The area displays nascent signs of development. Since the creation ·of a separate tehsil of Bandipore in 1969, important public institutions like Tehsil Office, Munsiff's Court, Industrial Estate, Block Development Office and Police Station have come up here. Residential quarters are also being set-up here. Nowpora has a mixed population with Muslims taking the dominant position. Among the Muslims, the occupational castes claiming numerical superiority are Nadaf, Bhat, Khan and Meer. Nadafs in the mohalla are mostly engaged on winnuwing of cotton, Bhats are engaged in cultivation while Khans lind Meers are mostly found in occupations of shopkeep ing and other sef'.'ices. 13

Functional Areas

Bandipore is a small and compact town and it is not ea~y to divide it into functional areas. We may, however, try to highlight the predominant use to which its different areas are put in rdation to its topography and history of growth.

(a) Administrative Area As already mentioned prior to Pakistan invasion in 1947. the town was linked with trade routes going up to State's north western frontier areas and it was, therefore, functionally a flourish ing service station. Now b~sides commercial activities, though on a reduced scale~ there is considerable administrative activity of expanding social services like education and health, develop ment of agriculture, tourism and other productive fields. Consequently, the town as a whole has become multi-functional.

The administrative and service oriented institutions are confined to only two areas, viz. Bandipore planned area and outskirts of Nowpora area. In Bandipore planned area, these institutions are concentrated around the Gulshan Chowk and main market. These include offices of Assistant Registrar Co-operatives, Labour Office, Information Centre, Fire Station, Animal Husbandry unit, Office of the Sindh Forest Working Plan, Tehsil Education Office, Inspectress of Girls School, Water Works, Electrical Sub-office, Primary Health Centre, Assistant Engineer's Sub-division (R&B), Post & Tdegraph Office, Horticulture Sub-office and Notified Area Committee Office.

The rest of the administrative agencies are found in the outskirts of Nowpora area and consist of TehsiI Office, the Munsiff's Court, Police Station, Industrial Estate, Block Development Office and Range Office. The main feature witll regard to these administrative institutions is that they do not physically carve out a well defined zone but are seen more or less studded in residential areas.

2/Census (J & K)/78-5 14

(b) Business Area Business houses are mostly confined to Bandipore planned area. A new market consisting ofa ro,,,' ofpucca shops on either side of the main road and Gulshan ,Chowk has replaced the old residential slums gutted by a fire in 1963. The main market extending from the shrine of Dastigir Sahib in the east to the sub-office of the Electrical Department in the west contains both wholesale as well as retail shops dealing in grocery, fruit, vege tables, bakery, draper.y, cosmetics, repair work etc. Separate markets like vegetable market or meat market are non-existent. A semi-modern hotel with catering facilities and a number of restaurants and tea shops have corne up around the Gulshan Chowk close to bus and taxi stands. Likewise in Nowpora area, the venue of Tehsil Office and Judicial Court, a number of tea shops have recently grown up for rural clientele. The banking institutions in the town are also found in the Gulshan Chowk area. As far as other areas of the town are concerned, viz. Nassu and Papachan, they are primarily residential and perform no other functions.

(c) Industrial Area There is no distinct industrial zone in the town. Except the band saw machines, four in number, located one in each of the four mohall as, there is nothing which could be discussed under this sub-heading. These bandsaw machines, all run by ekctricity manufacture fruit boxes with sawn timber to meet both local as well as suburban demands.

The town even now commands some reputation for its hand-made products like woollen blankets (chaddars) and bas ketry goods. These household industries are carried out in Papachan and Ganai mohallas of the town. But owing to stiff competition and soaring prices of raw materials, these industries which provided livelihood to a large number of persons are falling into a decadence. 15

(d) Residential Areas Except Nowpora and Bandipore mohallas where residen tial houses are interspersed with non-residential establishments, all other mohall as of the town, viz. Nassu, Lankrishipora and Papachan are exclusively residential. During the last ten years, the occupied residential houses in the town have registered a noticeable increase, their number having gone up from 600 in 1961 to 770 in 1971. According to 1971 census data about occupancy ratio, the number of p;:rsons per household and per residential house works out to 6.3 and 8.1 respectively. This shows a marked gap between the available housing stock and the requirements of housing, indicative of slow pace of urbanisa tion. The houses in the town fall in three broad categories, viz. (1) planned pucca houses, (2) ordinary pucca houses and (3) kutcha houses. The structural details and other characteris tics of each house type are given below. (I) Planned pucca houses : These houses are exclusively found in the planned area of the town. The building plots are of three specific sizes. Class A plots, 127 in number, are of the dimensions of 27 X 18 metres, Class B, 88, 18 X 14 metres and Class C, 85 and odd, measure 18 X 9 metres. The houses are either single storeyed or double storeyed and the number of rooms varies from three to f;:>ur in the former and six to eight in the latter category. The roofs are made of C.G.I. sheets slanting on either side for easy clearance of snow; rooms in these houses are comparatively large and properly ventilated. Only pucca materials have been used and some are provided with flush latrines. (2) Ordinary pucca houses : These houses are found in almost all the mohallas of the town. These houses are gener ally old and conform to the pattern obtaining in other urban areas of the valley. The walls and floors are made of stones, burnt bricks, timber and mud. Doors and windows are of sub-standard size and are made of cheap timber, fir and poplar wood. Roofs are sloping and are made of timber, C. G. I. sheets, shingle and straw. The number 16 of storeys range from one to three. The rooms are small and, poorly ventilated. The attached compounds are generally unfenced, untidy and invariably used for drying of cow-dung and tathering of cattle. In large number of cases, they are devoid of basic amenities like bath room, lavatory etc. The owners are mostly traders and other lower middle class sections of the population. (3) Kutcha houses : This house type is found mostly in backward and newly merged villages of the town, namely, Lankrishipora, Papachan and Ganai mohalla. These are made of kutcha materials and are built after the pattern in other rural areas of the valley. The walls and floors are generally of mud and unburnt bricks. The roofs are fabri cated of poplar wood and covered with thatch or grass. Doors and windows are of sub-standard size. The rooms are sman, dingy and unventilated and their number ranges between two to three. One of the rooms in the ground storey is generally kept apart for housing the cattle. Land use pattern It would next be worthwhile to examine the land use pattern obtaining in the town. The relevant data is tabulated in the subjoined statement : TABLE NO.3 Land use pattern-Bandipore Town S. No; Classification of area Acres 2 3 1. Total geographical area by village papers 1,398-0 2. Home stead 39-0 3. Administrative 7-6 4. Educational 0-2 5. Commercial 4-3 6. Industrial 2-5 1. Roads .. 18-6 8. Parks 3-1 5). Agricultural 988-4 (i) Irrigated . 799-1 (ii) Un-irrigated 188-7 10. Forest .. 3-0 11. Religious 11-0 12. Others 37-1 B. Vacant .. 282-2 17

The above figures reveal that over 70 % of the total area of the town is being used for cultivation, of which more than 80 % stand irrigated. Only 15 acres of land are used for administra tive, educational, commercial and industrial purposes and this area is exclusively located towards Nowpora and Bandipore planned areas. Over 20 % of the total area of the town lies vacant, major portion of which lies towards Nowpora. The area being ,plane, most of the developmental activities are con fined to the outskirts of Nowpora.

Important Public Places The number of public places in Bandipore considered as focal points for social inter-action, are fewer as compared with the number found in middle and large size towns of the State. The few public places found here may be bracketed under two categories, viz. recreational and religious.

(a) Recreational places Among them may be listed Nishat park, Gulshan park, Nishat spring and Community listening centre.

Nishat Park: This park is more spacious than Gutshan park and other parks in the town and is situated in Bandipore mohalla on the slope between the upper link road and Bandi pore-Srinagar road near N.A..C. office. It has been laid out on the Mughal pattern of Nishat garden in Srinagar. On Sundays during summer and autumn seasons this park attracts crowds of locals as well as tourists.

Gulshan park : This park is situated in the Gulshan Chowk, towards its southern flank. This park is laid with lush green turf punctuated in the centre with a fresh water circular pond equipped with an ever playing fountain. This park is generally full with commuters and visitors who rest here during their journey. 18

Nishat spring: This is also called Salsabeel park and is located in the Meer mohalla in the planned area. This park is provided with a string of eight to nine natural springs 'around which a beautiful tank lined with a number of baths has been constructed. In addition to this, a mosque has also been con structed within its premises. The park contains a number of big chinars.

Community listening centre This centre is located within the premises of N.A.C. office. A spacious lawn in front of N.A.C. office provides a squatting place for the local population to listen to Radio Kashmir programmes which are highly popular.

(b) ReligiOUS places There are a number of places of religious importance in the town of which mention may be made of shrines of Malik Sahib, Shaban Meer and Shiv Mandir. The full details with regard to these places are given in a separate chapter of this study.

Location of Sub-standard and other named areas and their ethnic socio-economic and cultural traits Prior to 1963 whole ot'the town, which then sprea.d along the foot of the hillock, was itself a big slum. The houses mostly made of kutcha material were huddled together hardly inter sected by kutcha narrow lanes. There was acute congestion both inside and outside the dwellings aggravated further by lack of amenities like, separate kitchens and toilets, electricity, potable water supply, drainage system, proper ventilation etc. After the 1963 conflagration, while approximately 3!4th of the town which was destroyed in the fire, was rehabilitated under a Master Plan, in a well devised colony, there remained some areas like Hajam mohalla, Sheikh mohalla and Lankrishipora which still retain the age old sub-standard conditions. 19

Of the said areas, Hajam mohall a and Sheikh mohalla are located at the foot of the hillock just below the upper link road close to the heels of primary health centre. Lankrishipora on the other hand, lies towards north-east of the town on the bank of Wular. All these areas are exclusively inhabited by the Muslim community. Tn Hajam mohalIa, however, the residents are mostly found to belong to castes of Ganai, Hajam and Waza linked with the professions of cultivation, barbers (hair cutting) and cooking respectively. Similarly in Sheikh mohalla, inhabitants, in good concentration profess Sheikh caste linked with the profession of scavanging and weaving of sifts. In Lankrishipora, on the other hand, the population is composed mainly of fishermen and water chest-nut gatherers and, therefore, predominantly profess the castes of Reshi, Dar and Bhat. CHAPTER II

HISTORY AND GROWTH OF THE-TOWN

History No detailed and authentic account is available about Bandipore town except that found in R"cord of Rights (Misle Hiqqat). There are, however, a number of stories and legends in circulation which throw some light on its origin and nomen clature. One legend has it that it was originally called Bandpur or the land of Baghats or religious workers as the term in Kashmiri signifies. But this view appears to lack historical support. In the whole town, there are only two households of Baghats. Basically they are cultivators and till their own lands. According to another legend, the place was originally settled by professional drum beaters or 'Bhands' as called in Kashmiri language. It is said that in course of time, these drum beaters who were mi grants to this place, grew in number and the area thus came to be known as 'Bhandpur' as the village of drum beaters. Yet another story states that prior to the reign of Mughals when the means of communication were very poor, the area was land locked all around having the only access with the rest of the valley through Wular lake. From this fact, the place is reported to have derived its nomenclature of 'Bandpur' meaning a village which is closed like a prison. This view is supported by historians also.

According to the version incorporated in the Record of Rights, the place is said to have been settled by one Hassan Meer, a migrant from Srinagar. He is said to have subse quently been joined by other settlers, who were all Banday by caste. The place thus came to be known in course of time as Banday Pore. This word with continuous usage got converted into Bandipore. 21

Growth History Bandipore was given urban status, for the first time in 1911 when its population stood at 1,303 persons, of whom 757 were males and 546 were females. Considering the fact that Bandipore was an important catering as well as service station for northern areas of the State, it is incomprehensible why the town was denotified in 1921. At the 1961 census, the town was restored to its former urban status. Two villages viz., Nowpora and Nassu were brought within its jurisdiction. Thus at this census, its area extended to 4.97 km.2 At the 1971 census, the town saw its jurisdiction further extended over the village Papachan constituting for the present its eastern flank. With this the area of the town increased to 5.56 km.2 The population of the town rose fro:n 4,074 persons in 1961 to 6,201 persons in 1971, reflec ting a growth rate of 52.21 %. ~.. It would be relevant to mention here that the loss of Baltistan and other north-western areas in consequence 0 f Pakistan aggression brought about:a radical change in its socio economic structure. It is still in a process of recovering from the ravages suffered by it in 1947. In this connection, the 1951 census could have given an idea of the dimensions of the damage suffered, on account of the invasion, by the town but a census was not held that year. Consequently, we are obliged to examine the data of 1961 and 1971 censuses given in the following table for a broad appraisal of the town's post-1947 economic activity:

TABLE NO.4

No. of workers Area of activity ,-----_---"------... 1961 1971 Percentage increase 2 3 4 1. Cultivation 770 591 -23.24 2. Household industry 115 38 --66.95 3. Manufacturing other than house hold industry 34 180 +429.41 4. Trade and commerce 127 147 +15.75 5. Other services 314 337 +7.33

2jcensus (J & K)/78-6 22

The drop in the number of cultivators at the 1971 census is indicative of the fact that besides agriculture, new avenues of employment have become available in the town. Moreover, the definitional change in the concept of worker at the 1971 census appears to have excluded casual workers from the de finition of cultivators. Of course less number of,, workers returned under household industry is a matter of concern deser ving attention of the authorities. However, a sharp increase has been registered in the number of workers in other type of economic activity under manufacturing other than household industry_ This shows that a<; the prices of household products like woollen blankets, basketry etc. have become uncompe titive more and more workers are taking to organised manu facturing.

Land - Speculation

The land speculation activities in the town have actually started in the post independence period, more so after the 1963 conflagration of the town. From morphological point of view, the entire town does not consist of plain land. Towards north and north east it is flanked by rugged mountain slopes and towards its southern direction, there is the great Wular lake. It is onty towards east and south-east that the town becomes plain. It is thus evident that speculative activities are more directed towards Bandipore planned area and Nowpora. The extent of land speculation as it obtained in various parts of the town was assessed during the survey through dis cussions heldwith knowledgeable persons. The figures "thereof are given in the subjoined statement : BAND/PORE TOWN AVERAGE l.AND VALUE BY WARDS

..".._._._._.0 ..: I i )

, I I 23

TABLE NO.5 Particulars of land speculation-Bandipore Town

Ward No. Name of Mohalia Price per kanal (in Rs.) 2 3

1. Nowpora 6,000.00 2. Peer MohaHa 6,000.00 3. Meer MohalIa 7,000.00 4. (i) Bagh M ohalla I (ii) Hajam Mohalla >- 4,000.00 (iii) Buttoo Mohalla J 5. Nabir Mohalla 6,000.00 6. Nassu Mohalla 4,000.00 7. Lankrishipora 3,000.00 8. Papachan 4,000.00

The figures reveal that land speculation value is soaring to wards Bandipore planned area and Nowpora. With the mush rooming of administrative offices in the outskirts ofNowpora area demand for housing sites is on the increase in this area. , Upto 1972 there was no restriction for acquisition of land and construction of houses for residential, industrial and com mercial purposes within the limits of the town or in its vicinity. In 1973. however, the State Government issued a notification whereby the sale of land was restricted in the towns and rural areas. CHAPTER III AMENITIES AND SERVICES

Public Institutions in the Town Amenities and services available in the town fall in two categories. Firstly, those that are meant for the town only and secondly those that cater to the needs of the whole tehsil. Of the various administrative offices, some date back to 1911 while others are of recent origin. The Tehsil Office, considered the most important of all the administrative offices is situated in the outskirts of Nowpora mohall a on Bandipore Sopore road. This office was set up in 1969, when the new . tehsil of Bandipore was carved out by detaching Bandipore town and other 73 villages from Sopore tehsil. Prior to this, the whole area was part and parcel of Sopore tehsil. The Tehsildar is responsible for the maintenance of law and ordt;r in his tehsil. His other multifarious activities include collection of land revenue, distribution of rations and general adminis tration. All disputes' pertaining to land and property and minot civil and criminal cases are disposed of by him. He also .acts as Chairman, Notified Area Committee, and in this capacity, besides supervising general town administration also ensures . that the decisions of the committee are executed fully. As an Election Officer, he ensures that the elections in his tehsil are conducted in a free and impartial manner. The other public institutions in the town are Post & Tele graph Office, Sub-Divisional Office (PWD), Animal Husbandry Unit, Labour Office (Defence), Forest Range Office, Block Deve lopment Office, Water Works Sub-office, Electrical Foreman's Office, Tehsil Information Centre, Fire Station, Police Station" Judicial Court, Assistant Registrar Co-operatives and Sindh Forest Working Plan Division. A brief mention of the work of these institutions would not be out of place here. 25

(i) Post & Telegraph Office: Established in 1911, it is situated in Bandipore mohalla on the upperlink road leading to village Erin. Besides providing tele phone facilities, it also runs the mail service, receives and delivers telegrams and money orders, issues radio licences and sells stamps and post cards.

(ii) Sub-Divisional Office : Established in 1921, it is located in Bandipore mohalla, near P&T Office. This office is responsible for construction and maintenance of all town roads, the road leading to Gurez and other centres in the hinterland and other public buildings in the town. This office is headed by an Assistant Engineer who is assisted by five sectional officers.

(iii) Labour Office: Opened in 1947, it is located in Bandipore mohalla on the main road near the Gulshan Chowk. This office, headed by a Labour Officer, is responsible for maintaining the supply of required number of porters and ponies 'for defence services and has the whole tehsil upto the Rajdhani Pass within its jurisdiction.

(iv) Forest Range Office: Established in 1947, it is situ ated in Nowpora mohalla, on Bandipore-Gurez road. This agency headed by a Range Officer, super vises and controls fellings in nearby forests, extraction of minor forest products and movement of timber and fire-wood in the whole area.

(v) Sindh Forest working Plan Division : This office is of recent origin, having been established in 1970 and is located in Gulshan Chowk of Bandipore mohalla. This office under the guidance of D.F.O., prepares the working plans for the exploitation of forest resour ces of Sindh forest division. 26

(vi) Block Development Office: This office located in the outskirts of N owpora mohalla, on Bandipore-Sopore road, was started in 1954. Its chief functions are implementation of minor irrigation schemes, supply of better agricultural in-puts like improved seeds, fertilisers, tractors, pesticides etc. to the agriculturists.

(vii) Tehsil Information Centre : This centre located in Bandipore mohalla on Bandipore-Srinagar road, was opened in 1966. It arranges film shows, in and out side the town to educate people on the benefits of family planning, new techniques introduced in agri culture, measures to be adopted in preventing fruit diseases etc. It also organises cultural programmes, symposia, mushairas etc. besides issuing a "Khabar nama" (News letter).

(viii) Judicial Court: This was opened in the town in 1968 and is situated in the outskirts of Nowpora mohalla, on Bandipore-Sopore road, just opposite tehsil office. Headed by a Munsiff, it deals with all judi cial matters in the tehsii.

(ix) Office of Assistant Registrar (Co-operative) : This was established in the town in 1968 and is located at Gulshan Chowk in Bandipore mohalla. It has the whole tehsil within its jurisdiction and exercises control over the working of all cooperative societies spread over its jurisdiction. The following statement lists various types of institutions located in the town, year of establishment and their functions in brief: 27

TABLE NO.6

Important public institutions in the town

N rue of office Year of Functions in brief establish ment

2 3

1. Post & Telegraph Office 1911 Post and telegraph communi cation 2. )'l'J-Divi~ional Office (R&B) 1921 Construction and maintenance of roads and buildings 3. llbour Office 1947 Supply of porters & ponies to defence services 4. Forest Range Office 1947 Control and supply of timber and fire-wood 5. Block Development Office 1954 Development of agricuItme S 81 ~:trical Foreman's Office 1966 Collection of electricity fee and its maintenance Animal Husbandry 1931 Medical care and prophylactic measures for livestock 8. Fire Station 1967 Prevention and extinguishiJ'g of fire '}. r )'1 'il [nformation Centre 1966 Public information and edu cation 10. J~di;ial Court 1968 Judicial matters 11. A~,i,tant Registrar, Co 1968 Control of the wOlking of O;J~' ;Hives cooperative societies 1 ~. Sindh Forest Working Plan 1970 Preparation of working plans Division for e~plojtatjon of fOlest resources 13. Water Works Sub-office 1954 Supply of drinking \'vater 1·1. Primary Health Centre 1955 Public health 15. Horticulture Office 1963 De\elopment of horticultUle 16. Po lie e Sta tion N.A. Maintenance of law and order 17. No1H\I~d Area Committee 1963 Town administration --_._------NOlE, NA-NotAvailable 28

Town Administration

As already stated, Bandipore was given town status for the first time in 1911. It remained declassified from 1921 to 1961. In 1961 Bandipore panchayat was converted into an. urban area which status it continues to enjoy since.

The Notifie-d Area Committe~ o!Jic~ was established in 1963. It is housed in a separate, single storeyed building situated in Bandipore mohalla on Bandipore-Srinagar road, near Nishat park. At present, the local body has eight members, all nomi nated by the government. [n 1961, whe n Bandipore Panchayat was converted into T.A.C., the members were elected through franchise. In 1963, T.A.C, Bandipore was changed to N.A.C •• and since then the membm continue to be nominated by the government.

The functions of the N.A.C. are carried out by paid executives. The Tehsildar functions as Chairman of N.A.C. to guide the general administration of the town. Amongst others, the committee has jurisdiction over and responsibility for subjects connected with

1. Sanitation, 2. Octroi, 3. Road lighting, 4. Recreatio.nl and other facilities and S. Construction and maintenance of inner lanes and drains.

Budget

The following statement furnishes the figures of income and expenditure of the town for the year 1968-69 to 1970-71 : 29

r I:;I- 11;; ~1"""'1:ll . 0. 1 ;::! 10 ~ It; ,=,-{$ E I~ 8 I .sIal 1'9 100 I~ l

~u ...... Z

2fCensus (J & K)/78-7 30

The above figures show that the income of Bandipore town has gone up from Rs. 1.02 lakhs in 1968-69 to Rs. 1.44 lakhs in 1969-70. In 1970-71, however, there was decrease in income to the tune of Rs. 0.96 lakh, brought about b~cause of slash in the amount of loan from Rs. 0.70 lakh in 1969-70 to Rs. 0.15 lakh. Over 50 ~~ of the income is derived from local taxes. The highest yield through local taxes to the tune 74'44 % of the total income was recorded in 1970-71. Till 1970-7], no revenue was being realised through Municipal property. However, an amount of Rs. 0.03 lakh and Rs. 0.09 lakh realised during 1968-69 and 1970-71 respectively was on account of auction of plantations maintained by the Notified Area Committee. As regards expenditure, the committee expended Rs. 0.63 lakh in 1968-69 which in 1969-70 increased to Rs. 0.78 lakh and during 1970-71 the expenditure further shot upto Rs. 0.96 lakh. Major portion of the expenditure is claimed by general administration. Outlays on public works have shown progressive increase during all the three years mentioned above. The highest proportion (41.28%) of the total outlay was allocated during the year 1970-71. It is, however, sur prising to note that the committee earmarked no outlays on public institutions. Water Supply The water supply in th ~ town is managed and controlled by the State Public Health Engineering Department head quartered at Srinagar with ;t<; bia'1ch located at Baram'lla, the district headquarter. T:le tONn g!ts its supi)lV of potaryle w1ter from Kaunsarnag, a natural fresh water spring in village Chakrishipora, about 3 kms. from the town. The water from the spring is piped to the town through 127 mm., 102 mm. and 76 mm. diametre galvanised pipes from a reservoir with a capacity of 25,00) gallons. The reservoir is located in the town in Bandipore mohalla on a mountain slope and as such the water flows with high pressure through a net-work of pipes in the town. Til! 1972-73, the water was sup!Jlied witholt chlorination or allum treatment. 31

Out of 250 households surveyed in the town, only 99 or 39.6 % were found provided with water points. The majority of such households belonged to Bandipore mohalla. Areas like Nassu, Lankrishipora and Papachan were devoid of such facilities. These areas get their supply from public water taps, 45 in number at present. Almost all the public institutions are provided with water connections. In the hinterland only six water con nections have been provided to private consumers while the number of public taps is 25. The consumers are charged at the flat rate of Rs. 1.50 per month. The system of water meters has not been introduced so far. The water tax is collected on spot by an official deputed for this purpose. The supply of water is maintained throughout the year though some scarcity is felt during the summer months. The shortage is to a large extent off-set by nallah Madhumati. Sewerage The facilities regarding conservancy in the town are pro vided by the N.A.C. The town is devoid of underground drainage facility. About 6,000 meters length of open drainage has been constructed for the disposal of waste water. This does not fully meet the requirements of the entire town. The existing drainage system is available to only Bandipore planned area and Nowpora mohalla (partly). Areas like Nassu, Lan krishipora and Papachan have no such facilities. However, owing to mountainous topography of the town, the drainage system works efficiently in areas where drainage has yet to be extended, the waste water collects in small cesspools which emit foul smell and pollute the ecology of the town. The waste water drainage system empties itself into the Wular lake. The position in regard to sanitation is even more acute. This can be gauged from the fact that over 75% ofJhe house holds in the town do not possess such a basic amenity as lavatory. In the entire town, there are, in all, 88 service type latrines and none water-borne and of these 27 are public and 61 private. 32

For the cleaning and scavanging, the N.A.C. has employed twelve employees consisting of ten sweepers, one jamadar and one mashki. They clean the drains, roads, lanes and other public places twice a day. There are no female sweepers in the conservancy staff. The male sweeper as also the mashki get a remuneration of Rs. 107 per month plus one set each of summer and winter uniform. The jamadar is in the regular service cadre of Rs. 62-100. The committee has constructed five quarters for sweepers and during survey it was learnt, blue prints f?r more quarters were ready awaiting implementation.

The committee has also employed a Sanitary Inspector in the grade of Rs. 100-220 to check adulteration and supervise general sanitary condition of the town.

The committee has made no arrangements for servicing private latrines. The prevalent practice with majority of the inhabitants is to ease themselves in the open type latrines attached to vegetable gardens. These latrines are not serviced but the faecal matter is allowed to decompose to be used as manure for growing vegetables.

The arrangements for removing night soil are akin to that employed in other urban areas of the state. They consist in removing the night soil to various reception centres by means of hand-cart~ and thence to outside town by wheel barrows where it is dumped in low level open lands. In spite of short comings, the general condition of cleanliness particularly in Bandipore planned area and Nowpora area is satisfactory.

Electricity Electricity is managed in the town by the State Electricity :Oepartment with its headquarters at Srinagar. A branch of this office headed by a Foreman is located in the town itself. The Foreman also collects revenue from the consumers. Road lighting facilities are, however, directly provided by the N.A.C. 33

The town was electrified for the first time in 1947. Till 1954, it produced its own electricity from a small hydel generating station in the town for about 100 connections. In 1955, how ever, the town was connected with Ganderbal Hydel Power Station, about 39 kms. from the town. By 1971-72, the power needs of the town had risen to 300 K.V.A. which came directly from Markandal Station, one of the receiving stations of Ganderbal Power House. During the survey, it was found that out of 250 surveyed households, only 132 or 52.8 percent were electrified. Re viewing the situation mohalla-wise, it was noticed that Bandipore mohalla, considered the main part of the town was the only area where over 60 % households were electrified. In the rest of mohall as, viz. Nowpora, Papachan and Nassu, the percent age ranged between 40 and 59. Some pockets like Lankrishipora and Ganai mohalla have not yet been provided with this facility. TABLE NO.8 Consumption of electricity

No. of Units Type of establish- connec- consumed Rate per unit ment tions 2 3 4

Domestic (a) Lighting 405 72,000 (i) Rs. 4.60 flat rate @2.40 watts bulbs. (ii) Rs. 4.25 meter rate upto 14 units and above 14 units 25 paise per unit. Industrial 6 46,440 4 paise per unit plus Rs. 4.00 demand charge per H.P. Other establishments 20 12,000") Upto 17 units Rs.6.70 }- metered and above 17 units Commercial 30 N.A.J 35 paise per extra unit. Road lighting 60 N.A. Rs. 1.50 per 40 watt bulb. N.A. : Total consumption not available. 34

It will be seen that bulk of power in the town is consumed for domestic purposes. Out of 521 total connections, 405 or 77.74% are for domestic use and the rest for other purposes. Barely six connections stand issued for industrial power. This shows that Bandipore lacks industrial infrastructure. Street lighting is provided through 60 points. 1 During the year 1971-72, revenue to the tune of Rs. 1.32 lakhs fell due from the consumers. Out of this, Rs. 1.23 lakhs were realised. The local body providing road lighting amenity, had during the corresponding period incurred an expenditure of Rs. 2,490.82 on this account. This included electric dues and other maintenance charges~ The arrangements for road lighting are satisfactory. The main market, all internal roads, lanes and public places are provided with mercury tubes and bulbs. However, these facilities are yet to be extended to the internal roads and lanes of such areas as Lankrishipora, assu and Papachan. The supply of power is far short of requirements. Dozens of applications demanding new connections are pending disposal. Fire Brigade The fire brigade of the town is fully equipped and attends to fire alarms in and outside the town. It was established in 1967 and since then it is rendering valuable service. During 1970-71, the brigade attended to 19 fire calls in the town. In these fires about 26 houses and a number of shops were gutted. The damage in terms of value of property destroyed is estimated well over Rs. 70,000. Educational Institutions The educational facilities in the town are catered to by five institutions, of which fOUf are run by the State Education Department and one· by a private organisation. These insti tutions are as under ;- 1. Nadim Memorial Higher Secondary School, 2. Government Girls High School, 35

3. Government Lower High School, 4. Government Primary School, and 5. Darasgahi Islamia. The last one run by Iamati-e-Islami imparts education besides religious lessons upto the seventh standard. The Nadim Memorial Higher secondary School was opened in 1944 bearing the name of reputed poet Nadim hailing from Bandipore. Higher secondary education from seventh to eleventh standard is imparted in this institution. According to the.particulars supplied by the institution during 1970-71 there were 336 students, all males, on the rolls of this school. The staff strength of teachers stood at 19. Amongst the teachers, seven were M.A.B.Eds., five B.A.B.Eds, one B.Sc. and six undergraduates. The lone Government Girls High School situated in Bandipore planned area had in 1970-71, 179 students on its rolls and the number of teachers, all females, stoods at 14. Amongst the teaching staff one is M.A.B.Ed., two are B.A.B.Eds., one a science graduate and the rest under-graduates. The Government Lower High School is situated in Bandi pore mohalla. There are 430 students, all males, reading in cla<;ses from first to ninth standard. The teaching staff consists of 14 male teachers. In the teaching staff, one is M.A., three are graduates and from the rest ten, four are F.A's and six matriculates. The Government Primary School established in 1931 is the oldest institution in the town. It is situated in Bandipore mohalla. There is co-education in this school. The school imparts education upto fifth standard. In the teaching staff, there are three teachers. One teacher is graduate and the rest are matriculates. Oarasgahi Islamia is the only school run by a private organisation. The school situated in Bandipore mohalla near th~ shrin~ of Malik Sahib W:lS started in 1959. Housed in a double storeyed building, it imparts education from first to seventh standard. Nazir-i-Darasgah elected by the local members of 36

the Jamat is responsible for the management of the school. He is himself responsible to Nazir-i-Talimat selected by the lamat to lookafter the various schools run by it. One hundred seventy-two students, males and females, are on its rolls and are taught by six teachers of whom one is a trained graduate. The particulars of each institution have been furnished in Appendix II. The subjects taught at various stages are indicated below : 1. In the primary stage, the medium of instruction upto class III is Kashmiri and beyond this is urdu. Sub jects taught consist of language, arithmatic, social studies, general science and drawing. 2. In the middle, high and higher secondary stages, more or less the same subjects are taught. English in all the stages is compulsory. In the higher secon dary stage, however, stress is given to the teaching of agriculture and handicrafts. The facilities for post-matric education are not available in the town. These facilities are, however, availed of at Sopore, the nearest town. The statement giving the number of students by class in different schools is given below : TABLE NO.9 Number of students by class in different schools of town- 1970·71 Number of students on rolls in each class School with No. of r-___ ~ _____..A. ______, classes schools I II III IV V Total VI 2 3 4 5 678 9 Primary (I to V) I 23 25 35 17 17 117 Middle (I to VII) 1 24 33 25 36 24 142 19 Lower High (I to IX) 16 25 26 35 21 123 107 High (I to X) 7 18 13 11 18 67 20 Hr. Secondary (VII to XI) TOTAL 5 70 101 99 99 80 449 146 Percentage of students in each class to total number 5.67 8.19 8.02 8.02 6.48 36.38 11.83 37

TABLE No. 9 -Coneld.

VII Total VIII IX Total X Total XI Total

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

11 30 98 205 82 20 102 18 38 19 25 44 30 30 41 41 68 107 175 72 72 48 48

168 314 169 152 321 102 102 48 48

13.61 25.44 13.70 12.32 26.02 8.27 8.27 3.89 3.89

It will be seen that during 1970-71, there were altogether 1,234 students on roll in various schools of the town. Majority of the students 449 or 36.38 % of the total was claimed by the primary stage followed by lower high stage with 321 or 26.02 %. While middle stage I to VII standard, with 314 students or 25.44 % of the total followed closely on the heels of lower high stage, the higher secondary stage, with 48 students ranked at the bottom. Reviewing the data class-wise, it will be seen that the maximum number of pupils (169) were reading in the eighth standard followed closely by seventh standard with 168 students. Class III and IV and II and X were more or .less at par in the number of pupils. In all the five schools, there were altogether 56 teachers, out of whom 16were trained and the rest 40 untrained. Amongst the 16 trained teachers, 13 were males and 3 females. Similarly, of the 40 untrained teachers, 29 were males and 11 females.

The subjoined statement furnishes class-wise distribution of students by religion and age-group :

2jCensus (J & K)/78-8 38

0 ...... 0'1 0'1 0 \0 00 0'1 N N 00 <1' Ol t- o 0'1 0'1 00 <1' \0 \0 v> 0 <1' «) -0 !~ I ...... "L f-< I I

r+ Iv> 0'1

<1' N 00 v> \0 N c<) t- I 00 '" 0'1..... c 0 '6iJ 00 1 O N 0 0'1 <1' ~ ...... N 0 v> 0 ... It- ...-; ...... '" c<) ~ =C': ~l~ v> '"C': ~ ~ \0 -.:t t- 0'1 v> ..... '" If) c<) 00 c:l N -.:t c<) \0 ...-; 0 ~ ~IJ - ,.Q I- e ~ ~ IN 0 z c<) 0 -.:t c<) If) v> N I :a If) '" ~ <.J ...l Ij IXl c.o 1- ·s= I ~ c;.o c<) 0 ..... 0'1 \0 t- <1' I ..9_~o t- o 0'1 V N c<) "8.c -.:t <.J ....'" t~ - 0 gj tl") r on M 0'1 If) V on \0 If) \0 t- 0 ..... •S!= ...... :; I~ M - - '5 Q I .f!l

0 .F<.~ ~ 0'1 on 00 0 V \0 ...-; N V \0 v> 00 ...-; \0 0'1 0'1 t- M If) 10 00 (V) ..... ~ jj N '" ...... '" ..... t~ 39

It will be seen that out of total number of 1,234 students, 1,119 or 90.68 % belonged to Muslim community and the rest were Hindus. There was no Sikh student reading in any of the schools in the town. Maximum number of pupils, 381 or 30.87 % were in the age-group of 13-15 years. While 343 pupils or 27.80%, were below 10 years of age, those in the ages of 19-24 years were least in number, 76 or 6.16% of the total. Amongst the various classes, fourth and fifth standards, over 50 % of the students were of the ages 10 to 12 years. Similarly, classes seventh and eighth though having more or less same number of pupils and together constituting over 27 % of the total, 60 % of students were in the age group of 13-15 years and 39 % in the age group 16-18 years. In the XI standard, there were the least number of students claimed by 16 to 24 age group. Extra curricular activities of different schools are by and large the same. These include staging of dramas, annual func tions, prize distributions, parents' day, tournaments etc. "Nadim Day" is celebrated in the higher secondary school every year. It is worthy of note that problems like student indiscipline, strikes etc. are unknown in Bandipore. Medical Facilities The medical facilities in the town are provided by a lone health centre situated in Bandipore mohalla, on the upper link road near P&T Office. The health centre established in 1955 is housed in a double storeyed pucca rectangular building equip ped with ten beds to cater to in-patients. The medical staff incharge of the centre consists of three doctors and one dental surgeon. In 1970-71, there were no nurses in_the para-medical staff. The para-medical staff, however, included the following personnel : (a) Compounders 2 (b) Dai (Mid-wife) 1 (c) Khidmatgars 4 (d) Health Visitor 1 (e) Field worker 1 (f) Sanitary Inspector 1 (g) Sweeper 1 40

The centre is fully equipped with an operation theatre for conducting simple operations. No T.B. Clinic is attached to the centre. The patients suffering from severe and com plicated maladies are, however, invariably referred to the S.M.H.S. Hospital, Srinagar. During 1970-71, 24,591 out-patients were treated in the centre of whom 5,288 came from within the town and the rest 19,303 from the hinterland. During the same period, 205 in door patients were treated for various diseases. Details of patients classified by categories of diseases treated in the centre are furnished in the following statement:

TABLE NO. 11 Diseases treated in the centre, 1970-71

Diseases Number treated c------..A...---"""\ Indoor Outdoor 2 3

1. Infectious and parasitic disease 35 3,220 2. Neoplasma 20 3. Allergic, endocrine system, metabolism & nutritional disease 15 1,512 4. Diseases of blood & blood forming organs 10 750 5. Mental psychaneurotic & personality disorders 5 423 6. Diseases of nervous system and sem;e organs 2 214 7. Diseases of circulatory system 15 2,123 8. Diseases of respiratory system 50 6,819 9. Diseases of digestive system 30 7,411 10. Diseases of genito-urinary system 8 995 11. Deliveries & complications of pregnancy, child birth & puerperium 31 315 12. Diseases of bones & organs of movement 4 317 13. Diseases of skin & cellular tissue 425 14. Cogenital malformations 15. Certain diseases of early infancy 16. Symptoms, senility & ill defined conditions 17. Accidents, poisoning & violence 47

TOTAL 205 24,591 41

It will be seen that the incidence of digestive diseases is more pronounced amongst the out-patients treated in the centre. In other words, it shows that more than 30 persons out of every 100 out-patients suffer from digestive mala dies. Those suffering from respiratory and infective diseases are second highest. From amongst the in-patients, majority (24.4 %) were suffering from respiratory diseases. Only 14.6 % of the indoor patients were treated for digestive diseases. Indoor patients are given the following food items free of charge: 1. Milk - one litre per patient 2. Bread - one per patient Facilities of free diet have not yet been introduced in the centre. The drugs, linen etc. required by the centre are directly supplied by the Directorate of Health Services, Srinagar. There is one family planning centre headed by Medical Officer functioning in the town. This centre attached to health centre is run directly under the supervision of District Family Planning Officer, headquartered at Baramula. The following statement would give an idea of the peformance of the centre during the year 1972-73 :

TABLE NO. 12 Family Planning Centre

Number of persons Type of service who availed of the service 2 Vasectomy 14 Tubectomy 6 I.U.C.D. Loops 51 Conventional contraceptives .. 300

TOTAL 3il 42

The general health of the people inhabiting the town appears to be satisfactory. The congenial climate provided by ideal natural setting and evergreen forests in close proximity play an important role in this respect.

Veterinary Services Facilities for treatment of diseases of livestock and its upgrading are available in the town in the animal husbandry unit located in Bandipore mohall a on the upper link road near P.W.D. Office. The jurisdiction of the unit is the whole tehsil including the Gurez valley. The unit has two Veterinary Assistant Surgeons, one Senior Compounder, one Veterinary Assistant, one Milk Recorder, ten Stock Assistants and 25 Attendants. The unit is fully equipped to treat Bovine, Equine, Ceporain, Canine animals and poultry. During 1970-71, the unit treated 1,08,443 all types of animals including poultry, of which 20,119 were from within the town and 88,324 from outside. A comprehensive state ment indicating in.cidence of diseases_among different animals treated in the unit during 1970-71 is furnished in Appendix II. The boarding and lodging facilities in the town are quite inadequate. There is only one semi-standard hotel in the town located in the Gulshall Chowk. Besides this, the truncated facilities are provided by 2 eating houses and 8 tea stalls. Most of these are concentrated around bus stand ill the Chowk area. The details of these hotels and restaurants have been elabora tely discussed in Chapter IV of this publication. CHAPTER IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN Economic Structure The three main components of the economy of Bandipore arc agriculture including horticulture, exploitation of the sur r,Jullding forest wealth and trade and commerce including car riage of goods to and from Gurez and hinterland. The town lost much of its importance as a service station of the frontier illaqas in consequence of the continued illegal l)ccupation of these areas by Pakistan. However, it retains a sizeable hinterland with which both wholesale and retail trade in essential commodities and non-rationed goods is carried on f,om the local market at Bandipore. A rich source contributing to the economy of the town is the thick and commercially exploitable forests found hardly two to four kms. from the town. These forests are managed and con trolled by the State Forest Department. A sizeable part of the working force is engaged in forestry and allied activities. However, cultivation is still the mainstay of the population although agricultural holdings are comparatively small and fragmented. Consequently the households do not produce enough to sustain themselves all the year round. The deficit is largely made up by issue of rations from government depots opened in the town. Fruits especially peaches grown in the Gurez valley are sent to Srinagar and outside for sale. Working Force The following table gives the picture of working force of the town : TABLE NO. 13 Oi~tribution of population and workers by sex, 1961 & 1971 Population Workers Percentage of workers to total population ,-----"-- --~ ~------"-~---\ r------....A_--~ PM F PM F PM F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 : 9(, 1 4,074 2,178 1,896 1,645 1,165 480 27.46 53.49 25.32 1971 6,201 3.311 2.890 1,703 1,670 33 27.46 50.44 1.14 44

It will be seen that out of population of 6,201 persons recorded at the 1971 Census, 1,703 or 27.46 percent constituted workers which in other words implies that over 70 percent of the popula tion consists of non-workers. Sex-wise the work participation rates show that over 50 percent amongst the male population were workers while only 1.14 percent females took part in various economic activities. The wide gap between the town participa tion rates appears to be the result of change in the definition of workers adopted at the 1971 Census. Better appreciation of the sex-wise work participation rates as reflected above can be had if these figures are compared with the corresponding rates in the rural and urban sectors of Baramula district and in the rural areas of Ban dip ore tehsil.

TABLE NO. 14 " Distribution of population and workers by sex in Baramula district and Bandipore tehsil, 1971 Census

Population r-______Workers..A.. _____ , Area r------..A.. ____, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 Baramula 7,75,724 4,19,862 3,55,862 2,40,913 2,31,895 9,018 District

Rural 7,09,481 3,84,231 3,25,250 2,22,816 2,14,544 8,272 Urban 66,243 35,631 30,612 18,091 11,351 746 Bandipore 11,593 38,721 32,872 21,523 20,721 802 Tehsil Rural 65,392 35,410 29,982 19,820 19,051 769 Urban 6,201 3,311 2,890 1,703 1,670 33 The table shows that the work participation rate for Baramula district, as a whole stands at 31.06 % while for Bandipore tehsil it is 30.06 %. For Bandipore urban part the rate is only 27.46 %. Examining the position sex-wise, it will be seen that for Baramula district the overall male participation rate is over 55 % of the total male population while for Bandipore tehsil the overall corres ponding rate stands at 53.51 %. In Bandipore town the mall: BANDIPORE TOWN PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS & NON WORKERS 1971

c .2... WORKERS .2 :::I Q. &. ~ 9 ..o ..o III 01 9 c tI IJ I... ~ 'l. 80 eo

10 70

50 so

30 30

o 20

10 10

Categories ----- 45 work participation ratio is only 50.44 % of the total male popula tion. Similarly, the overall female work participation for Bara mula district and Bandipore tehsil works out to 2.53 %and 2.44 % respectively, but so far as Bandipore town is concerned, the cor responding proportion touches barely 1.14%. Comparing sex wise urban work participation rates with those of Ban dip ore town, it is found that whereas the rate of male participation does not show much variation, the same is not true with regard to female working force. Bandipore with a female participation rate of 1.14 % stands lowest when compared with the corresponding rate of the district as a whole. The high participation rate in case of males and low participation in case offemales of Bandipore town is the result of social and economic forces operating in the town as well as due to the change in the definition of workers. An idea of the nature of economic activity can be had from the break-up of working population into different industrial categories. A complet6 break-up of working population by industrial categories is given below TABLE NO. 15 Classification of workers, 1961 and 1971 1961 1971 Industrial category ,,-_____....A..... ____~ ,-___-"- ____-, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 . 5 6 7 r. Cultivation 770 452 318 591 591 (46.81) (38.80) (66.25) (34:70) .(35.39)

n. Agricultural 9 4 5 100 100 labour (0.55) (0.34) (LO~) (S.87). (5.99) ·HI. Livestock, Fores 211 132 79 148 148 try, Huntingetc. (12.82) (11.33) (16.45) (8.69) (8.86) IV. Mining & Quar 4 4 rying (0.23) (0.24) V. (a) Household 115 59 56 38 37 1 Industry (6.99) (5.06)· (11.67) . (2.23) (2.22) {3.03) (b) Manufacturing 34 34 180 180 other than house (2.07) (2.93) (H),57) (10.78) h~ld industry 2/Census (J & K)/78-9 46

TABLE NC,. 15-Concld. 2 3 4 5 6 7 VI. Construction 12 12 47 47 (0.73) (1.03) (2.76) (2.81)

VII. Trade & com- 127 120 7 147 147 merce (7.72) (10.30) (1.46) (8.63) (8.80) VIII. Transport 53 52 1 111 111 (3.22) (4.46) (0.21) (6.52) (6.65)

IX. Other services 314 300 14 337 305 32 (19.09) (25.75) (2.92) (19.79) (18.26) (96.97) TOJAL 1645 1165 480 1703 1670 33 NOTE:-(Figures within brackets indicate percentage to total workers) The latest position as thrown up by the 1971 Census shows that agricultural sector of economy engages the large bulk of working population. This sector claims 49.26% of entire working force in which cultivation alone accounts for 34.70% and the rest of 14.56 % is shared by forestry, livestock etc. with agricultural labour claiming 5.87%. The main feature meriting mention is that the female participation in various economic activities is almost non-existent except in "other services" and household industry in which their participation rates stand at 96.97 % and 3.03 % respectively. It is interesting to find that the work parti cipation rate of workers in manufacturing has gone up from 2.07 % in 1961 to 10.57% in 1971 while that in household industry, it has declined from 6.99% in 1961 to 2.23% in 1971. As against 5.06 % and 11.67 % of the male and female working population respectively engaged in household industry in 1961, only 2.22 % and 3.03 % respectively were so engaged in 1971. Participation in trade and commerce has gone up from 7.72 % in 1961 to 8.63 % in 1971. Similarly, in transport, the total and male participation rates have respectively increased from 3.22 %and 4.46 %in 1961 to 6.52% and 6.65% in 1971. The work participation rate of female workers in other services has gone up from 2.92 %in 1961 to 96.97 % in 1971. It is evident that although the bulk ofpopula tion is still dependent on primary sector including agricultural 47

labour and livestock, there has taken place considerable diversi fication of economic pursuits accounting for a modest shift to tertiary sector like trade and commerce, transport and other ser· vices. TABLE NO. 16 Work participation by industrial sectors-I961 and 1911 Census Year Primary Secondary Tertiary sector sector sector (1+11+ (Va+Vb (VII + III +IV) +VI) VIII+IX) I 2 3 4 1961 60.18 9.79 30.03 1971 49.50 15.56 34.94 We may now take up classification of workers by age-groups as revealed by the survey : TABLE NO. 17 Classification of workers by age-groups Population Workers r-____.A.. __ -----, Age-group ,-----.A.---1 Total Males Females Total Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0-14 722 389 333 13 11 2 (43.50) (43.03) (44.05) (2.91) (2.59) (9.09) 15-59 846 469 371 399 380 19 (SO.96) (51.88) (49.87) (89.26) (89.41) (86.36) 60+ 92 46 46 35 34 1 (S.54) (S.09) (6.08) (7.83) (8.00) (4.55)

TOTAL 1660 904 7S6 447 425 22 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) NOTE:-(Figures within brackets indicate percentage to total) Out of 250 households surveyed in the town, covering a popula tion of 1,660 persons, only 447 or 26.93 %consisted of workers and the rest non-workers. Out of 904 males covered under the sample. 425 or 47.02 % were engaged in various economic pursuits. Similarly female participation in the sample worked out to 2.91 %. 48

T:hus amongst females over 97 % were non-workers. The dis-· tdbution of workers by broad age-groups reveals that only 2.91 % of workers.in the town were below 14 years of age and 89.26% workers belonged to the age-group of 15 to 59 years. About 8 % workers in the town were 60+ years of age. The (ietailed break-up of the selected samples by ind.llstrial dassification\.. is given. in the sub-joined statement: TABLE NO. 18 Industrial classification of workers in sample households

~.------~------Total workers Percentage to total workers ,-____ .A. __~ Industrial category ,-______.A-____ ~ Total Males Females Total Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I. C~ltivation 176 162 14 39.60 38.12 63.64 II. Agricultural 1 0.22 0.24 labour --III. Livestock, f ores 28 24 4 6.04 5.65 18.18 r . try etc .. IV. Mining and quar rying

. V. (a) Household 50 50 11.19 11.76 industry - V. (b) Manufacturing 25 25 5.59 5.88 other than house hold industry VI. Construction 11 11 2.46 2.59 'VII. Trade and com- 38 38 8.50 8.94 merce VITI. Transport 14 14 3.13 3.29 IX. Otber services 104 100 4 23.27 23.53 18.18 lOTAL 447 425 22 100.00 100.00 100.00 The above figures by and large conform to the overall pattern exhibited in both censuses. It is, however, interesting to find that at the time of survey, household industry engaged 11.19% workers as against 2.23 % returned at the latest census. Like wise reverse was the case with manufactUling. In this type of 49 industry, the work participation rate was 5.59 % compared to 10.57 % of 1971 Census. In transport, the work participation ratio was more or less the same as that of 1961 ,Census, but much below that returned at the 1971 Census. So far as female parti cipation was concerned it is surprising to note that over 63 %of female working force at the time of survey was engaged in culti vation against none at 1971 Census; The remaining 36.36 % of female sample working force was found engaged in livestock, forestry etc. and other services, with each activity claiming 18.18 % workers. The overall and sex-wise participation of sample wor kers in the rest of activities conforms more or less to the pattern as reflected in 1971 Census. A further break-up of selected sample into various economic sectors brings out the same trend of economic diversification as revealed by the data relating to 1971 Census. About 46 % of sample workers are accounted for by the primary sector. The proportion of those engaged in other sectors, viz. secondary and tertiary stands at 19.24 % and 34.90 % respectively. This shows that diversification 0{ economy is more inclined towards tertiary type of activities.

Non-wor~ers A statement giving the distribution of non-workers by nature of activities, age-group and religion is furnished below : TABLE No. 19 .); ;1.; J:Jtioli of nG.t-workers by nature of activity, age-group and religion Muslims r-______.A..______' Age- group Males Females r------'-----, ~------~------, Inf- Stud- De- .Acti- Infa- Stud- House, De- Old Acti- ants ents pen- vity nts enls hold pen- age vity dents not duty dents not given given 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0-14 128 150 90 4 109 76 52 86 15·-24 34 37 11 93 5 25 -59 2 II 2 228 10 1 60+ 12 18 18 8 TO'r~T28 186 150 6 109 87 391 119 9 2 50

TABLE NO. 19-Concld. Hindus r------.A..------""lMales Females r---.A..------, r------.A.._------...... Infa- Stud- De- Acti- Infa- Stud- House- De- Old Acti- nts ents pen- vity nts ents hold pen- age vity dents not duty dents not given given

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

0-14 6 7 15-24 2 1 2 1 25-59 6 60+ 8 9 7 Out of 1,187 Muslim non-workers in the .sample, 470 are males and 717 females. Out of 470 male non-workers, 372 are in the age-group of 0-14 and 71, 15 and 12 belong to the age-groups 15-24, 25-59 and 60+ respectively. Out of 372 male non workers belonging to the age-group of 0-14, 150 are students, 128 infants and 90 dependents. In respect of remaining four, the activity is not known. Amongst 71 male non-workers of the ages of 15-24 years, 37 are dependents and 34 students. Simi larly, out of 15 male Muslim non-workers in the age-group of 25-59, eleven are dependents and only two are students. Two male non-workers did not report their activities. All the male non-workers whose ages are 60+ were dependents. Out of 717 Muslim female non-workers in the sample, 109 are infants, 87 students, 391 house-wives and 119 are dependents. From the remaining eleven, nine are infirm because of old-age and in respect of two, the activity is not known. Amongst 87 students, 76 are in the age-group of 0-14 and the rest eleven belong to ages of 15-24. Out of 391 house-wives in the sample 228 are in the age-group of 25-59 followed by 93 and 52 in the age-groups 15-24 and 0-14 respectively. There are only 18 house-wives with ages 60 years and over. Out of 119 female dependents, the bulk belong to the age-group of 0-14 followed by those who are dependent owing to old age. 51

Out of 26 Hindu non-workers, nine are males and 17 females. From amongst nine male non-workers, eight are stu dents and one is dependent. Out of eight students, six are in the age-group of 0-14 and the rest two have their ages range between 15-24 years. The lone male dependent is in the age-group of 15-24. Out of 17 female non-workers, one is infant, nine stu dents and seven house-wives. Amongst nine students, seven are in the age-group of 0-14 and the remaining two in 15-24. Similarly out of seven house-wives, six are in the age group of 25-59 and the next one is in the age-group of 15-24. It is interesting to note that amongst Hindu female non-workers in the sample, none is dependent. Distribution of sample households by number of primary Occupations The following statement furnishes the distribution of sample households by number of primary occupations by religion as returned at the time of survey : TABLE NO. 20 Distribution of sample households with reference to primary oC(upatioDs for various members of households by religion No. of primary No. of households No. of members occupations :---____.A._ __ -, ,--___.A. ___ -, Muslim Hindu Sikh Muslim Hindu Sikh 2 3 4 5 6 7 Single 215 6 392 7 Double 27 I 45 2 TOTAL 242 7 437 9 It will be seen that out of 250 sample households surveyed in the town, 222 had single primary occupation and the remaining 28 had two primary occupations. None of the sample households reported as having three primary occupations. Out of 400 persons covered under 222 households with single primaryoccu pation, 392 were Muslims, seven Hindus and the remaining one Sikh. Similarly, from amongst 47 members with two primary oc cupations, 45 were Muslims and the rest two Hindus. No Sikh reported two primary occupations. 52

Organisational, operational and other particulars in respect of various industrial categories The organisational, operational and other particulars with reference to various industrial categories is briefly discussed in the following pages. Agriculture As stated earlier, agriculture continues to playa predomi nant role in the economy of the town. This is evident from the following figures

Category 1961 1971 Sample data (i) Cultivation 46.81 % 34.70% 39.60% (ii) Agricultural labour 0.55% 5.87% 0.22% (iii) Livestock, forestry etc. 12.82% 8.69% 6.04%

TOTAL 60.18% 4926% 45.86% This shows that in 1961 Census over 60 ~~ of the total working force of the town was dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. Theproportion decreased to nearly 50% during the decade 1961-71. The sample study of 250 households revealed that about 46 % of the total workers in the sample were dependent for liveli- ,hood on agriculture. Amongst the three activities included in agriculture, cultivation absorbed the bulk of working force. The cultivators in the town bdong mainly to Muslim community. There are a good number of Muslim~ and Hindus who own land but do not undertake manual operations connected with culti vation. They engage agricultural labourers on daily wages or on contract basis to get their lands tilled. Most of the cultivators have their lands inside the town or just in the vicinity. The principal crop grown is paddy. The farm'ers in the town hav.! not yet switched over to the technique of raising two crops. All the cultivable lands in the town are irrigated by means of perennial nallahs. During the survey, it was revealed that the practice relating to cultivation as employed by the cultivating classes does not differ from that prevailing in the adjacent rural areas. appears, 53 however, that the wind of change with regard to agricultural practices and use of better in-puts has swept both the town and rural areas in the region more or less to the same degree. The cultivators are quite conscious about the use of manme. Besides chemical manures procured from the co-operative '>hops, they make extensive use of cowdung. Like the rest of the province they have altogether shunned growing Kashmiri varieties of paddy seeds because of their comparatively low yield. They have started growing hybrid varieties, the seeds of which are supplied by the local co-operative society. The following implements are used for agricultural opera tions; plough, yoke, leveller, spade, pickaxe and sickles. Of late tractors have come into use which are procured on hire from the RD.O's office. Both males and females take part in agricultural operations. Ploughing and digging of earth and preparing hedges are the only operations carried out exclusively by the males. Rest of the operations viz. weeding, harvesting and carrying head-loads of harvested crop are carried out by both males and females. Car rying and dumping of cowdung is mostly done by females. In the absence of relevant statistics on the number of hold ings and their area, it was not possible to assess precisely the average size of holding. However, from the survey, it was evi dent that land holdings within the town are small and fragmented and consequently the average yield per acre is low as compared with other areas in the region. '

Agricultural labour By agricultural labourers are meant persons who cultivate lands but have no proprietory rights over them. Rich and well to-do farmers in the town do not undertake manual operations relating to cultivation themselves. For this purpose, they engage hired labourers for such operations. At the 1961 Census, 0.55% of the total working popuI.ation constituted agriculturallabour. During the last ten years, their number increased from nine in 1961 to 100 in 1971. In other words, at the end of 1971 Census,

2JCensus (J & K)178-10 54 their proportion to total working force was of the order of 5.87 %. During the survey of 250 sample households, it was revealed that out of 447 workers in the sample, only one person was engaged in agricultural labour. The agricultural labourers are generally hired on contract basis. They are paid the contracted amount in kind. Their contract wages, after the completion of all operations connected with cultivation fetch them 12 to 30 mds. of paddy. According to the practice in, vogue, females are not hired on contract basis or on daily wages for carrying out agricultural operations. In fact during sowing and harvesting operations fe males of one household lend help to the other on reciprocal basis without payment of any wages in cash or kind. Industry According to 1961 Census, there were 149 persons engaged in manufacturing including household industry, of these, 115 were in household industry and the remaining 34 in manufacturing other than household industry. During the 1961-71 decade, the participation of workers in this particular sector registered some progress with the number going up to 218 persons. Of them 38 were engaged on household industry and 1800n manufacturing' other than household industry. The break-up of workers engaged in industrial sector for the last two censuses is furnished in the following statement : TABLE NO. 21 Workers in household and other manufacturing industries Workers Percen- Category , ______.A. ______-, tage to Year Total Male Female total industrial sector 2 3 4 5 6 (i) Household in- 1961 115 59 56 77.18 dustry 1971 3~ 37 1 17.43 (ij) Manufacturing 1961 34 34 22.82 other than house- 1971 180 180 8257 hold industry TOTAL 1961 149 93 56 100.0U 1971 218 217 1 10 ),00 ------~------55

The participation of workers in household and other manufactur ing industries has gone up from 149 in 1961 to 218 in 1971- an increase of over 46 %. The survey of250 sample households indicated that 16.78 % of total sample workers in the town were engaged in household and manufacturing industries. Of these, 11.19 % workers were solely found in household industry and the rest 5.59 %in manufac turing other than household industry. It was, however, surprising to notice that at the time of survey 11.19 %of total sample working force was engaged in household industry as against 2.23 % recorded at the 1971 Census. Likewise, as against 5.59 %, 10.57 % were found in manufacturing activity. Separate schedules were canvassed during the field survey to study the various categories of manufacturing establishments in the town. It was revealed that in addition to four saw mills, there are a number of small scale household industries. These include printing of garments, basketry, bakery, tailoring, cycle repairing, goldsmithy, ironsmithy, sweet making and weaving of woollen blankets.

TABLE NO. 22. Distribution of categories of manufacturing establisbments

------Workshops Household Category industry .-____.A.. ___--. ,-___.A.. __---., Units Workers Units Workers ------2 3 4 5 (i) Bandsaw mills 4 19 (ii) Printing of garments 1 2 (iii) Cycle repairing 1 2 (iv) Bakery - 2 6 (v) Sweets 2 TOTAL 4 19 5 12 Details regarding the unitwise volume and value of produc tion, working capital, profits and number of skilled and unskilled ' workers engaged are given in the _statement : 56 r '0.., r-- N (") N ..,~ I Q ..:.:.... I ::;J ] 0 ~ til ~ '0 I ~ 'J:) '7 ("<) N «) N I :;;: I r:n L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0° 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

bO 0 0 0 0 0 0 <=I 0 0 0 0 § :;;: -; 0 0 .,..,o. 0 8. -< 8 .... <:5 v) ...... 0" v, Z 00 0 .s. N _.. N '" ~ """ ~ u

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rIl .; 0 0 0 Q) 0 0 o. 0 8 q 8 °o. ::l °v) 00" V"l '" IX: ("<) ao OC) .S...... <:5 '" til 05 ::I ~ '" """ ,.Q «) .... N 0

til ,.,i til 0 ::I ..,'" Q) Q) 0 0 0 0 w .. 8 .0 .n .n .0 ...J "'CI ::s ~ ...... ; ~ N °3 °3 ';:; 0 =0; "0 ] > ¢;; ~ .!:: Z f5 0 0 0 0 '"a 0 0 0 ::I 0 o_ '"0 § -< -< v;_ -< c ..{' -.0 v) Z Z Z > '" ..:.: ~ .... 0o : .... c:l ...... CIS :.; 0 0 CIS 0 0 ... c:l 0. .c 0. 0. 0 CIS Z 0 ::s :.; :.; Co :>: CIS ~ 0 til t:: t:: ~ 0- CIS'" CIS 0 .;; ~ Z OJ OJ 0. Z ~ ~ Z ..:.: ~ :>: 0) .;; 0 :E ... til ... ~ .... .~ Q) ::s 0 2 Q) 'S r:n ~ ~ ~ ..:.: c:l ::;J CIS t:t:: 0;:; U en :>: :>: :>: a:I p., t:l OJ <'i

It will be seen that the four saw mills in the town manufacture 28,000 fruit boxes worth Rs. 86,000 and earned an overall profit of Rs. 47,000. After harvesting is over, these units switch over to husking of rice. During the survey, the owners of these saw mills made a general complaint that owing to shortage of raw materials, frequent disruption of power supply and low voltage, they could not work their units to full capacity. Both skilled as well as unskilled workers engaged in manu facturing units and other household industries in the town are employed either on daily wages or on contract basis. The rates of wages differ for different types of activities.

Construction The 1961 Census returned only twelve persons engaged as workers in construction. During the decade 1961-71 the workers engaged in construction increased to 47 persons. It is interesting to note that in both the censuses there were no females engaged in this type of activity.

Trade and Commerce According to 1961 Census, 127 persons, comprising 7.72 % of the total working population of the town were engaged in trade and commerce. Out of them, 120 were males and seven females. During the intercensal period of 1961-71, the com mercial activities in the town recorded steady progress and the percentage of workers engaged in this sector increased to 8.63 %. The survey of 250 households in the town revealed that 8.50% of the total sample workers were engaged in trade and com merce. Both at the latest census anddurinn the survey. no females were reported to be engaged in trade .-:od commerce. The male participation in this particular activity declined from 10.30 %in 1961 to 8.80 %in 1971. However, at the time of survey, 8.94 % males out of toal sample male workers were as so .. ciated with trade and commerce. Out of the trading establishments in the towni the following were sr.Jected for detailed study : 58 r , 12~_ r-- N 10 .- ..c::~.;g ~I I i:$ ~ ~ 1 1 I

~ I~~ ~~ 8 I , M :Sl~n co 12~_ ,. o .- ID <') ..;- -=... I..c=~ !3 N :sro on N N ""~ .,. I'0_ <'I Z l~~ ~ I I 1- <') ID 1"'1 N ("oj ("oj 0 I~ N I~ L

>;... (!) .gl'::: "0 .l'l "0 cO '"0 V"o c: ~ (!) ro .... < :a

Grocery Out ofthe establishments dealing with grocery, six belonging to different grades were covered under the detailed enquiry. Of them, three establishments deal in grocery trade on retail basis and the other three both wholesale and retail basis. The owners of these shops are assisted by eleven paid employees, of whom four are engaged in retail shops and the remaining seven in other shops dealing in both wholesale and retail trade. All these shops are housed in rented premises. A list' of important commodities sold in these establishments is given below

TABLE NO. 25

Grocery articles

From Nam~ ofcc:nm~dity Sale price 1970-71 where obtained

2 3

l. Tea (Kashmiri) Rs. 9.00 to Rs. 10.00 per kg. Sri nagar 2. Common salt Rs. 0.35 to 0.40 per kg. Sri nagar 3. Oil (EJiblc) Rs. 5.00 to 6.00 per kg. Sri nagar -1.. Hor,e fodder R,. 0.70 to 0.75 per kg. Srinagar 5. Walnuts Rs. 1.50 to 2.00 per kg. Suburbs 6. Rice Rs. 5.75 to 6.00 per 5 kg. Suburbs 7. Cloth Rs. 1.50 to 3.50 pcr meter Sopore

S. Poplin cloth Rs. 2.50 (0 5.00 per metcr Srinagar

9. Fruits ; Apples (Maharaii) Rs. 9.00 to 10.00 per box Local & suburhs Apples (DelicJOus) Rs. 18.00 to 25.00 per box Local & suburbs Apples (Ka~ary) Rs. 12.00 to 14.00 per box Local & suburbs \0. Sugar Rs. 4.50 to 5.00 per kg. Srinagar II. Snuff R<; ..:.50 per kg. Sri nagar \ 2. Soap (washing) R<;. 0.60 to 1.50 per-cake Sri nagar

In addition to commodities listed above, a large number of other items ranging from spare parts of kerosene stoves to toiletteries are also sold. 60

The following statement will show the value of transactions conducted in grocery units for the years 1968-69 to 1970-71: TABLE NO. 26 Sale in grocery units (in rupees)

Year Shop I Shop II Shop III Shop IV

1968-69 50,000 45,000 15,000 1969-70 55,000 50,000 25,000 197"·71 30,000 65,000 60,000 45,000

Shop V Shop VI Shop VIr Shop VIII

13,000 95,000 55,000 8,000 18,000 80,000 60,000 12,000 25,000 90,000 70,000 19,000

Opinions canvassed during the survey regarding the difficulties encountered by the local traders in this particular sector showed that they considered freight charges from Srinagar to Bandipore to be ex.orbitant, banking facilities in the town to be inadequate and the local tax levied by the N.A.C. to be excessive.

It was also revealed during the survey that some of the commodities like snuff, wooden sandles, earthen wares etc. have undergone considerable decline in their demand during the past few years. Likewise, the consumption of kerosene oil, sugar, meat and fine cloth has registered manifold increase. There has been increasing demand on toiletteries.

Hotels and Restaurants The boarding and lodging facilities available in the town are quite inadequate. However, truncated facilities are provided by a solitary hotel, two eating houses and eight other restaurants. Most of these are located around Gulshan Chowk while the remaining ar~ found on Bandipore-Sopore road. All of them have grown up after independence particularly after the fire of 1963. A brief account of the individual establishments covered und er the survey is given on next page, 61

Nishat Hotel

Comparatively a small hotel it is the only on~ which Pi"::>' vides both lodging as well as boarding facilities in the town. This hotel was established in 1963 on the northern side of Gulshan Chowk and is housed in a separate, pucca, double storeyed build ing located against the back-drop of a bare mountain slope. Mostly non-vegetarian meals are served here. Cold and alcoholic drinks are not served. The hotel has a separate kitchen and a common dining hall equipped with marble topped tables .t;nd easy chairs. Just opposite the entrance to the hall is a r ~h counter. Near the centre of the hall in a rectangular glass sh .W case varieties of bread and snacks are on display. The weste;n. side of the hall is provided with side-cabins for privacy with a table and four chairs. The hall has its own toilet, separate for gents and ladies. The hall has adequate light. During winter months, it is kept warm with the help of an iron stove. Meals are served throughout the day between 11.30 a. m. and 9 p.m.

The hotel is equipped with ten rooms and each room is furnished with a cot, a table and a chair. In the event of rush of customers, additional cots are supplied in the rooms. On demand, bedding is also supplied. The rent per room for 24 hours is Rs. 3 and for additional cot, one rupee. The rooms are provided with two flush-type latrines and two bathrooms common for all. Food and tea are served in chinaware croc kery while cooking is done in copper and aluminium utensils. The environment of the hotel is clean.

On an average five to six: thousand customers visit the hotel annually. Most of them are sojourners to the town from outside in connection with business, litigation, recreation etc. Charges for a meal vary from Rs. 3 to Rs. 5 depending on the items of menu ordered. Female customers are usually tourists. The average meal consists of a plate of Kashmiri rice and a plate of mutton while the full-set tea consists of butter toast, or some other varie,ties of bread plus a plate of Kashmiri kabab.

2jCensus (J & K)j78-11 62

The owner of the hotel is a .M uslim, migrant from a sur rounding village and the staff under him consists of eight employees, of whom two are locals and the rest migrants from the surrounding villages. The waiters are low paid. The hotel building is rented at Rs. 175 per month.

Eating Houses There are only two eating houses in the t<.wm, Gula Hotel and Azad Hotel; the former is locatd in Gulsha'1 Chowk and the latter near the bus stand. Roth of them are mere shops each with four wooden tables and eight to ten chairs. Both have small ovens on which meals are cooked and have no separate counters. These eating houses are comparatively untidy and unhygienic. Only non-vegetarian meals are served in these units and compara tively the meals are cheaper but inferior in quality and on an average the charge per meal ranges between Rs. 2 to Rs 3. The normal menu consists of Kashmiri rice and mutton.

Labourers and farmers from the surrounding villages who happen to be in the town for some work or other constitute its daily clientele. Drivers and cleaners of government transport and those of the private transport buses who stay in the town for the night, also form their clientele. On an average, some 200 cus tomers are served meals in these two eating houses. The meals are served in china-ware while aluminium and copper utensils are used for cooking purposes. Glass tumblers are used for drinking water. The owner of Gula Hotel is a Kashmiri Muslim hailing from a nearby village. Besides himself, he has engaged one cook and one waiter on fixed monthly wages. The other eating house Azad Hotel-is run by a local Muslim. He ha~ employed one cook and two waiters and all oftham belong to nearby villages.

Both these eating units are provided with electricity. During summer months eating units are swarmed with flies. These eating houses remain closed during the severe winter spell. 63

Tea Stalls There are eight stalls most of which are located around Gulshan Chowk. Of thes3 stalls, only three were covered under survey and their brief particulars are discussed here.

1. Pamposh Hotel This restaurant was started in 1966 and is located in the Gulshan Chowk area. It is housed in a part of pucca building acquired on an annual rent of Rs. 540. It is owned by a Kashmiri Muslim who hails from village Wanagam. It is supplied with el~ctricity. All cooking is done in a part of a spacious room, Only tea and snacks are served in the stall, which is furnished with sub-standard tables, chairs and bellch~s. The stall is not provided with a toilet and the general sanitary condition is unsatisfactory,

On an average, about 75 persons take tea daily in this stall. Seventy-five per cent of the clientele is comprised of rural customers who happ~n to b~ in the town in connection with business of their own. The charges, on an average, come to 75 paise which includes a cup of tea and a puff or a piece of cake. Cold drinks like cocacoia, orange juice, soda, lemonade etc. art) not served.

The catering staff consists of one cook and two waiters. One of the waiters is put on cleaning of crockery and other uten sils. The stall remains closed on Sundays.

During 1966-71, about 70,000 customers are reported to have taken tea from the stall. Sevtmty percent of the clientele belonged to the hint~rland. Te':l. in the stall is served daily between 6.30 a.m. and 5.30. p.m.

2. Popular Tea House This stall was opened in 1963 by a Muslim from village Kharapora. The stall is situated in the Chowk area near the bus stand. It is housed in a pJ.rt ofpucca building which consists of 64 a spacious room. The stan is provided with sub-standa.rd wooden tables and chairs. While china crockery is used for serving tea, the aluminium and brass utensils are used for preparing the tea.

On an average, about 100 persons visit the stall to relish tea and snacks. About 70 % 0 f the daily customers are commuters from the surrounding villages and the rest of the clientele com prise drivers, cleaners and town-dwellers. On an average, the charge per tea ranges between 50 paise and Rs. 1.50 depending on the variety of bread ordered.

The catering staff has one cook and one waiter on it, both are paid fixed wages of Rs. 30 per month.

3. New Hind Sweets This is the most modern of all the tea stalls in the town. It was started in 1969 andislocatedin Gulshan Chowk towards its southern side. It is housed in a new pucca building in which the commodious room where tea and sweets are served is painted and furnished with standard wooden furniturc. Three-fourth of the front portion of the stall is occupied with a glass show-case in which different varieties of sweets and salted items are put on display.

This is perhaps the only tea stall which is fitted with a fan and its sanitary condition is comparatively more satisfactory. The stall remains open all the days in a week between 6.30 a.m. and 9.00 p.m. On an average, about 150 customers visit the stall for tea and sweets, and majority of the clientele are comprised of commuters, tourists and B.S.F. personnel. It is estimated that during 1969-71, about 28,000 customers visited the stall. During tourist season, the stall is invariably crowded with visitors. The average charge per tea consisting of a cup of tea plus a plate of 2 samosas comes to 65 paise. The rates of sweets are comparati vely dearer than those prevailing in Sri nagar or Sopore.

The owner of the stall is a local Brahmin of Zutshi caste. He is an educated person and has engaged besides himself, two 65 employees-a cook and a waiter. The owner is said to have star tod the stall with a working capital of Rs. 4,000. His averag~ profit per year is about Rs. 2,000. No soft drinks and liquors are served in the stan.

Transport and Communication At the 1961 Census, 53 persons-52 males and one female were engaged as workers in transport, storage and communica tions. During the last one decade, the number of persons engaged in this flarticular activity increased to 111 persons, thereby recording an increase of over 109 %. This shows that during the last ten years the transport and communication faci lities in the town have made a remarkable progress.

As already stated, three important routes pass through the town. These are Bandipore-Srinagar road, Bandipore Sopore road and Bandipore-Gurez road. Bandipore-Srinagar road, about 56 kms. in length, connects the town with Srinagar city. The width of this road is different at different places. Up to Saffa Pora, about 20 kms. from the town, the road is hilly and at places so narrow that the two buses can hardly cross through. Beyond Saffa Pora, the road is straight with few curves upto Srinagar. Bandipore-Sopore road connecting Bandipore with Sopore townis about 31 kms. in length. This road, black topped all through, is about eight metres in width and runs in a circui tous way upto Watlab and thence straight upto Sopore itself. Similarly, Bandipore-Gurez road, one of the highest roads in India, connects the town with Gurez valley and is about 63 kms. in length. This road upto village Bonakote, about five kms. from the town is metalled. Beyond this point, th~ road is kutcha, craggy and slowly gains in height till it reaches Rajdhani pass (4, [17.5 metres). Beyond this pass, the road again decends slow ly till it reaches Gurez valley. Because of heavy snow-fall this road is operative for six months between May and October only.

There are other ancillary roads-all metalled-which connect various mohallas of the town and link adjoining villages 66

and forests with Bandipore. One ancillary road branches off from the Bandipore-Srinagar road at Nassu and runs south wardly to link Lankrishipora with the rest of town. One more ancillary road also leaves the_ main road at Nassu and runs paral lel to the main road upto the Gulshan Chowk along the elevated land, about two kms. in length where it slopes down to meet the main road. Another ancillary road leaves the upper link road near P&T office to connect the town with village Erin and ad joining forests. This road is mainly used for transportation of timber, fire-wood and other forest products.

The width of the main road passing through the town is over eight metres and the portion that passes through Bandipore planned area is lined on both sides by a foot-path about two met res in width. The width of side lanes passing through the in terior of the town particularly through Bandipore planned area IS about five metres.

Before independence, the means of transport were poor and undeveloped and there was no regular bus service either coming from or leaving the town for any part of the valley. Occasionally depending on the availability of passengers, a bus would come to the town from Sri nagar. The water-way which connects the town via Wular lake and river lhelum with Srinagar and towns of Sopore and Baramula was the main transport link. Passengers from Sri nagar and other places would commute to the town through boats and entire trade of the town was carried in doongas and "khachus". With the development of land trans port, the water route has gone into the background.

Transport within the town and with adjoining villages is carried on by tongas, bicycles and load carriers both animal and man-driven. By 1971-72 the Local Body had registered 200 bicycl es, 31 tongas, and eight animal driven load carriers. The N.A.C. charges licence fee of Rs. 1.25 per annum for a bicycle, Rs.15.00 per tonga, Rs. 12.00 per animal driven raida and Rs. 10.00 for ma:1 pulled raida. Taxis plying in the town are exempted from any 67

licence fee. It deserves to be mentioned here that though the taxis in the town are fitted with fare meters, they invariably charge flat rates depending on convenience of time and exigency. There is no petrol pump in the town or nearby. The buses, taxis and private vehicles fetch petrol either from Sorore or Srinagar.

Bus Service The statement giving the particulars of bus routes, length, number of buses plying and their frequency is given in appendix II. The table shows that a fleet of 18 buses ply on various routes emanating from the tOWI1 of which Bandipore-Srinagar route claims the bulk. Frequency of maximum trips is fe-ported on Bandipore-Sop0l'e route.

Both government and private transport buses ply on various route'; passing through the town while Bandipore-Gurez road, operative seasonally, is the only route, on which one-ton vehicles belonging to Government Transport Undertaking ply. During 1971-72, the Government Transport Undertaking with an effective fleet of six to seven buses catered to passenger traffic from and to the town is estimated to have con.sisted of one lakh pa<;sengers. The Kashmir Transport Association, the other main transport undertaking in the private sector, with an effective strength of t".velv~ buses carriGd passengers numbering!. 51akhs from and to the town. Owing to the fact that large number of perS011S from the hinterlalld commute to the town daily in COl1- n'xtion with litigation, marketing, entertainment and study, the buses are inv:ll'iably overcrowde'i between 7 to 10 a.m. and 3 to 4 p.m. During mid-day, the crowding is little. Large number of persons from the nearest villages commute to the town by tongas, bicycle, and taxis.

Bandipor.:-Sopore l'O'.ltc is served by maximum numher of frequency of running of 15 bu<;es. Bandipore-Srinagar road con necting the town with Srinrrgar city registers a frequency of fun ing of twelve buses of which three only belong to Government 68

Transport Undertaking. On Bandipore-Gurez road only two buses of Government Transport Undertaking ply one way during the operative season. Foodgrains for government ration depots are imported into the town by government transport trucks. These rations are stored in the godowns in the town. The rations for Gurez are despatched there through ponies. Other commodities like grocery goods, cloth, cosmetics, foot-wear etc. are imported into the town from Srinagar and Sopore through private trucks. Items of export which include water chest nuts, fruits, milk, ghee, kangris (fire pots), woollen blankets (chaddries), basketry goods, timber, fire-wood, fish, minor forest products and fruit boxes are exported to Srinagar, Sopore and other places through buses, private trucks and barges. Communications - The communication facilities in the town are provided by Post & Telegraph office, located on the upper link road in Bandi pore mohalla. This office directly under the control of Head Post Office in Sri nagar has been serving the town and its hinter land since 1911. This office also provides telephone facilities to the inhabitants in and outside the town. During 1970-71, the office handled 1,322 incoming and 1,207 outgoing telegrams. During the same period, the office received 3,080 money orders amounting to Rs. 155,390 and issued 3,680 money orders for Rs. 3,15,340. The number of radio licenses issued during 1970-71 was of the order of 150, of which 145 valued at Rs. 2,170 were for domestic purposes and the rest amounting to Rs. 250 were for commercial establishments.

A public call office set up in the P&T office, has been functioning since 1970-71. The office is also equipped with an automatic exchange. Calls can be dialled directly to Srinagar. In 1970-71, there were 40 telephone connections in the town and revenue to the tune of Rs. 20,000 had been realised during the said period. In addition to this, trunk calls worth Rs. 1,500 had also been handled during the said year. 69

The sale of various postal stationery articles and stamps is substantial. This is evident from the following statement:

TABLE NO. 27 Sale of postal stationery-1970-71

Type of postal Sale Number stationery proceeds sold 2 3 Post cards .. 4,000.00 N.A. I nland covers 65,000.00 N.A. Envelops 60,030.00 N.A. Stamps 95,37l.00 N.A. N.A.-Not available.

Employment in other services In 1961 Census, 314 persons constituting 19.09% of the total working population of the town were found as workers in "other services" sector. Of them, 300 were males and 14 females. During the decade 1961-71, the number of those employed in other services increased to 337, of whom 305 were males and 32 females. This shows that whereas overall per centage of workers in this particular sector has during the last one decade remained more or less at par, the male participation rate has declined from 25.75 % in 1961 to l8.26~;'; in 1971. It is, however, interesting to note that female participation during the corresponding period has made substantial progress having gone up from 2.92 % in 1961 to 96.97 % in 1971. The survey ()f 250 household~ in the town revealed that 23.27 % of the total sample workers were engaged in other services. The male and female participation rates were of the order of 23.53 % and 18.18 ~~ respectively.

Establishments According to the table E-I appended to the report, the total number of establishments in the town as per 1971 Census stood at 323. These included manufacturing, processing, trade and other establishments. Out of total establishments,

2/Census (J & K)j78-12 70 those coming under manufacturing, processing or servlcmg numbered 90, of which as many as 65 were unregistered work sheds and 25 household industries. No establishment was returned as a registered factory. Similarly out of 182 business establishments, 160 were dealing with retail trade, six on whole sale basis and remaining 16 were categorised as 'others'. From 51 other establishments, only five were connected with education and two with catering of public health facilities. The remainin g 44 were categorised as 'others'. It is interesting to note that barring one establishment which is in the government sector, the remaining 64 manufac turing, processing or servicing units in the town are reported to be in the private sector. Likewise, amongst the 182 business establishments, only one is found in the government sector. Those in the co-operative sector number three. 80 % of all the educational institutions in the town are being run by the govern ment. All the public and health establishments in the town are in the government sector. Amongst the establishments categorised as 'others', 30 are reported in the government sector, and remaining 14 in the private sector. The following statement gives the distribution of 100 establishments by three broad types in Bandipore town and Baramula district as a whole :

TABLE NO. 28

Distribution of establishments by three broad types

Town/District Total No. Manufac- Trade and Others of establish turing, commerce ments processing, etc. repairs or servicing etc. 2 Bandipore town 100 28 56 16 Baramula district 100 34 46 20 71

Evidently the proportion of establishments engaged in trade and commerce is higher in the town as compared to the corres ponding figure obtained in the district as a whole. Baramula district however, has an edge over the town in the matter of establishments dealing with manufacturing, processing or ser vicing. The lower proportion of manufacturing, processing or servicing units in the town can be explained from the fact that most of the industries in large or small sectors are con centrated in the towns of Sopore and Baramula. Bandipore town on the other hand is largely a servicing station catering to the needs of hinter-land, particularly that of Gurez valley.

Registered factories and uaregistered workshops The following statement gives the number of registered factories, unregistered workshops and household industries located in Bandipore town and Baramula district :

TABLE NO. 29

Dispersal of registered factories. unregistered workshops and household industries in the town and the district as a whole

Town/District Registered Unregistered Household factories workshops industries

1 2 3 4

Bandipore town 65 25 Baramula district 37 1,830 3,179

Out of 37 registered factories in the district, none is reported to be located in the town. So far as unregistered workshops are concerned, only 3.43 % of them are found in the town as against 96.57% reported from the district as a whole. Likewise hardly one percent of all the household industries in the district are reported to be located in the town. 72

Registered factories and unregistered workshops classified by size of employment

The distribution of manufacturing, processing or servicing establishments other than household industries classified by registered factories, unregistered workshops and size of employ ment is reflected in the subjoined statement:

TABLE NO. 30

No. of factories and workshops other than household industries by size of employment

2-4 5-9 10-19 Registered Total One persons per;;on~ persons factories! person unregistered workshops r----"----. ,-.A.., ,---"--, r---"--~ ,-----"--, Units Per- Units Units Per- Units Per- Units Per- sons sons sons sons emp- emp- emp- emp- loyed loyed Joyed loyed

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Registered factories

Unregistered 65 124 28 34 80 3 16 workshops 73

The figures reveal that preponderance of such unregistered workshops as engage on an average 2-4 persons and these units employ in all, over 64 % of all the persJns engaged in the un registered workshops. The number of units in the employment size of 5-9 persons stand at the bottom. There are no unit> available in the town in the employment range of 10-19 persons or beyond.

Type of fuel or power used in registered factories and unregis tered workshops The distribution of manufacturing, processing or servicing establishments other than household industry classified by type of fuel/power or manual used is furnished in the following statement: TABLE NO. 31 Distribution of registered factories and unregistered workshops by fuel/power or manual used ._-----_. Kind of fuel/power used No.of No. of units persons employed 2 3 TOTAL .. 65 124 1. All fuel/power 22 47 (i) Electricity 4 16 (ii) Liquid fuel 7 7 (iii) Coal, wood & bagasse 11 24 II. Manual 43 77 Thereare no registered factories in the town. Of the total unregistered workshops 66.15 % are being run mamIally. Higher incidence of units not using fuel or power is owing to the preponderance of industries engaged in the manufacture of food products like bakery, wooden products, repair of bicycles etc. Of the units using fuel or power, 50 % are reported to use coal, wood or bagasse, 31.82 % use liquid fuel and the remaining 18.18 % are found to use electricity. 74

Distribution of household industry classified by fuel/power or manually used

The following statement gives the distribution of household industry establishments classified by fuel/power or manually used:

TABLE NO. 32

Distribution of household industry by type of fuel or power used

Kind of fuel or power used No. of No. of units persons employed 2 3 TOTAL 25 38 L All fuel/power 11 12 (i) Electricity (ii) Liquid fuel 11 12 (iii) Coal, wood or bagasse II. Manual 14 26

Majority of the household establishments in the town (56 %) are reported to being run manually. These include units engaged in the manufacture of woollen blankets, printing of woollen garments, silver ornaments, weaving of baskets and sifts etc.

None of the household industries is reported to be using electricity, coal, wood or bagasse. 44% of household units in the town are however, reported to be using liquid fuel.

Distribution of trade/commercial establishments classified by type of business or trade and persons employed

The distribution of trade and commercial establishments classified by major groups and persons employed is given in the subjoined statement • 75

TABLE NO. 33 Distribution of trade and commercial establishments by major groups and persons employed

Major Type No. of No. (If group trade/ persons commercial employed establishments 2 3 4 60 Wholesale trade in food, textiles, live animals, beverages & intoxicants .. 6 12 65 Retail trade in food and food articles beverages, Tabacco & intoxicants 107 139 66 Retail trade in textiles 23 33 67 Retail trade in fuel and other household utili- ties & durables .. 20 22 68 Retail trade in others 10 12 69 R\)staurants and hotels 14 34 80 Banking and similar type of financial institutions 2 7 TOTAL 182 259

The above figures reveal that the total number of trade and commercial establishments returned at the 1971 Census stood at 182 which in all employed 259 persons. Majority of these establishments (58.79 %) belonging to major group 65 are reported to be dealing with retail trade in food and food articles, tabacco etc. These are followed by establishments dealing in the retail trade in textiles. It merits mention that over 87 %of all the trade and commercial establishments in the town deal in retail trade. The wholesale esta91ishments exclusively deal in food products, textiles, live animals and intoxicants.

Over 7~;'; of the commercial establishments in the town represent restaurants and hotels. Only 1.10% of these establishments are reported to be engaged in banking and other similar type of financial transactions. 76

Distribution of establisbments (otber than manufacturing, pro cessing or servicing or business or trade establishments) by size of employment

The distribution of establishments other than manufac turing, processing or servicing or business and trade establish ments by size of empluyment is reflected in the subjoined statement:

TABLE NO. 34 Distribution of establishments other than manufacturing, processing or servlcmg or commercial establishments by size of employment

Major Type No. of No. of group establish- persons ments employed 2 3 4 06 Fishing .. 3 74 Storage and warehousing 2 5 75 Communic:1tions 2 13 90 Community, social and personal services. public administration and defence services 25 138 92 Education, Scientific and research services 5 44 9.1 Medical :ll1d health services 2 17 94 Community services 5 6 96 Personal ~ervices 7 10 99 Services not elsewhere classified 2 4 TonL 51 240 About half-of-the establishments other than manufacturing, processing, or commercial establishments returned in the town represent community, social and personal services and public administration and employ 57.5 %persons. 9.8 % establishments are used as education, scientific and research insti tutions. Hardly 4 /~ establishments in the town cater to medical and health services. CHAPTER V

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION

Demographic Characteristics

The demographic characteristics thrown up by the survey as well as 1971 Census data are discussed under the following selected sub-heads:

(i) Distribution of population by Age, Sex and Marital status;

The table given in the appendix furnishes the data on age and marital status of the population of Bandipore. Further classification of "currently married women" with reference to religion, present age, education, duration of marriage and age at marriage as also the details of births which occurred during the previous one year, are given in the F-series of tables at appendix.

The 1971 Census has returned the population of the town at 6,201 persons, consisting of 3,311 males and 2,890 females. This gives a sex ratio of 873 females per 1,000 males which is slightly less than the ratio of 878 females per 1,000 males returned for the state as a whole. This shows that in Bandipore town there is preponderance of males over females.

The following statement gives the distribution of popula tion by age, sex and marital status as per survey data;

2/Census (.1 & K)/78-13 78

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The t'lble reveals that out of 1,660 persons covered under the survey, 936 or 56.39 % are unmarried. The rest are married, widowed or divorced. Upto the age of 14, all males and females, together constituting the bulk (43.13~~) of the sample population are unmarried except two males and fvu; females in the age group 10-14. The percentage of married women is higher than that of males in the age-group of 15-34 whereas reverse is the case in the age-group of 35-49 and 50 and above. One of the factors attrib u ted for proportionately higher married women population in the age-group 15 and above is that the rate of immigration of women into the town is higher than that of outmigration. Out of 643 marriel persons, comprising 38.73 % of the sample population, 319 are males and 324 are females. The average age of marriage in case of males, it appears, is 20-24 and in case of females 15-19 but in these age-groups, the bulk do not get married. There are, in all, 76 widowed persons in the town, of which 31 are males and 45 females. The lowest age-group in which a male has become widowed is 25-29 and in case of females, the corresponding age-group is 30-34. It is interesting to note that widowed females outnumber widowed males. Two factors can be attributed to explain this phenomenon. One is that the husband is very often older than the wife and normally the chances of his surviving his wife are less. Secondly, the possibility of getting remarried is greater in case of widowed males than females. The fact that out of 1,660 persons, only four are divorced three males and one female shows that the frequency of divorce in Bandipore town is comparatively low. (ii) Distribution of popUlation by Age, Sex and Education : According to 1971 Census, Bandipore town returned a literacy percentage of 20.67% (30.14% for males and 9.83% for females) against 13.08 % in 1961. This shows that the town has recorded noticeable progress, over 58 %in the field of literacy. Sex-wise the achievements are even more spectacular, the literacy 80 amongst the males having increased by 52.00 /'~ and among females by 84.43 %. The literacy figures of the town compare favourably with that returned for the tehsil as well as district as a whole (14.24% and 13.16%). However, compared to the urban complex of the district which together returned a literacy percentage of 30.50%, Bandipore town appears to be backward in the educational field. Despite the progress achieved during the 1961-71 decade, the town ranks at the bottom in literacy amongst all the urban areas of the State with the exception of Kukarnag, Pahalgam and Pampore. The following statement gives the distribution of sample popn lation by age, sex and educational level :

TABLE NO. 36

[)isttibution of sample population by age, sex & educational level

Age-group Total Educationallevel-Contd. population c--~---:",------...A.----... ----- ill i- Literate Primary terate without educational level ,-__...___A_ __ , ,-__ • .A..----, ,-__ .A._, ,--..A.._, P M F M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All ages 1660 904 756 614 646 121 61 0-4 192 97 95 97 95 5-9 285 156 129 119 101 37 28 10-14 245 136 109 54 71 53 28 15-19 149 84 65 38 43 3 1 20-24 117 73 44 37 38 5 25-34 241 123 118 88 109 9 35-49 261 143 118 109 112 6 2 50+ 170 92 78 72 77 8 1

P=Person M=Male F=Female BANDIPORE TOWN MOHALLA WISE LITERACY

• LITERATES

ILLITERATES z o I oct ..J :::l a. o D. ..J ~ !" 8 o z I- o III It ~ I/) '"Q. III I IL « o a III I J 10.o ~'" ~ Z III Ua III Q.

0 LIJ W LIJ III

TABLE NO. 36-Concld. ------Age-group Edueationallcvel

------~-~-----, Middle Matrie Gra- Post- Teeh- duate graduate nical degree

r---_A._-~ r--...A-~ r-..A..-~ .-_.A---, r--..A..~ M F M F M F M F M F

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

All ages 128 36 33 9 4 2 2 0-4 5-9 10-14 29 10 15-19 34 17 9 4 20-24 18 3 11 3 2 25-34 13 3 10 2 2 35-19 22 3 3 <0+ 12

It will be seen from the table that out of a sample population of 1,660 persons, only 400 or 24.1 % are literate. Further classification of sample literate population by age, sex and educational status reveals that majority of literate persons is claimed by the primary level. Only ten persons (seven males and three females) are literate upto and beyond graduate level. It will be seen that beyond the age of 15, there is an overwhelming majority of illiterates particularly amongst female~.

The survey indicates that out of 290 male and 110 female literates only 33 males and nine females have crossed the level of matriculation and only seven males and three females have completed post-matric education. This is owing to the fact that the facilities for post-matric education are not available in the town. 82

(iii) Distribution of population by Age at Marriage and Trends. The subjoined statement gives the distribution of sample population by age at marriage:

TABLE NO. 37

Distributioll of population by age at marriage

Total population Age at Marriage r------A_------~ Persons Males Females

2 3 4

All ages .• 724 354 370 Less than 13 56 13 43 13-17 .• 256 75 181 18-22 238 127 111 23-27 .. 114 90 24 28+ 60 49 11

It will be seen from the table that majority of the persons in the sample got married in the age of 13-17 years. Amongst the males, however, the majority of the married is claimed by the age-group 18-22. Beyond this age-group there is down ward trend in their age at marriage. Majority of females was married at" ages between 13-17 years. Among females the age at marriage shows downward trend beyond the age of 17.

It is thus evident that in Bandipore town, the age at marri age is fairly low. How far the spread of education has brought about an impact on marriage age will be refl.ected from the following statement: 83

r M 0'1 ; l~ - I + ~ V) ~ 00 N ~ 1 N I::E 1 l - 1 I N N r~ - - I ,.... 1 - I N ~ 0'1 N r:, 0 '0 '0 \C .... I N I l::E - ., I 01) I N M V 01 0 "C I 0'1 , I ~ .....l .0 1 QQ = 1 ~ ~ r ~ tr\ -v N .( ~ I ..r:: 0:1 I f-< 01 :; I :; ~ ~ 0. ~~ I ::E 0 v N CI. l.....l L ..... L 0

0: N .g H) ..... 0'1 0'1 ~ r~ M ..". (;j M ..0'" I "S -0 ~ f-< '

'""'- .... -;9 ::l -0 ::Ea: 0 r: ..r::- Q) C 0:1 II II (;j .... 01 ;> Q) .~ .- c ;> r: ::E~ c ~ tl:o ~ 'CU .:2 .:2 u Q,)"';:: ;>, "5 -0:1 ... u :> "'::l

It will be seen that among literate marrieds upto the level of middle standa.rd there is no change in the marriage pattern as reflected in the above table. It is only amongst matriculates and above that slightly upward trend in the age of marriage pattern comes to our notice. The following statement gives the distribution of currently married women and related births during the last year by duration of marriage and age at marriage: TABLE NO. 39 Distribution of currently married women and related births during the last year by duration of marriage and age at marriage

Age at marriage ,~ ______.A.. ______. _____-. Marriage duration Less than 13-17 18-22 23-27 28+ (years) 13 years ,-~.A.._-. r--.A...--.. r--.A..--.. r-_.A.._, ,-_.A.._, MW B MW B MW B MW B MW B

~ ______. __ 2 __ 3___ 4 __5___ 6 7 8 9 10 11

All duration 40 3 889 121 308 41 22 3 2 o 1 11 8 1-4 8 109 17 75 12 12 3 5-9 1 134 26 62 13 3 1 10-14 9 179 34 53 12 4 15-19 7 136 25 30 4 20-24 4 129 14 29 25-29 2 81 5 26 30+ 8 110 25 3 MW=Married women. B=Births. The table reveals that out of currently married women, majority 245 or 9.43 % was married between 10-14 years ago and resulted in all 47 births. All the 20 marriages that took place less than one year ago, none resulted any birth. Likewise, none amongst, 147 females married of over 30 years ago gave birth to any child. The following statement gives the distribution of currently married women and related births during last year by edu cation, duration of marriage and age at marriage. 85

(+ (Il< 0 '" 1 '"" 00 ..;- 00 00 ..;- M I'" 1~ ..;- 0 N I ..... '"" '", I ...." ..( c I~

I I I i I I 00 <'l I I I I I I I I I-

I I I I

"I" I "T I

N 1-"'"

M Z,)()~l'r)- '" 0 ~ ~ N C U Z

N N N N "T I c "E 0 Of, ~ M - '" 00 N '" - ~ N -:;, ("'~ I./') ('1 - '.0 _f"i", N-- ("'1 ::;:" \0 M ("I M I I ~

OJ> CI.)

It will be seen from the table that out of 1,261 Illarried women, 1,164 are illiterate and from the remaining 9,760 are literate upto matriculation and. the rest matriculation and above. Amongst illiterate females, majority was married in the duration group of 10-14 years and resulted in maximum number of births. Amongst the illiterates there is comparatively greater incidence of early marriages. Widow marriage The following statement furnishes the data in respect of widowed persons of the town: TABLE NO. 41 . Particulars of widowed persons and widow marriages Total marriages !'lumber of widowed Number of persons who persons remarried ,---_--.A..._~ __I r------~----~ r-.----_A...__----~~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 724 354 370 98 50 48 22 19 3 It will be seen that out of 98 widowed persons, only 22 or 22.43 % remarried. This leads us to infer that incidence of widow marriages in the town is comparatively low. Further, unlike widowed males, the incidence of widow marriages amongst widowed females is less pronounced. Against 38 % male widow marriages, only 6.25 % widowed female~ remarried. Divorce and remarriages The subjoined statement gives the position of divorce and incidence of remarriage by sex: TABLE NO. 42 Divorce and incidence of remarriage by sex ------Total sample m'lrriages No. of divorced persons No. of divorced remarried r-----""'----~ r- ,--____ .-...A.... ____ -..,. --_J....._--1 Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 724 354 370 18 15 3 14 12 2 Only eighteen of the total sample marriages reported to have ended in divorce. Over 77 %of divorcees resorted to remarriage. It is worth mentioning that the incidence of remarriages amongst male divorcees is much more pronounced (80 %) than female divorcees (66.67 %). 88

Marital status and educational score

The following statement provides educational score by marital status:

TABLE NO. 43

Marital status and educational score

Marital status Educational level • ______A.______,

JIliterate Literate Primary Middle Matric Educational without and above score educational level .r.A..---o ,--A...) r-..A...1 r--_-A..._--....-, M F M F M F P M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Never married 354 291 1 94 55 83 33 18 7 0.64 0.74 0,45

Married 231 309 - 25 6 41 3 22 5 0.36 0.62 0.12 Widowed 27 45 - 2 2 0.10 0.25

Divorced 2 1 - 0.50 0.66 Separated 2.00 2.00

------~~---.------TOTAL 614 646 1 1 121 61 128 36 40 12 0.51 0.68 0.30

The table shows that 1,660 persons in the sample have together returned an educational score of 0.51 and that for males and females, the score stands at 0.68 and 0.30 respectively. Un marrieds, constituting 38.86 % of the sample popUlation have returned the highest educational score. 89

Non-enrolment in school A statement providing data for non-enrolment of children bj age, sex and reason is furnished below:

TABLE NO. 44

Non-enrolment of children by age, sex and reason

Age Non-enrolment (years) r------...... ---.----____, Males Females r------"-----, r------"----__, Total Poverty No Depen- Poverty House-hold Depen- number of interest dents, duty dents, school disabled, religious going mental taboo, children weakness disabled, no inte- ,-_.A._, rest etc. M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 31 22 31 22 6 38 3S 20 6 5 24 1 7 23 20 18 8 3 8 36 30 21 3 4 17 2 2 9 28 22 18 13 3 1 10 32 27 11 2 19 2 11 23 16 8 9 1 1 12 38 27 12 16 2 13 16 18 2 2 8 5 14 27 21 10 13 2

TOTAL 292 238 120 15 43 127 13 35

Out of 530 sample children in the age-group of 5-14, 353 or 66.60 % were not at all enrolled in the schools. 60.96 % of the sample male children and 73.53 % of female children never attended school. 90

Discontinuation of study The following statement gives the particulars in respect of children who discontinued study after attendance:

TABLE NO. 45

Discontinuation of study by age, sex and reason

Discontinuation of study • ______.A. ______:______, Age Total (yrs) number Males Females r-_____.A. ______, r--.A.-___, r-----_-.A.--~-___, M F Reason Reason Reason Reason Reason Reason I II III I II III Poverty to aug- No Poverty House- Weak, ment interest hold religious family duty taboo income etc. -_---_-----_------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

5 31 22 6 38 35 7 23 20 8 36 30 9 28 22 2 10 32 27 11 23 16 12 38 27 13 16 18 14 27 21 1

292 238 4 2 2 2 2

The table shows that out of sample children in the age-group of 5-14 only 2.26% discontinued study for various reasons. Incidence of discontinuation of study amongst female children was less pronounced than male children. It is worth mention ing that majority among the male children discontinued study for economic reasons. Reverse is the case in respect of female children. Majority of them discontinued study for such reasons as weak health, religious taboo and household duty. CHAPTER VI MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES To measure the quantum of migration and settlement of families in the town, we may make use of the particulars collected at the 1971 Census supplemented by the data collected by canvassing 250 household schedule~ on sample basis. Census statistics (i) Num'Jer of males and females born in places outside the town. The following statement gives the population of the town classified by place of birth: TABLE NO. 46 Place of birth

Rural/ Number of persons Birth place Urbani r--~~~--_,A_-----.'1 Unc1assi- Persons Males Females fied 2 3 4 5

Total population 6,201 3,311 2,8 0 0 A. Born in India R 462 158 304 U 5,716 3,145 2,571 Unclassified 1 1 L Within the State of enumeration R 413 113 300 U 5,674 3,126 2,548

(~) Born in place of enumeration R U 5,458 3,032 2,426 (n) Born elsewhere in the district R 391 99 292 of enumeration U 95 40 55 (c) Born in other districts of the R 22 14 8 State U 121 54 67

[I. States in India beyond the State R 49 45 4 of enumeration U 42 19 23 Unclassifieu

B. Born in other countries 11 3 8 C. Unclassifiable 11 5 6 92

The table shows that out of the total population of 6,201 petsons returned at the 1971 Census, 5,458 consisting of 3,032 males and 2,426 females were born within the town. The remaining 743 persons, 279 males and 464 females, were born outside the town. Out of the persons born outside the town, 486 were those born within the district of enumeration, while of the re maining, 143 were born in other districts of the State. Ninety two were born in other states of India. Eleven persons were those who could not give their place of birth. The above figures indicate that during the 1961-71 decade, the town has not recorded a significant rate of mobility. (ii) Migrants classified by place of laSI residence and duratioll of residence ill place of enumeration. The following statement furnishes the data in respect of migrants classified by place of last residence and duration of stay in the town :

TABLE NO.47

Migrants classified by place of last residence

Total DUration of stay in place of enumeration Last residence migrants ~~------~------~ Less 1·4 5·9 10-19 20 + Period than years years years years not 1 year stated r-A...... ,-.A.... ,-.A...... r-A-., r-A --., r-~-. r-.A..-. M F M F M F MFMF M F MF 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1. Elsewhele in the district ot enume· ration 146 352 22 23 37 67205625 8634112 8 8 2. In other districts of the Sta te of enumeration 74 76 19 13 26 26 7 5 9 11 12 20 1 1 3. In States beyond the StOlte of enumeration 64 28 24 18 28 3 6 5 4 1 1 1 1 4. In other countries outside lndia .. 2 8 I 3- 2 2 2 .- S. Unclassifiable .. S 6 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 _------_ - ---- _. -----_. Total .. 291 470 67 57 92 99 33 68 40 101 48 134 11 11 93

Out of 761 persons, 498 (146 males and 352 females) had their last residence elsewhere in the district of enumeration. From the remaining 263 persaninons, 150 (74 males and 76 fe males) had their last residence in other districts of the State, 92 (64 males and 28 females) in other States of India and ten (two males and eight females) in other countries. In respect of eleven persons, the last residence was not known. (iii) Workers and non-workers according to main activity cla'isified hy place of last residence. The following statement gives the migrant workers and non-workers by place of last residence TABLE NO. 48 Migrants classified by workers and non-workers Tot:!1 migrants Workers Non-workers ,.._ __.A. __-, Las t residence r---~-_....A.. ------~ r-~--....A...--~ p M F P M F P M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total 761 291 470 237 226 11 524 65 459 1. Elsewhere in the district of enumeration 498 146 352 122 115 7 376 31 345 2. Other districts of the State 150 74 76 56 52 4 9·1 22 72 3. In States beyond the State of cnui11~riltion 92 64 28 53 53 39 11 28 4. In ot her countries 10 2 8 2 2 8 8 5. Unclassifiable II 5 6 4 4 7 6 Of the total migrants of 761 persons whose last residence was outside the town, 237 were workers and the remaining 524 non-workers. This shows that the rate of participation in economic pursuits among the migrants stood at 31.14% which is comparatively much better than 27.46 % returned for the town as a whole. The table reveals that work participation rate in case of 498 migrants whose last residence was elsewhere in the district of enumeration was comparatively low (24.5 %). The work participation rates among the migrants who have their last residence outside the town can better be appre ciated if they are examined in relation with their main acti vities. This is reflected in the followin;; statement :

2jCensus J & t~/78-15 94

-·n

...... ' , > § g c:: U.!::,;? Vl -

co N r') N

N N 95

Among the 761 migrants classified by their last residence 237 are workers. Of them, 114 are found engaged in other services, 32 in trade and commerce, and 28 in cultivation. This shows that majority of the migrants are found in other services, followed by those engaged in trade and commerce.

The further distribution of the main activities of the migrant workers classified by place of last residence into indus trial sectors is given in the following statement :

TABLE NO. 50

Migrants classified by industria I sectors

L:lst residence Primary Secondary Tertiary sector sector sector

2 3 4 ------. Total .. 52 (21.9) 31 (13.1) 154 (65.0) 1. Elsewhere in the district of enumeration 43 (35.2) 25 (20.5) 54 (44.3) 2. Other districts of the State 9 (16.1) 6. (l0.7) 41 (73.2) 3. States in India beyond the State of enumeration 53 (100.0) 4. Other countries 2 (100.0) 5. Unclassifiable 4 (100.0)

From the above it is quite evident that bulk of the migrant workers in the town are engaged in tertiary type cf activities. 96

Survey data The data collected during the field survey by canvassing household schedules on sample basis throws more light on the various aspects of migration to the town. This is discussed under the following sub-heads :

(i) Place of birth of head of household by number of members.

A statement giving the number of members by migration status and place of birth of head of household is furnished below:

TABLE NO. 51

Place of birth of head of household by number of members

Place of birth of head of household Number of Number of households members 2 3 A. Non-migrant (Barn in the town) 217 1436 B. Migrant 33 224 I. Bern outside the town but within the district 17 121 2. Born in other districts· of the State 12 76 3. Born in other States of India 4. Born in other countires 4 27 TOTAL 250 1660

Out of 250 sample households, heads of 33 households covering 224 persons were born outside the town. Among them, 17 were those born within the district of enumeration, twelve in other districts of the State, while heads of four households were those born in other countries outside India. None reported his place of birth in other States of India. 97

tii) Characteristics of the places from where migration took place.

The characteristiGs of places from where migration has taken place in respect of 33 households. The same is furnished below:

TABLE NO. 52

Characteristics of the places from where migration took place

Total No. of migrant N umber of households migrated from

~ ______A ______, households Rural areas Urban Srinagar Other Other ~ __.A.. _ -, areas City States Countries Same Other district districts

2 3 4 5 6 7

33 14 3 5 7 2 2

It will be seen that out of 33 sample households, 14 migrated from the rural areas within the district of enumeration, three from the rural areas of other districts and five from urban parts. Seven households were those who migrated from Sri nagar city, two from other States in lndia and the remaining two from outside J ndia.

(iii) Number of members by migration status and places of birth of head of household.

A statement furnishing the number of members by migr ation status and places of birth of head of household is given below: 98

rr,o'\ '0 I~ I I 1'<:1" - I~ I 1-

00 00

1M I I <', - I 1- 1M I I I 99

Out of 250 sample households covering a population of 1,660 pcrsons, majority (140) is of the size of 6-10 members. Large sized households with lIeven plus mcmbers number 19 only.

(iF) Number of members by migration status and place of fast r(!sidellce of Izead of households. The statement giving the number of members by migration status and place of last residence of head of household is furnished below :

TABLE NO. 54

....1igrants cIassifkd by numhcr of members and place of last resider.ce of he3d of hOIl'lchold

Number of households with Last residence ~---~----~------~ Single member 2-5 members

r----.-- ..A... ____~ r-- -"- ---~ H M H M

3 4 5 "------A. N;)l1-migrants (Born within 80 339 the town)

B. Migrants 2 2 8 34

(i) Elsewhere in the district R 3 12 of elllllneration U

(ii) [n other districts of the R 1 5 State U 4 17

(iii) [n states beyond the State of enumeration (iv) In other countries out side India

Total 3 88 373 100

TABLE NO. S4-Collcld.

, ______.A.______---; 6-10 members 11 + member, Total ,----"--- --~ ,------..A..--"'l r---_A_-~ H M 11 M H M

6 7 8 9 JO 11 ------~------A. Non-migrant, (Born within 120 869 16 227 2171,436 the town) B. Migrant" 20 151 3 37 33 224 (i) Elsewhere in the district R 8 60 2 26 14 99 of enumeration U 3 22 3 22 Oi) In other districts of the R 2 17 3 22 State U 3 25 11 9 54 (iii) In states beyonds the 2 13 2 13 State of enumeration (iv) In other countries out- 2 14 2 14 side India ------Total 140 1,020 19 264 250 1,660

H-Households M-Members.

Considering the size of migrant households in relation with the place of last residence of head of household, it will be seen that 6-10 and 11 + member households are more rampant among the migrants whose last residence was within the districts of enumeration. Single member and large sized house holds arc absent among the migrants whose last residence was found beyond the state of enumeration or outside India. (v) Distribution of households by number of members and migration status of head of household and place of last residence and longest stay of any member of the household. The subjoined statement gives the number of households classified by number of members and migration status of head of household, place of last residence and the longest stay of any member of the household. 101

:!: -~8.-<~1

_ <'I r<) I 10 I

1.-< I I r'§ I~ I + ~ I ('I ~ I~ I I ri ~ ;::: ~ Ie I - ~ <'II I J, ~ I.,., 11 ~ I '" ~ .; l3.s: '"

'"0) E z;::t

2/Census (J & K)/18-16 102

The data given in the above table is in respect of 33 migrant households who had their last residence in rural and urban areas outside the town. Majority of the migrants claimed their stay in the town for over 20 years. (vi) Place of head of household wherefrom migrated and reasons of migration. The subjoined statement gives the place of head of household wherefrom migrated and reasons thereof.

TABLE NO. 56 Reasons of migration Place wherefrom head of Reasons of No. of households household migrated migration 2 3

Urban areas of the district Business 3 Rural parts of the district (i) Business 2 (ii) Marriage and settlement with in-laws 3 (iii) Service 1 (iv) Unspecified 8 From other districts of the State 1. Sri nagar district Rural (i) Marriage (ii) Unspecified Urban (iii) Service 2 (ii) Business 3 (iii) Marriage 1 (iv) Unspecified 2. Anantnag district R ural Business Urban Service 3. Ladakh district Urban; Marriage 1 4. Other countries/States (i) Service 1 (ii) Labour (iii) Business (iv) Partition

TOTAL 33

(vii) Migration stages of households hailing from outside. A statement furnishing the migration stages of households hailing from outside is given on the next page : 103

\ I I I I- I - - I~ .s OIl C I I I ~... I OIl ·8 o II I II J~ I I I ! I ,

, I I I I I"'; I I...; -~-II-I~ I \ I - ~ I I i-I", I N~...;...;-~I~ 104

It will be seen that the majority (48.48 %) migrated to the town directly from the place of origin between 1936-60 followed by those who hailed directly from the place of origin in 1966 or later.

(viii) Property at the place from where migrated.

A statement giving ownership and non-ownership of pro perty in places of origin in respect of households who migrated to the town from outside is furnished below ;

TABLE NO. 58

\.figrant households classified by property in place of origin

Place from where migrated Total Number of households No. of having households r-----.A.-----, Property in No proper- place of ty in place origin of origin 2 3 4 E1s~where in the district Rural 14 4 10 Urban 3 3

Other districts Rural 3 2 Urban 9 7 2

Other states 2

Other countries 2 TOTAL 33 18 15 ------.------(ix) Close relations at the place from where migrated.

The following statement gives the particulars of close relations at the place from where the households migrated to the town. 105

TABLE NO. 59 Close relations in place of origin Places from where migrated No. of No. of households households having ,.-____..A.. ____ , Relatives No relati in place of yes in origin place of origin 2 3 4 Elsewhere in the district Rural 14 2 12 Urban 3 2 Other districts of the State Rural 3 2 Urban 9 7 2 Other states 2 Other countries 2 2

TOTAL 33 15 18 (x) Unit of migration. The following statement gives the information regarding the unit of migration :

TABLE NO. 60 Unit of migration Place from where migrated No. of No. of households mig- households rating ,.-_____..A.._ ____ , Males only Whole fa mily 2 3 4

; Elsewhere in the district Rural 14 10 4 Urban 3 2 1 Other districts of the State Rural 3 3 Urban 9 6 3 Other states 2 Other countries 2 2

TOTAL 33 22 11 CHAPTER VII NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN

'Jeighbourhoods The term neighbourhood is very difficult to define because the concept of neighbourhood has different implications for different type of individuals in different positions of social and gaographic mobility and may vary in the case of families with different constellations of ethnic group attachments etc. How ever, the commonly accepted definition of neighbourhood as visualised in the encyclopaedia of Social Sciences is its relations with a local area sufficiently compact to permit frequent and intimate association and emergence out of such association of sufficient homogeneity and unity to permit a primary social grouping endowed with a strong sense of self-comciousness and capable of influencing the behaviour of its several constituents.

The neighbourhoods are to be found in towns and cities especially in residential areas which are not over densely settled and which possess a population for the most part homogeneous with low rate of mobility. Various investigators conceive of the n~ighbourhood as an array of institutional outlets or as an area in which major social functions tend to locate. Some, while defining neighbourhoods have laid much emphasis on the social relations generated therein. They postulate that people once located in spatial terms tend to form bonds of interpersonal contact in this special area. But it is a common thesis that a bounded area in which people inter-act socially gradually assumes an identity-a sense of cohesion. a sense of loyalty, a sense of sentiment. It is thus evident that a neighbourhood is not a physi cal enlity but a social and moral entity too. During the course of survey in which special schedules were canvassed in identified neighbourhoods, it was observed that some localities in the town have been named according to the predomi nant caste component of the households in the localities. It was 107

also noticed that inter-household intercourse of a social nature is governed to a large extent by association of community and caste. The particulars of each of the eight named areas selected to project out neighbourhood rei ttions are briefly given below:-

(1) Lonkrishipora : This neighbourhood is located to the north-east of the town and is bounded in the east by nallah Erin, in the west by Wular lake and in the north and south by paddy fields. The houses in this locality are exclusively residen tial and huddled together which give it the appearance of a slum. It is mainly inhabited by fishermen and chestnut gatherers be longing to muslim community. They are a low income group chiefly dependent on fishing or gathering of chestnuts.

(2) Peer Mohalla : Named after the Peer community by whom it is chiefly inhabited. It is located on the Srinagar Bandipore road near the mausoleum of Sheikh Mussa, the saint who built the holy spring of "Papachan Naag". Besides, the main road on its north, towards east, west and south it is skirted by paddy fields. The houses mostly residential are close to one an other giving it a look of congestion. The dominant occupation of the people, as revealed by the survey is handloom weaving and carpentry. (3) Bagh : This neighbourhood lies to the north-west of the town. It is bounded in the north and east by Veterinary unit and Health Centre, in the south by the road and towards west hy alane. The houses are huddled together to give it an appear ance of slumness. The area is inhabited by the Muslim comm unity. According to field observation scavanging is the dominant occupation of the inhabitants.

(4) Hajam Mohalla : This is located to the north-east of Bandipore planned area. It is bO:lnded in the east by the Health Centre and in the west by the main market. Towards northern direction it is bounded by the hillock of Shuhab-ud-Din and towards south by Bandipore-Erin road. The area is named after Hajam community of whom it is mostly inhabited. The main 108 occupation of the residents of this area is hair cutting. The young generation is taking to occupations other than the here ditary profession. (5) Nada.! Mohalla : This neighbourhood is bounded in the east and west by Bandipore-Sopore road and towards north and south by nallah Gaddar. This area forming the part of Now pore area represents the concentration of Nadaf, Khan and Kuchay castes of Muslim community. The main occupation of the inhabitants of this area is cotton winnowing and shop keeping. (6) Ganai Mohal1a : It is located to the north-east of the town and is skirted in the cast aad north by the paddy fields, in the west by the link road branching off the main road at check post and in the south by Bandipore-Srinagar road. This neigh bourhood forms the part of Papachan area and is exclusively in habited by Ganai community. The dominant occupation of the people of this area is basketry and belong to lower income group. (7) Krala Mohalla: This is centrally located neigh bourhood surrounded in the east by Hajam mohalla. Towards western and southern sides, it is bounded by th~ main market. The hillock of Shuhab-ud-Din forms its northern boundary. The area is mainly inhabited by Krals, the dominant occupation of whom, as the caste indicates, is pottery. The area wears a slum look. (8) Gilkar Mohalla : This forms the part of old Bandipore area. The area is bounded in the east by the orchard of Horti culture Deptt. The Post Office identifies it from the northern side and the upper link road forms its southern and western bound aries. The area is mainly inhabited by Gilkars. The dominant occupation of the inhabitants is masonry. Amenities in neighbourhood The localities as discussed above can be regarded for all practical purposes as social neighbourhoods though various ser vices and amenities are not available separately in each neighbour hood. 109

The dependence of various neighbourhoods on other neighbourhoods for schooling facilities is indicated in the follow ing statement TABLE NO. 61

AIDCllities in the neighbourhood

Name of neighbourhood Type of Where does the house school hold avail of this facility r------.A-----, Within the Outside the neighbour- neighbour- hood hood 2 3 4 Lankrishipora Primary Secondary 1 Papachan Primary Secondary 1 Sheikh Mohal1a Primary 1 Secondary 1 Hajam Mohalla Primary 1 Secondary 1 Nadaf Mohalla Primary Secondary 1 Ganai Mohalla Primary Secondary Krala MohaUa Primary 1 (Darasgahi Islamia) Secondary Gilkar Mohalla Primary Secondary

The table shows that Illost of the educational institutions pro viding schoOling facilities are located outside the neighbour hoods. This situation in other words makes it necessary for the inhabitants of various neighbourhoods to have contact with another. 2/Census J & K/78-17 110

The position as regards availability of medical facilities in various neighbourhoods is given in the following statement TABLE NO. 62 Medical facilities in the neighbourhood Name of neighbour- Type of Where does the household No, of hood medical avail of this amenity house- facility ,---_____.A. ______-, holds available Within outside the neigh- availing the nei~h- bourhood this faci- bourhood lity 2 3 4 5 Lankrishipora (i) Health Centre 3 (ii) Sop ore Hospital 2 (iii) S.M.H.S. Hospital 1 Peer Mohalla (i) Health Centre 3 (ii) Sopore Hospital 1 (iii) S,M,H.S. Hospital 2 Sheikh Mohalla Health 5 (i) S,M,H.S, Hospital 1 Centre (ii) S pore Hospital 1 Hajam Mohalla (i) Health Centre 6 (ii) Baramula Hospital 1 Nadaf Mohalla (i) Health Centre 5 Ganai Mohalla (i) Health Centre 5 Krala MohalIa (i) Health Centre 7 Gilkar Mohalla (i) Health Centre 3 (ii) Sopore Hospital 2 (iii) S.M.H.S. Hospital 2 The sample households surveyed in various neighbourhoods reveal that the medical facilities are not available within the neigh bourhoods and consist of the lone Health Centre located near Sheikh Mohalla. The inhabitants of the neighbourhoods invariably visit this centre for availing of medical assistance. Only such cases which require major surgery and intensive in vestigation are referred to Soporc Hospital or S.M.H.S. Hospital, Srinagar. The inhabitants are put to great inconvenience be cause there is no dispensary nearby and the lone Health Centre in the town is situated distantly to some localities. Shopping facilities During the SUf'.'ey enquiries 1113de regarding shopping faci lities revealed that while 20 to 25 %of smaller items such as basic groceries and vegetables may be available within the neighbour hood, all other necessaries of life have to be shopped for from outside the neighbourhood from the main market of the town, A break-up of the households according to the area and quantum of their purchases of various itel11~ is given in the statement: 111

I I I I I I

<'> I I I I I I I

I I I ! I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I

r:/) 5 ~ I I I I I I I;:; I I I 1M 7 '" ill o ill ;;.

I I I I I I I I M I I I I r I

I I 112

~I I It- II() I I I \O\Ot-t-I()\Ot-t- I.{; I..{) ('

I 7 I V) I M 7 Vl co I I I I ! I \ \

t- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I \ I \ I ~:: ~ "C 0 NI I I I I I I I I 0 \0 I I I I \ \ I I I

-s:I 0 ..Q ..c ClJ .~ i or. E--< 0 7 I I I \ I I I E- 01 -5 ...:I ~ 00 I I I I I I I I I I I I

l- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

"0 Q Q .c... \0 ::I I I \ I I I I I Q I I I I I I I I I I I I I .c .c .~ ~~ ~ ~ u .c \r) ;:: ... I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 13 ~ ~ '-' "0 ;: CIl CIl !:§ P.l a ff\ ::I t3 \0 Q p:: 0 ~ -w 0 0"0 ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I c I I I I I ) I ) Z ; ~ ~ Pol W ~ P.l .S Z ....l P.l 0 0 :I: ....lp:) '"~ - E-< E-<

The table gives an overall picture of the shopping facilities as well as shopping habits of the various neighbourhoods selected for survey. Barring Lankrishipora and Hajam Mohalla where the sample households are reported to purchase 20 to 25 /~ of their grocery requirements from within the neighbourhood, all other households from various neighbourhoods do so from outside the neighbourhood, but within the town. As regards purchases of vegetables, none of the households in any of the neighbourhoods could make its entire vegetable, fish and meat purchases from within the locality itself, but the bulk are purchased from the main market within the town. Similarly, entire cloth, stationery, toiletteries and other goods requirements of the neighbourhoods are obtained from the main market within the tOWil. It is clear that the bulk of shopping in all the neighbourhoods is done outside the localities covered because the services and amenities available within the neighbourhoods are insufficient to meet the demand for day-ta-day purchases.

Cultural, religious and social activities within the neighbourhood

Religious activity is to be found both at the level of neigh bourhood and town as a whole. The religious functions whether held within the neighbourhood or within the town are more in the nature of observance of festivals such as Idd, Idd-e-Milad, Mehraj -e-Alam, Vrs Dastigir Sahib and Vrs Shuhab-ud-Din. These are invariably held in the mosques and shrines which serve as a main focus for inter-neighbourhood contacts. Nishat Park, Salsabeel Park and Gulshan Park found in different parts of the town provide venues for social inter-course. A statement giving particulars of cultural, religious and social activities in the various neighbourhoods is furnished in table No. 64 1 15

I 6 -::l 1

I o "0 I

I i ~ o o ." "0 "0 I I I i ~ i

I _r:: o i- :; i 116

o I I '0 o o '0 '0 I I 1

I I I o o I o '0 '0J '0 o '0 '0, I I I I ..c: oo..c: '"- «S.... ~§

-~ - ,...;

I I I o o o "0 ~ 'I I 1 I

'0 J ~ ~ ~ "0 I I I I

~ICeO'lUs (1 & K)/78-18 118

It may be noted here that in almost all the neighbourhoods selected for the survey, there is a mosque for the consummation of mass religious activities. On occasions like Shab-i-barat, Shab-i-Qadar and "Taraweeh"-a special night prayer during the month of Ramzan, the 9th lunar month of Islamic calendar. people of the neighbourhoods keep awake during the night to invoke blessings of God.

On the occasion of Shab-i-Barat, held on 14th/15th Shaban, the 8th lunar month, the male memhers of the locality assemble after evening prayer in the local mosque. After the night-long prayer, they recite~verses from the Holy Quran. In the hours past midnight they disperse and thence make physical appearance at grave yards of their respective localities to offer "Fatiha"-a special prayer for granting heavenly abode to the souls of their deceased kith and kin. Women folk on this occasion offer prayers and invoke the blessings of God within the premises of their households. The children of the town celebrate the occasions in their own fashion.

Similarly on the occasion of Shab-i-Qadar, celebrated on 26th/27th of Ramzan, the 9th lunar month, the male members of the neighbourhood assemble en-masse in the local mosque to invoke the blessings of God.

The particulars of other social and cultural activities held in various neighbourhoods are briefly given as under :

In Peer Mohalla, a special function is held every year to commemorate the cleaning ceremony of the holy ,Spring built in the locality by Sheikh Ahmed M ussa. It is believed that if the Spring is not cleaned once a year, the whole area would fall a prey to calamities. On this occasion, the local Auquaf Committee discusses the various problems of the locality and funds are raised for the repair of the mosque, shrine and the holy Spring. 119

In Sheikh locality, singing and dancing programmes are arranged by local folk dancers and drum beaters. They collect money from the onlookers and shopkeepers to be distributed amongst themselves.

In Ganai Mohalla, a social gathering sponsored by Daras gah Committee is held frequently to inculcate among the popula tion a spirit of social reform.

The statement 0.1 the next pagJ gives the particulars of reiigjous, cultural, social and economiC' activities outside the neighbour-hoods : 120

o o V) :;a V) ~~

'0 C Ol ::I'" o 6 ·61 '0 ~ I

c ,2 D. 'C '06 u '"0) I o CHAPTER VIII FAMILY LIFE IN THE TOWN Size of family The population of Bandipore town at the 1961 and 1971 Censuses stood at 4,074 and 6,201 respectively. The number of households at the corresponding censuses was 667 and 987 respectively. Thus the average size of household at the two respective periods stood at 6.1 and 6.3 persons per household. The following statement gives the composition of households by the number of members :

TABLE NO. 66 Composition of households by number of members

Total Composition of households No. of ;------'------,------, house Single 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 Above 10 holds member members members members members members 2 3 4 5 6 7 250 3 20 68 84 46 29 The table shows that out of 250 households covered in the survey, majority of the households (33.6 %) was large sized claim ing 6-7 members, which is more or less at par with the average of 6.6 returned for the town as a whole. Households with 4-5 members rank next, followed by 8-9 member households. It is interesting to note that single member households claim barely 1 % of the sample households. It is thus evident that joint family system is still more rampant in Bandipore town.

Family composition by age and se:x A statement furnishing the composition of households by age and sex of members is given on the next page. 122

TABLE NO. 67

Composition of households by age and sell of members

Total Number of households having No.of r------~--~----,----"'------~------~ households Adult Adult Minor Minor males females males females only only only only ------2 3 4 5 ------250 3

Adult Minor Adult Adult Adult males males and males and and males & and females females females minor females and and minor only only males and minor females only females males ------6 7 8 9 10 ---- 53 2 133 33 26

The table shows that majority of the households in the town are heterogenous in composition, having both adult and minor males and females. Households homogenous in composition are found to be non-existant in the town.

The following statement tabulates the details of all the members of the sample households according to their status and relationship to the head of household. 123

TABLE NO. 68

Composition offamily members by relationship to head of household

Relationship with head of household Total No. of house holds 2

Head 3 Head and wife 17 Head, wife and unmarried sons 16 Head, wife and unmarried daughters 14 Head, wife and unmarried sons and daughters 72 Head with unmarried children 6 Head with married sons and daughters 9 Head, wife, son and son's wife 7 Head, wife, son~, son's wives and their children 14 Head, wife, son, son's wife, daughter, daughter's husband and their children .. 6 Head, wife, daughter & daughter's husband.. 12 Head, unmarried son and married sons & daughters 5 Head, wife, lFf1ther, brother's wife and their children 16 Head, father, mother, brother and brother's wife 5 Head, son, son's wife, son's son and his wife I Head, wife, son, wive's·sister and her husband 3 Head, sister's husband and her children 4 Head, wife and wives, brother 2 Head, wife, sons, son's son and his wife 2 Head and widowed sister .. 3 HCCld. wife. mother, si,ters and brothers 14 Head, brother 1<1d brother's wife 5 Head and divorced sister .. I Head, wife an j widowed daughter 2 Head, moth~r, brother, brother's wife and his children 4 Head, wife, cousin, father, mother and sister 5 Head, wife, son, son's wife. his children and servant 2

250 ------_.. _----- The table reveals that there is preponderance of nuclear type of families in the town which shows that the tradition of joint family system is still much prevalent in the town. 124

Composition of households by country, state and caste As already mentioned, barring two households which migrated from Pakistan, all other sample households were re ported to belong to the same country or state of origin. A statement, however, highlighting the' composition of sample households by various castes is furnished below :

TABLE NO, 69 Composition of sample households by castes

Predominant castes No, of households 2

Mir 50 Bhat 22 Khan 19 Sheikh 16 Dar 15 Peer 14 Others 106 Arora 2 Bhoru . 2 Bhan Bhat Chitla Obrai

.,_-_,------~

It will be seen that the predominant castes into which majority of the sample households in the town are distributed are Mir, Bhat, Khan, Sheikh, Dar and Peer. They together claim more than 54 % of all the castes found in the sample households. BANDIPORE TOWN

AREAS BY CASTE AND PROFESSION

COHO!' Winnowl:fs

Mcsons

POiluS

Boatm~"1 Cultl¥CI\Qfli

F,shr .. an/ Chest_nut Gatherers BOUNDARY TOWN. HondlOO" IICDVt'rl BOUNDARY WARD

[[[) Other,

125

Members staying outside, reason, nllture of link with the head of household

A statement giving the particulars of consanguineous re lations within the geneological distance of one degree (excepting married sisters) who are staying outside the town is furnished below:

T ABLE NO. 7()

Particulars in respect of members staying outside by nature of link with head or household

No. of Nature of relation with the head of household households ,-~ - ______._ ~ _ .-1.. __ - _ -- _ - _-- -_- -- ...... whose Son Daughter Sister Father Mother members are staying outside 2 3 4 5 6 28 14 2 2 2

.~.-_------_.-'---_._-----.- . Husband Brother's Brother's Brother's Wive's Brother Total wife son daughter brother

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

4 4 11 43

The table indicates that only 28 out of 250 sample households have their close kins staying outside the town, Amongst the households with kins living outside, the largest number is. that of sons followed by brothers. From the 'remaining members, brother'~ son, brother's daughters, father, mot her and sister are found to live outside in equal frequency.

The following statement indicates the purpose in respect of mem hers living outside the town : 2jCensus (1 & K}j78-19 126

TABLE NO. 71

Particulars of members staying outside and purpose

Purpose of staying out~ide No. of mernhers 2 Study .. 7 Government service (Teacher) 3 Government service (Soldier) 6 Government service (Postman) 2 Government service (Clerk) 2 Government service (Fireman) Government service (Peon) Government service (Doctor) Government seI'vice (Army driver) Private job (Actor) To earn live!ihood 4 To look after property 6 Seeking employment Business I With family 4 Marriage Retired engineer ..

Most of the 43 members staying outside the town are obliged to stay in Srinagar for various reasons. Four kins are living out side Srinagar. Of them, one is a film actor staying presently in Bombay, one an army driver posted in Assam, one clerk and one soldier-both presently posted in Ladakh. The table shows that majority of the members living out side are of those prosecuting study. They are closely followed by those who are soldiers or looking after property. In four cases, the close kins are staying outside in search of livelihood. CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE This chapter is devoted to a discussion of housing condition an d material culture obtaining in the town. In regard to houses, the idea is not to indicate the housing stock ':lu t t:l give structural, functional and tenurial characteristics of the houses in the town. In addition to this, particulars re garding household possessions such as furniture, .. utensils dress and luxury goods have also been given alongwith·the changes that have taken place dllring the past few dtX:ades. Space pr-oblem The following statement gives the relation of selected houses with adjoining houses in spac by locality : TABLE NO. 72 !{el !tio 1 of ~~Iected houses with adjoining houses in space b)' locality . . ------·-·No. 0[- Separate Separate Separate' Locality house- houses with houses houses with holds separate without common compounds compounds compounds ~~_A __l~ __~--'~--~--~ No. Prohlem No. Problem No. Problem 2 3 4 5 678 Nassu 30 20 1 7 Lankrishipora 19 7 4 Tethering 4 ipace NOWpO~2 48 36 2 4 Papachan 22 19 1 2 Bandipore Block 4 33 14 3 1 -do- 5 43 23 Congestion 4 6 -do- 6 26 19 1 3 -do- 7 29 28 1 TOTAL --~25~0~--~~------~~------~2~7~------166 17 loint Joint loint houses with houses without houses with separate compounds joint com- c-ompounds pounds r----..A---~ ,-----~--'"-l ,------'------, No. Problem No. Problem No. Problem 9 10 11 12 13 14 Nassll 2 Lankrishipore 4 Nowpora 3 2 1 papachan Bandipore Rlock 4 1 13 -~do - 5 2 8 -do- 6 :2 -do- 7 TOTAL ______5______5______3_0 ______128

Out of 250 sample households, 166 have separate houses with separate compounds, 27 have separate houses but share common compounds and 30 live in joint houses with joint compounds. From the remaining 27 households, 17 have separate houses but without compounds and 10 live in joint houses with or without compounds. Evidently majority of the households in the town have no space problem with adjoining houses. Of course, the marginal problem with regard to tethering of cattle, drying of cowdung or children's playground do exist and more accentuated in such areas as Lankrishipora and Papachan which have of late been merged with the town.

The following statement gives the relation of selected houses with adjoining houses in space by religion :

TABLE NO. 73 Relation of sell'¢ted bousl's with adjoining houses in space by rl'ligion

No. of Separate Separate Separate Joint Joint Joint Religion house- houses houses houses houses houses houses hollis with without with with without with studied separate compo- common separate oompo- joint compounds compo· compo· unds compounds unds unds nuds

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Islam 242 165 16 27 5 2 27

Hindu 7 1 3 2

Sikh 129

It will be seen that out of 242 Muslim sample households in the town, 165 or 68.2 percent have separate houses with separate compounds. Only 18 households were found to have no compounds at all. Likewise, amongst Hindu sample house holds majority were found to live in joint houses with no com pounds of their own. It is thus evident that as compared to Muslim community, Hindus and Sikhs suffer more from space and accommodation problems.

Nature of use of houses

Before discussing the nature of use of houses in the town, it would be in the fitness of things to lay down typical house types as exist in the town. As already mentioned broadly two types of houses are met within the town. Firstly, those found in Bandipore planned area and ,second those found in such parts as have escaped the ravages of 1963 fire and newly added areas of Papachan and Lankrishiponi. The houses in Bandipore planned area are pucca, either singie or double storeyed and very much in line with those found in other developed areas of the state. The roofs are covered with C.G.1. sheets and are triangular in shape so as to allow easy drifting of snow. The house types met within other parts of the town differ from the hrst in that they are kutcha, very much akin to those found in the rural part of the state. The roofs are mostly coverd with grass and thatch. While most of the houses in the planned part of tHe town are provided with bathrooms, lavatories and kitchens such amenities are rather rare in rest of the town particularly in areas like Lankrishipora and Nassu. People ease themselves in service type public latrines or in priyate ones attached to vegetable gardens or in the open.

A statement giving the nature of use of houses in the town is furnished on the next page. 130

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It will be seen that out of 1,599 census houses returned at the houselistil1g stage of 1970, 755 or 47.2 % were either wholly or partially residential in usage. About 22 % of the census houses were used as hotels, shops, business houses/offices, factories! worksheds, restaurants etc. Over 22 % of houses were under the category of "Others" which included kothars, bathrooms, latrines etc. and 8.6 % of the census houses were such as were vacant at the time of houselisting operations.

Comparing the data with the overall rural and urban' figures of the district, it will be seen that Bandipore town claiming 12% of its census houses used as shops, has an edge over the rural and urban sectors of the district. (2.5 % and 11.0 ~;,;). Similarly in the usage of census houses as factories, workshops and worksheds, Bandipore town claims much higher proportion (5.5 %) as compared to rural (1.73 %) and urban (4.95 %) sectors of the district. It is, however, worth noting that compared to both rural and urban sectors of the district, Bandipore town draws blank in respect of public entertainment places.

In the matter of vacant houses Bandipore town is at par with the overall position obtaining in the urban sector of the district. In either case the proportion of such houses to the total is over 8 %.

Floor position of houses. and problems A statement furnishing the nature of use of floor position of houses and problems thereto is given on the next page. 132

TABLE NO. 75 Nature of use of floor posision of hous('s and problems faced thereto

Households Jiving in single storeyed houses Locality No. of r-----~-.A..------__ households Total No. reporting studied No. r-~-----.A..----:--. Prob. Prob. Prob. I II III

Total Nassu Lankrishipora Nowpora Papachan Bandipore Block IV -do--- V -do- VI -do- VII ------. Hou;~holds living in Households living in Households Jiving in m·llti-stor·~ycd houses part of single storeyed part of multi-storeyed houses houses ,-~---"--.-~~ ,-----A---~~l ,----. ___ .A.. ____-. Total No. reporting Total No. reporting Total No. reporting No. ,..---·_.A..___ -.No. ,.-. ___.A.. _____ No. ,------"----~ Prob. Prob. Prob Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. Prob. I lIm 1 II III T II III 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 -17-18 7 8 --- 113 1 5 8 3 12 1 4 17 1 2 I 9 1 I 1 31 1 5 15 3 4 18 2 3 2 4 3 12 2 6 ----.----- N HE; Problem I (Problems due to nature of vicination) include brawls of women folk. Pmblem II (ProtJlems because of position with reference to floor po;ition) include family disputes arising over sharing of joint houses. PD')I! n IH (P, o'JI~:ns reglrding amenities available) include (1) food prepared in the room also used as sitting room, n) hck of electricity. (3) inadequate accommodation, (4) lack of drinking water, (5) lack of lavatory. 133

The table indicates that out of 250 sample households, 117 live in single storeyed houses and 113 in multi-storeyed houses. From the remaining 20 households, twelve live in part of multi-storeyed buildings and eight in part of single storeyed houses. Evidently as majority of the households have their own houses living either in single or multi-storeyed buildings there are no such acute problems relating to floor position, amenities etc. as are found in other developed urban areas of the state. This is also evident from the fact that amongst 117 households living in single storeyed houses only eleven persons complained of problems with regard to amenities available. Similarly, of the 113 households living in multi-storeyed buil dings only six persons complained of lack of civic amenities. More or less the same position obtains in various localities of the town.

Time and cost of construction of houses A statement giving the distribution of sample houses by their time of construction is furnished below

TABLE NO. 76 Distribution of households by time of construction

Tim:: of construction No. of Percentage (R~ference time 1972) households to total --- 2 3

4 years or less 42 16.8 5- 9 years 101 40.4 10-19 years 41 16.4 20-39 years 28 11.2 40+ ------38 15.7. TOTAL 250 100.00 ------The survey revealed that majority of the houses were constructed five to nine years ago and fewer houses had been constructed four years or less,

2/Census J & KJ78-20 134

A statement tabulating the distribution of households by the cost of construction and present value of their houses is given below :

TABLE NO. 77

Diitri~ution of hOllse!lOlds by the co~t of construction and present value of housE's by locality Number of Average cost Average Locality households of construc- value per tioD per house, re- house (in Rs.) ference time 1972 (in Rs.)

2 3 4

Bandipore Town 42 7,400 9,500 101 6.800 11,OCO 41 5,200 9,400 28 3,500 6,900 38 2,500 6,000 ~------TOTAL 250 5,000 8,600

Nassu-I 4 6,500 8,000 8 6,000 lO,OeO 7 4,500 11,000 4 3,500 6,000 7 2,500 5,000

TOTAL 30 4,600 7,600

Lankrishipora-IA 7 4,000 5,000 9 3,000 5,000 3 700 2,000

TOTAL 19 2,800 4,000

Nowpora-1I 20 5,000 8,000 11 3,000 5,000 17 2,000 4,000 TOTAL ---._.48 -----,----3,500· 6,000 135

TABLE NO. 77-(Concld.)

--_ 2 3 4 Papachan-Ill 17 5,000 7,000 5 1,500 4,000 TOTAL 22 3,700 5,600

Bandipore-IV 20 7,000 10,000 10 5,000 9,000 3 3,000 8,000 ---~------TOTAL ---33 5,000 ---10,000 Bandipore-V 10 10,000 15,000 r 29 8,000 13,000 4 5,000 9,000 ~------. TOTAL 43 7,000 11,000

Bandipore-VI 19 10,000 16,000 , 3 7,000 12,000 ------4 5,000 9,000 TOTAL 26 ------7,500 13,000 Bandipore-VII 25 10,000 15,000 --_ ---.------4 5,000 8,000 TOTAL ------29 8,000 12,000 Reviewing the data locality-wise, it will be seen that Bandipore planned area ranks highest in the matter of average cost of construction and average value per house which stands at Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 12,000. Lankrishipora, a slum area ranks lowest among all the localities with an average cost of constru ction and average value at Rs. 2,800 and Rs.4,000 respectively.

Materials used in houses A statement giving the distribution of census houses by predominant materials of wall and roof is furnished on the next page. 136

IU N r-- 0 I;:Jj 00 "- 0 V> 'C "': ~

4-< 0 ;:l '"I': \(") N \,0 0', 0 g ~ r<) on. Q &:l .... \,0 z ~ - -~ ie '.;;l S l- V> '"= ::: '" Q\ 6 ..c: <':! 0:'" U '" co '0 "" u ....'" '"..... ;;:l ~ ~ 2 ';:; ~ <:> \3 .c: <:>.. [.:J 8 ~ U en 0 ~ .0 '@ " ';J ~ .0 S ,_ \;l 0 .!:i 0 '0 '" '0 en I:: I-.'" .1<1 cO til J; .~ 'C .0 ~'" .l;l '"t; .~ .<:::i 2. V> '" a,...... 0 ..l S J; :::I ..... ,...; '0 .0 2 Q ~ ~ i(l ;:3 .... 0 -'@ .. c:: i:! {l. ~ c.? ~ ;_:, ~ (.rl u a 137

[t will be seen from the table that in nearly 45 per cent of the houses, the material most preferred for walls is burnt bricks followed by houses in which walls are made of stone. Houses made of mud walls are lesser in number.

TABLE NO. 79

Distribution of bouses by kutcha and pucca Qlaterials separately- 1971 Census

Number of houses of Total No. of houses ~ ~------~ Kutcha material Pucca material (grass, leaves, reeds, (burnt bricks, GJ. mud, unburnt bricks sheets, stone, cement etc.) etc.) 2 3

1,599 257 (16.07) 1,342 (83.93) NorE : The figures within brackets indicate percentage to the total.

Evidently majority of the census houses in the town have walls made of pucca materials. Only 16.07 % houses are with walls made of kutcha materials. -

As regards material of roof as indicated in inset table No. 80 it will be seen that 51.41 % of the houses in the town have roofs made of grass or thatch. Houses with roofs made of G. I sheets (39.77 %) rank next. Those with roofs covered with shingle are fewest in number. The other roofing materials such as asbestos sheets, stone, R.C.CjR.B.C. are non-existent in the town.

How far the town compares with rural and urban sectors of the district in the matter of material of roof will be evident from the following statement : 138

co .....o

00 or'

00 o 00

N N 00 139

It will be interesting to note that Bandipore town with 39.77 percent of its houses covered with c.a.l. sheets enjoys an edge over the urban sector of the district. However, in the context of shingle as roof material, urban areas of the district as a whole rank on top followed by Bandipore town and rural sector of the district, the ratios sta.nding at 25.84 %, 8.82 % and 5.18% respectively. Apart from the census data, a separate survey on the same subject was also carried out in respect of 250 sample households the results of the survey are given below :

TABLE NO. 81 Predominant material used in .wall and roof in surveyed housebolds

Predominant material of wall r--~--~-~----...A.....------",\ Grass, Mud Un- Wood Bur- G. I. Sta- Date No. of leaves, burnt nt sheets ne houses reeds bricks bricks or other or bambo metal sheets

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1971 CENSUS Data 1,599 29 179 48 717 624 Survey data 250 131 44 73

----- Predominant material of roof r-~------'------..A..------.-.-~ Grass, Tiles G.1. Asbes- Other leaves, slate sheets tos mat- thatch, or or other cement erial wood, shingle metal ~heets mud sheets ------10 II 12 13 14 1971 CENSUS Data 822 141 636 Survey D:lta 120 86 140

It would be seen from the table that as per survey data, majority of the sample households (53.2 %) had their houses with walls made of unburnt bricks, while as per censUs data, the proportion of such houses was much lower barely 11 %. As per census data, majority of the census houses returned their walls made of burnt bricks. Similarly in respect of roof materials, it was noted that as against 51.41 % of the houses with roofs made of grass or thatch returned at the houselisting stage of 1971 Census, only 48 % of the sample houses with roofs made of said material were found in the survey. Again, as against 39.77 % of the census house with roofs made' of G.1. sheets, recorded at the 1971 Census, only 34.4 % of the houses with roofs of the said material were found in the survey. The survey returned 17.6 % of the sample houses with roofs made of shingle, which com pared to census data, is 100 % higher. The following table gives the distribution of sample households by predominant materials of floor, wall and roof for various blocks of town : 141

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t- M

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2/Census J & K/78-21 142

Number of living rooms The sub-joined statement gives the distribution of house holds by number of living rooms :

TABLE NO. 83 Households by number of living rooms

Total No. of Number of households with households r- ._.A.. ______~ Area 1971 Census 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms and above 2 3 4 5 6 1 Bandipore 949 80 252 144 257 216 Town (8.43) (26.56) (15.17) (27.08) (22.76) ------~--~--~--~~ It would be seen from the above table that nearly 27.08 % of the households in the town were accommodated in four room tenements followed by those who occupied two rooms. The proportion of households having five rooms and above stood at 22.76 %, those with single room accommodation were bJrely 8.43 %. Households classified by number of persons and by number of rooms occupied The sub-joined statement gives the number of households classified by number of persons for the town and rural and urban sectors separately :

TABLE NO. 84 HOllseholds classified by number of persons and by number of rooms occupied Total No. of persons per household by room No. of ,--______.A.. Area persons I room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms & per No. of No. of No. of No. of above house persons persons persons persons No. of hold per per per per persons household household household household per household 2 3 4---5-·--6-----7 - Bandipore Town 6.2 4.5 5.1 6.1 6.1 8.4 Baramula District Rural 6.3 4.'7 5.5 6.4 7.2 9.3 Urban 6.6 4.4 5.4 6.1 6.7 8.7 .-----.------_-.- 143

The ave;rage number of persons per household for the town is lower as compared to that recorded for the urban areas of the district as a whole. It will be noted that the average number of persons per household for the households occupying one, two, three and four rooms in the town is rather below the corresponding averages recorded for the rural and urban sectors of the district. In case of households occupying five rooms and above, the average number of persons per household is much higher than the average returned for the town as a whole. It will be seen that compared to the rural areas of the district, there is less congestion in Bandipore town and urban sector of the district. This will be clear from the following statement.

TABLE NO. 85

Number of persons per room ------Total 1 room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 rooms and above ,-A-"-~-,~-A-"-~-,._A-,r_A-, Area No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of persons persons persons persons persons persons per room per room per room per room per room per room

2 3 4 5 6 7

Bandipore Town 1.7 4.5 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.2 Baramula District Rural 2.1 4.7 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.4 Urban 1.7 4.4 2.7 2.0 1.7 1.2.... Tenure status The position as regards tenure status and size of house holds as obtains in the town is given in the statement on next page: 144

TABLE NO. 86 Distribution of households by size and tenure status

Tenure No. of Households classified by Town status house- f ..A.. _,., holds One Two Three Four Five Six and 1971 person per- per- per- per- more Census sons sons sons sons persons 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bandipore Total 949 24 53 77 120 149 526 Owned 891 15 45 68 107 140 516 Rented 58 9 8 9 13 9 10

The table shows that about 94 % of the households in the town are living in owned houses and barely 6 % are found to have rented accommodation. It wiII be found that with increase in the size of households there is decrease in the proportion of households living in the rented accommodation. It is clear from the above figures that the low incidence of households living in rented accommodation is accounted for by the fact that Bandipore as compared with other developed urban areas of the State is industrially backward and besides majority of those constituting its working class have their own houses.

Amenities The enquiry into amenities available in the sample house holds showed that a. large proportion of households are devoid of basic amenities like sanitation, drinking water, electricity etc. 145

TABLE NO. 87

Availability of basic amenities in surveyed households ------_._------No. of Number of households having Locality house- r-----~..A.-----__ holds Kitchen Bath Lava- Electri- Potable studied room tory city drinking water 2 ------3 4 5 6 7 Total 250 236 37 34 194 Nassu 30 28 6 5 12 Lankrishipora 19 17 2 2 Nil Nowpora 48 45 6 3 45 Papachan 22 20 2 4 20 Bandipore Block (IV) 33 30 5 4 27 Yes Bandipore (V) 43 41 5 3 35 Yes " Bandipore (VI) 26 26 4 5 26 Yes " Bandipore (VII) 29 29 7 8 29 Yes " It will be observed that out of 250 households surveyed over 94 % are provided with kitchen, 14.8 % have bathrooms and 13.6 % are equipped with latrines. Potable drinking water facilities are available in Bandipore planned area consisting of IV -VII blocks. Rest of the areas, viz. Nassu, Lankrishipora, Nowpora and Papachan are mostly dependent on spring and nallah water. Electricity is more widely available and this facility is enjoyed by nearly 78 % of the households. Locality-wise in Bandipore planned area about 12 % to 25 % of the households are provided with separate bathrooms. In rest of the localities the proportion of households with bath rooms are much less in number. The main reason, among others, is that inhabitants invariably bathe in springs and nallahas. As far as domestic lighting, except Lankrishipora all other locali ties of the town are provided with electricity.

Furniture An enquiry was also conducted as regards the availability of various types of furniture in the sample households. The information is given in the statement on next page : 146

TABLE NO. 88 Break-up of sample households by types of furniture available No. of No. of households having Locality house- .. ..A.. ______-, holds Chairs Tables Cots Newar Others cots Total 250 40 28 28 10 2 Nassu 30 2 2 2 2 Lankrishipora 19 2 Nowpora 48 5 3 4 Papachan 22 3 3 1 Bandipore-IV 33 3 2 2 Bandipore-V 43., 3 4 Bandipore-VI 26 9 8 1 3 Bandipore-VII 29 11 7 8 5 Traditionally maJonty of the households make use of grass mats for sitting as well as for sleeping purposes. Bedsteads and simple furniture articles used to be possessed by the few well-to-do households. The position is changing rapidly. The table shows that 16 % of the households possess chairs and about 12 % had tables. 16 % households are using cots for sleeping purposes. Utensils A detailed break-up of sample households by material of cooking utensils by locality is furnished in the following statement: TABLE NO. 89 Sample households by material of cooking utensils

No. of No. of households having utensils made of Locality house- r- --'------, holds Copper Alumi- Alumi- Alumi- studied nium nium& nium, copper copper and clay 2 3 4 5 6 Nassu 30 8 12 10 iankrishipora 19 2 8 9 Nowpora 48 6 14 8 20 Papachan 22 3 3 14 2 Bandipore-IV 33 3 10 10 10 Bandipore-V 43 14 8 10 11 Bandipore-VI 26 11 6 4 5 Bandipore-VII 29 7 14 5 3 ----<-- TOTAL 250 54 75 51 70 -----~--- 147

A notable change in the use of cooking and serving utensils is evident from the fact that out of 250 households surveyed 21.6 % were found to possess utensils made of copper in place of clay or aluminium as in the past.

Luxury articles The statement given below furnishes the list of luxury articles found in possession of households surveyed :

TABLE NO. 90 Sample households possessing luxury articles by locality

No. of Number of households having

,.-______A______~ Locality house- halds Wrist Table Transis- Cycles Record Presses watches clocks torsi player and Radios heaters

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Nassu 30 11 4 3 Lankrishipora 19 6 3 Nowpora 48 33 5 21 5 Papachan 22 13 2 7 Bandipore-IV 33 17 3 14 2 Bandipore-V 43 37 II 31 5 Bandipore-VI 26 19 9 17 4 a.tndiporel VII 29 25 J 3 20 6 ------TOTAL 250 161 44 117 27 2 148

From the particulars incorporated in the above statement, It will be observed that the inhabitants of the town are going in for the acquisition of more and more lUxury articles. The table indicates that out of 250 sample households surveyed 46.8 % possess radio/transistors and 10.8 % cycles. While some of the well-to-do families possess cars, no family owns a scooter or motor cycle. Eighty-two percent of the ,surveyed households claimed to possess wrist watches and clocks. Two households belonging to Bandipore planned area claimed to have record players.

Dress From the particulars collected on dress during the field survey, it was observed that the traditional dress is undergoing a change especially in the case of younger generation of both the sexes. The traditional dress usually consists of a 'pheran' a loose garment, worn over a cotton or woollen shirt with a pair of trousers. The 'pheran' of the female is shorter in size with the collar and hem usually embroidered. The headgear of males is a skull cap, the outer surface of which is embroidered with coloured thread. The turban worn by elderly persons is made of muslin measuring about five metres to seven metres in length, and is wound round the head. The women-folk cover their heads with a piece of cloth measuring about 2 mts. X 1 mt. called 'puch'. The elderly persons continue with their traditional costumes with slight modifications here and there. The younger generation has discarded the use of most of the traditional items like pheran, skull-caps and turban. They have taken to modern garments in vogue in advanced urban areas of the State. They wear good tailored shirts, pants and multi-coloured or check-designed bushirts. The use of soap, hair oil and combs has become popular and few of the younger generation now do not wear any head-gear. Despite these trends, ethnic groups like Gojri, Teli, Hanji etc. continue to use the traditional Kashmiri dress. CHAPTER X SLUMS, BLIGHTED AND AREAS WITH SUB-STANDARD LIVING A slum is generally defined as a sub-standard housing so .inadequate in space or so deteriorated in condition as to en danger the health and safety of the morals of its inhabitants. There are no blighted areas in the town. However, areas with sub-stap.dard living can be discussed under two sub-heads prior to 1963 fire and after 1963 fire.

A study of the town reveals that prior to 1963 fire whole of Bandipore was itself a big sub-standard living area. In keeping witJ;t morphology of the town, cluster of houses in course of time, continued to grow along the foot of the hillock. As a result, it brought about an acute congestion both inside and outside the dwellings. Houses were huddled together hardly intersected by narrow kutcha lanes. Basic amenities like road communication, water supply, electricity, drainage system etc. were unknown to them. According to knowledgeable persons more than 50% houses were over :100 years old. Over 80 %houses in the town had their walls and roofs made of kutcha material, like grass, leaves, thatch, reeds, mud, wood and un burnt bricks. According to 1961 Census, which throws further light on the extent of congestion then obtaining in the town, the average size of household was more than six. persons. The number of persons per residential house was 6.8. Over 85 % houses were reported to be in the grip of acute congestion with regard to floor space and hygienic conditions.

On the basis of minimum per capita consumption of 30 gallons per head per day, the total quantity of potable drinking water required for the town works out to 1.86 lakh gallons per day, as against 0.50 lakh gallons that stood available in the 2/Census (J & K)/78-22 150 town. This position continued to exist even upto 1970. Evidently the wide disparity between the supply of water and actual requirement pinpoints the extent of scarcity of potable drinking water that obtained in the town before 1963 fire. As already stated in the publication, a fire broke out in Bandipore town in 1963 in which about ith of the town was completely gutted. It was rebuilt and planned 'with a little modern touch. Due consideration was given to the ptovision of basic amenities like road communication, water supply, electricity, drainage etc. The houses are pucca with roofs covered with C.G.I. sheets. Houses are seen separated by wide metalled lanes and besides this, a number of public parks have also been constructed here and there in the town. The town can boast to have a well planned market, catering to the needs of hinterland and Gurez valley.

The main town is divided into four mohall as viz; Meer mohall", Hajam moha1la, Krala mohal1a and Sheikh mohalla. Owing to the fact that Hajam and Sheikh mohallas escaped the ravages of 1963 fire, they were not rebuilt and as such continue to retain the erstwhile sub-standard features of the town. So far as other parts of the town are concerned, namely, Nassu, Nowpora and Papachan, only Lankrishipora, an hamlet of Nassu about 2-3 kms. from Bandipore chowk towards its north easternly direction presents the symptoms of sub-standard living. The details of localities where sub-standard living con ditions were surveyed have been given in Annexure-II of the report. However, some of the localities surveyed are briefly discussed below :

Location and type of sub-standard area The locational particulars of various sub-standard areas in the town and the type thereof can be described as under : 1 Hajam mohalla: It is located towards north-south of the town on the foot of a hillock, hardly a few furlongs from 151

Eandipore chowk. It is a small area consisting of approximately 33 residential houses. It is bounded in the east by upper link road and in the west by the main road. Towards its north falls Bandipore chowk and in the south lies Primary Health Centre. There is acute congestion both inside and outside the dwellings. 2. Sheikh mohalla: It is also located on the foot of a hillock quite adjacent to Hajam mohalla. It is comparatively smaller than Hajam mol1alla and consists of only nine residential houses. It is contiguous towards north and west with Hajam mohalla. Towards its east lies Shahub-ud-Dins hillock and towards south lies Primary Health Centre. This mohalla also suffers from symptoms of acute congestion. 3. Lankrishipora: It is a part of Nassu and is located about 3 kms. from Bandipore chowk towards its north-easternly direction on the bank of great Wular. As compared to other said localities, it is much bigger in area and encompasses approxi mately 54 residential houses. On its east and west it is skirted by Erin nallah and paddy fields r~spectively. In the south, it is bounded by the Wular and towards the north, it is conti guous with Nassu. Besides unhygienic cOllditions, there is acute congestion in the area.

Settlement lliitory 1. Hajam mohalla : Its settlement history is very old and goes back to the settlement of Bandipore town itself. Some barber (Hajam) families having migrated from Srinagar are said to have settled this mohalla and in course of time when they were joined by other families the 'area came to be known as Hajam mohalla. . 2, Sheikh mohalla: One Sheikh Mussa, a migrant of village Bona Kote about 5 kms. from the town is said to have settled at this place. With the passage of time, his other relations came over to this place and it came to be known as Sheikh mohalla. 152

3. Lankrishipora: Its settlemen t penod dates back to the reign of king Zain-ul-Abidin.

It is said that during his reign, one Rinzal Shah, a royal boat rower was ordained by the king to guard the mosque built by him on Zaina Lank, an island in the Wular. This additional assignment made him Lank Reshi-the custodian of the island. This person chose this' place as his settlement abode and in course of time he was joined by other settlers and thus the place came to be called Lankrishipora.

Ethnic composition and occupations The following statement gives the ethnic compositIOn and occupations of sub-standard localities of the town :

TABLE NO. 91

Ethnic composition and predominant occupations of Sub-standard areas~Bandipore town

Name.of Approximate Reli- Predo- Main occupations sub-standard No. of gious minant area ._--households group castes 2 3 4 5 1. Hajam mohall a 66 Islam (i) Hajam (i) Barbers (Hair cutting) (ii) Waza (ii) Waza (Cooks) (iii) Ganai (iii) Cultivation 2. Sheikh mohlilla 14 Islam Sheikh (j) Scavanging (ii) Weaving of sifts (Shup) 3. Lankrishipora 107 Islam (i) Reshi (i) Fishing (ii) Dar (ii) Collection of singhara (water chest nuts) (iii) Bhat (iii) Cultivation (iv) Manual labour 153

All the said localities are exclusively inhabited by Muslim community. In Hajam mohalla the population claims to belong to three predominant castes namely Hajams, Wazas, and Ganais. Their main occupation is hair-cutting and cultivation. Similarly, in Sheikh mohalla, all the households claim to belong to Sheikh caste. Their main occupation is scavanging and weaving of sifts "shup". In Lankrishipora the predominant castes to be met with are Reshi's, Dars, and Bhats. The resi dents are mainly engaged with fishing in the Wular lake and gathering of singharas (water chest-nuts). During lean season, however, they take to manual labour and carry rations or merchandise to Gurez valley.

House type and housing condition The house type obtaining in sub-standard areas of the town conforms to old Kashmiri pattern met with in other parts of the valley. The roof fabricated with .poplar or fir-wood is generally covered with grass, thatch, mud or shingle and given slanting shape so as to facilitate easy drifting of snow. The houses are mostly 2-3 storeyed and the doors and windows are of sub-standard size. The rooms are found to be dingy, small and unventilated. Bath-rooms and latrines are generally not attached to the houses. Hardly 40 %of houses have separate compounds. The following statement gives the housing condition obtaining in the sub-standard localities of the town : TABLE NO. 92 Ihusing condition of sub-standard areas-Bandipore town

Name of No. of Main house type and number of each houses , ______.A.. ~ ub-standard Kutcha Pucca Material of roof area ,-----"- Thatch Shingle CO.!. sheets 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Hajam mohalla 30 22 8 21 2 7 2. Sheikh mohalla 9 9 4 5 3. Lankrishipora 60 39 21 43 17 154

The above figures reveal that over 70 %of houses in sub standard areas are made of kutcha material, 65.66 % houses have roofs covered with thatch or grass and only 29.29 % roofs have G. 1. sheeting.

Baiic amenities

The following statement furnishes}he particulars of basic amenities as are available in the sub-standard localities of the town:

TABLE NO. 93 Availability of basic amenities in sub-standard localities-Bandipore to,,"

A vailability of basic amenities Name of within the sub-standard area , ______-A ______, sub-standard area Road Potable Electri- Drainage Health Educa- commu- drinking city and tional nication water medical facilities facilities

2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Hajam Connected 3 public Yes No No No mohall a with main posts road through kutcha lanes 2. Sheikh mohalla -do .. No Yes No. No No 3. Lank- rishipora -do- No *Yes No No ,No NOTE :-*Electrified in 1976. Barring Hajam mohalla, where only three public posts stand located for the supply of potable drinking water,.. none of the sub-standard localities in the town have residential houses equipped with tap water connections. The inhabitants of 155

Sheikh mohalla and Lankrishipora have to make do with spring and nallah water for domestic consumption. Barring electricity all other basic amenities are lacking in the sub-standard localities of the town.

Law and order

Sub-standard areas characterised by crime, moral depravity, deviant behaviour and delinquency are not found in the town.

The study of the sub-standard localities has shown that there is no special law and order problem being faced vis-a-vis town. No cases of breach of law and order and offences like murder, rape, alcoholism etc. have been reported from the sub standard areas during the last five years.

The problems of sub-standard areas were also discussed during the survey. It is gratifying to note that the N.A.C. is quite conscious of the need to proliferate sub-standard areas in the town. In this behalf it has already submitted a proposal to the State Housing Department for the acquisition of land measur ing 325 kanals in the outskirts of Nowpora, where the N.A.C. intends to rehabilitate sub-standard dwellers of Hajam and Sheikh mohallas. In addition to this, the N.A.C. is also taking up the construction of pucca drains and lanes in the sub standard areas of the town. CHAPTER XI

ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE As already mentioned, Bandipore town is administered by a Notified Area Committee consisting of eight members headed by Tehsildar as chairman. The members belonging to different walks of life are nominated by the government to serve on the committee. Bandipore, as mentioned earlier, was declared urban for the first time in 1911 but denoti fied during the very decade. It was only in 1961 when it was again declared urban. Although between 1963-70 the town administration was controlled by N.A.C., matters relating to revenue, crime, law and order, elections etc. con tinued to be looked after by Tehsildar, Sopore. For the sake of administrative efficiency and convenience, a new tehsil con sisting of Bandipore town and other 73 village.· was carved out of Sopore tehsil in 1970. This step proved a boon to the local population and the condition of the town took a turn for the better.

Political mobiJization The growth of social and political activities in the town date back to 1931 which year saw the dawn of popular struggle for democratic order in Jammu & Kashmir. It is easy to under stand that serving as the marshalling yard of 'begar' under which hundreds of innocent peasants from all over tl!e Kashmir province used to be literally yoked for road-building and carriage of supplies to the northern areas, Bandipore become a storm centre of the political agitation witnessing frequent arrests, lathi charges and firing.

Sir Walter Lawrence, the fitst Settlement Commissioner of Jammu and Kashmir has observed "I have seen the inhuman punishment dealt out to men who demurred to leaving their homes for 2 or 3. months with the prospect of death from cold

156 157

and starvation. I have seen villagers maimed from frost bites or shrivelled and paralysed from exposure to cold and it is not marvel that Kashmiris should loathe the very name of Gilgit"

In 1947 India achieved independence and with this our State was also freed from the tyrannical feudal order. With the introduction of democratic institutions in 1956, the people of the town were enabled to form parties and associations and enjoy civil liberties guaranteed by the constitution. In this connection a brief mention is made of the following parties.

Plebiscite Front: The party claims to have enrolled 3,500 members from the town in 1972-73. The party did not take part in the General Elections held in March, 1972 or mid-term elections in March, 1971.

lamat-e-Islami: This party was established in the town in 1959. The party till 1972-73, claimed to have enrolled, all told, 3,000 persons in the town and 30,000 in the tehsil as a whole. The party took part in 1972 General Elections. Its candidate, Shri Mohd. Sultan Shah, who stood from Bandipore constituency, was defeated by a Congress candidate by a margin of about 8,000 votes. In the mid-term elections also, its candidate was defeated by the Congress. The party runs one educational institution in the town.

Indian National Congress: This party was set up in the town in 1963. The party, by the time of survey had achieved member ship to the tune of 1,000 in the town and 3,525 in the tehsil.

Trade unions/voluntary organisations There are more than 15 trade unions/voluntary organisa tions functioning in the town. Of these, particulars in respect of only two associations, viz. Drivers and Cleaners Association and Patwari Association could be obtained.

Drivers and Cleaners Association : This association was es tablished in the town in 1969. The jurisdiction of the association 2/Census J & K/78-23 1 58 extends to whole of tehsil including Gurez. All the drivers and cleaners of the area are its members. The driver contributes Rs. 5 per month towards the association and the cleaner Rs. 3. The aims and objectives of the association are : (1) To fight for the welfare of drivers and cleaners (2) To protect them from exploitation (3) To procure loans from government and semi-govern ment institutions for the purchase of buses. The association has secured recognition from the govern ment and has succeeded in increasing the wages of drivers and cleaners. The meetings of the association are held on every Friday and elections are held half-yearly. The annual .expenditure of the association by main items is given below (i) Stationery - Rs. 20.00 (ii) Rent - Rs.l20.00 (iii) News papers - Rs. 45.00 (iv) Publicity - Rs.lOO.OO (v) Furniture - Rs. 80.00

TOTAL - Rs. 365.00 Patwari Association This association was set up in the town in 1951. The association represents all Patwaris of Bandipore tehsil. The aims and objectives of the association are to secure better service conditions for Patwaris. The office bearers of the association meet on first Sunday of every month. Political awareness and voting behaviour All the major political parties of the State have their offices and functionaries in the town. In the General Elections of March, 1972 four candidates stood from Bandipore constitu ency one each belonging to National Congress and Jamat-e Islami and two independents. The Congress party gave its mandate to Shri Anwar Khan of Kaloosa, Jamat-e-Islami to Shri Mohd. Sultan Shah of Nadihal. S(Shri Ghulam Mom-ud Din Mir of Bandipore town and Mohd. Maqbool Paray of Qazipora fought as independent candidates. 159

Of the total number of 36,711 voters in the constituency, 23,400 or 63.74 % exercised theIr franchise_ The Congress candidate defeated his nearest rival of Iamat-e-Islami by an overwhelming majority of 7,374 votes. One of the two inde pendents, who polled only 16R votes lost his deposit. The position of votes polled by each candidate is given as under:

Name of Candidate Party /0 which Votes polled belonged

Anwar Khan Congress 14,148 Mohd. Sultan shah lamat-e-Islami 6,774 Gh. Mohi-ud-Din Mir Independent 2,310 Mohd. Maqboo\ Paray Independent 168

TOTAL 23,400

Likewise, in the mid-term election held in March, 1971, for the Lok Sabha from Baramula constituency, there was a quadrangular contest between the candidates belonging one each to National Congress and Iamat-e-Islami and two inde pendents. Of the total 3,70,345 votes in the constituency, 1,82,378 or over 49 %exercised their franchise. In the Bandipore circle out of 33,450 voters 17,164 or 51.31 % cast their votes. In this election too the Congress candidate, Aga Syed Ahmed, defeated his other rivals.

Respected persons No detailed study was made to find out the pattern of social power or prestige prevailing in the town and the means of obtaining the same. Sketchy information was, however, collected through a question in the neighbourhood schedule relating to respected and influential persons at the level of locality and the town. The respondents were asked to indicate the names of five persons who held prestigeous position at the level of iocality only. A break-up of the persons enjoying respect and prestige at the level of locality by occupation and age-group is tabulated on next page : 160

TABLE NO. 94

Respected persons in the neighbourhood

Occupational Age group pattern (-~---~------~ 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55 +- Total

2 3 4 5 6 7

Business 2 2 Cultivation 3 3 6 Household industry 2 3 2 7 Medical practitioner 2 Service teacher 2 2 Fishing etc. 2 3 Other services 5 1 3 11 Others 2 3 6

TOTAL 2 13 11 12 39

It will be seen that out of 39 p,;rsons reported to be en joying respect and prestige at the level of locality eleven or 28.21 % are in other services, seven or 17.95 % in household industry and slx or 15.38 % in cultivation. In the context of age-group, it will be seen that 13 or 33.33 % are between the ages of 35-44, twelve or 30.77% are above 55 years of age. Only three persons are found in the age group 15-34. It is apparent that older persons still hold respect and prestige 8.t that level of locality. It is also dpparent that persons enjoying respect of the community belong to the broad cross section of occupations like business, cultivation, household industry, medicine, fishing and teaching. Those in other services predominate. It is interesting to note that literacy or level of education attained does not form a precondition to gaining respect in the community. It will be seen from the subjoined statement that 161

out of 39 persons reported as enjoying respect and prestige at the level of neighbourhood, 29 or 74.36 % are illiterate and the remaining ten or 25.64 % are literate with formal education. From amongst ten persons who have attained educational qualification, two are medical practitioners and one is post· graduate. It is interesting to note that among illiterates who predominate others, majority are above 55 years of age.

TABLE NO. 95 Literacy level of respected persons

Age-group Educational level r---.------"------, 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Total 2 3 4 5 6 7

Illiterate 7 9 11 29 Primary (1 st to 5th standard) Middle (6th to 8th standard) 2 3 High (9th to 10th standard) 3 4 Medical Degree Post graduate

TOTAL 2 13 11 12 39 - _--,...._------

We ma~{ now take up the case ofpersom who held respect and prestige at the level of town. It has been found that they are usually the persons who have a dominant voice in the meetings and deliberations aimed at fostering the development of the town. They happen to be in a position to influence every facet of public life, be it local administration or management pertairi. ing to mosques or shrines.

A rank score was obtained in respect of all persons reported as enjoying respect and prestige at the level of the town by assigning one score for each mention. 162

rj .,-0 - -- '" , II> , , , 0. ..t:; 0 0 0 0 .J:i ;:::1 '0 u 6 .8 u u ';3- y ;g "9 '"9 '? "9 '"9 u ..... '" 0 IJ... ~'" ~ " ~ '""' N '7'" ~ ';' II>

...

It will be noted that while the persons enjoying respect and prestige at the locality level came from a broad section of population in terms of community, those enjoying the same status at the town level came mainly from the commu nities accounting the major component of the population of the town. It is also evident from the table that the persons enjoying respect at the town level represent smaller spheres of economic activity as compared to those enjoying the same status at the locality level. It is, however, interesting to note that majority of the persons enjoying respect at the town level belong to younger age-group. It is equally interesting to note that 70 i;' of the persons reported as enjoying prestige at the town level are literate or literate with formal education. Another feature or prestigeous structure of the town is that no female was returned to the said structure. Opinion was sought as to the attributes which conferred respectability and prestige upon a person. Attributes like gentlemanliness, honesty, social consciousness, co-operative attitude were listed in this connection. Influential persons The respondents were, likewise, asked to mention the names of most influential persons at the level of locality. Altogetbfr 24 persons were reported to be influential at the level of locality. The distribution of these persons by occupation and ~ge-group is given in the following statement:

TABLE NO. 97 Influential persons by occupation and age-group

~~~~ ···-··---~~-----~-~ge-groups----- O;;cupational ,--______...A.. ___~ ______. pattern 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Total ~~1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Business 2 Cultivation 2 H0u,ehold industry 2 3 Fishing 1 I Other services 5 6 2 15 Others 1 TOTAL 7 11 2 3 24 164

It will be seen that out of 24 persons reported as being influential at the level of locality, 15 are in other services, 3 are in household industry and 2 each in business and cultivation. Their distribution by age-groups indicates that out of 24 persons, ]] are between 35-44 years of age, 7 are of the ages of 25-34 while only 3 are above 55 years of age. It is thus evident that those in the younger age-group are influential at the locality level.

TABLE No. 98

LiteracY status and level of education of influential persons

Age-groups Literacy level ---. 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Total 2 3 4 5 6 7

llIiterate 5 8 2 2 18 Primary (1st-5th standard) - Middle (6th-8th standard) - 1 High (9th-J Oth standard) - 2 4

Total 7 II 2 3 24

I 8 o~t of 24 persons enjoying influence at locality level, are illiterate, only six persons are literate with formal education of whom four are matriculates. Amongst the illiterates, contri buting the bulk, a larger number belongs to younger age-group.

Those enjoying influence at the level of the town numbered nine. They have been mentioned in the statement according to the score obtained by them. The relevant particulars of these persons is given in the subjoined statement : 165

.g~ ~ 0. ;::l , , I U t , I U o o o o 0 o "? "? "9 -0'", '

, ' o 0 ~"?

... 6 '5 '"I

...<:>

6 o "9 "9

o o <') '

1:! 8 N rJl

.(1) o 18 o ~ Z til .!::! N .~:

2/Census J & K/78-24 166

It is evident from the statement that majority of the persons reported as enJoying influence at the town level belong to the older age-group. Another feature that merits mention is that with only one exception all the persons influential at the town level are liter ate or literate with forma! education. All of them are either land- 101 ds or contractors and further most of them have close links with either political parties 01 with the administration of N.A.C. From the survey, it transpired that respondtmts largely attributed affluence and close link with local politics as the necessary traits for being influential. It is interesting to note that there is no fe male in the fold of persons enjoying influence or respect and prestige at town level. It is thus evident that the town has yet to come at par with other developed urban areas where women's contribution in the field of social or community service is sub stantial and worth reckoning. CHAPTER XII

LEISURE AND RECREATION, SOCIAL PARTICIPATION SOCIAL AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME

Cultural and recreational centres The cultural and recreational facilities available in the town are very limited provided by only three centres, viz. Nishat Park, Gulshan Park and Salsabeel Park. Other recreational and cul tural institutions like clubs, libraries, cinemas, theatre, stadia etc. are conspicuous by their absence. The particulars of the existing recreational centres are briefiy given here.

Nishat Park It is situated in mohalla Nabir Pora-a locality of ward 5, towards south-east of the town. The park has been laid out on a slopy table land facing the Wular after the fashion of a Mughal garden. The park is apportioned into six terraces each provided with flower beds and a rectangular pond fitted with a Mughal tipe fountains. The terraces are carpetted with lush green turf decorated here and there with ornamental exotic trees. Each terrace communicates with the other through two-way chiselled stoned stairs. The upper-most terrace forming the summit of the kerawa provides a full view of the lake and the shrine of Baba Shukur Din visible in the distance. A small hut consisting of two well-furnished rooms equipped with flush-type bath rooms has been built in a corner of the park for lodging officials and tourists. The charges per room are Rs. 8 for 24 hours. The kitchen attached to the hut is equipped with cooking . utensils and cutlery. The northern and southern sides of the park have been converted into an orchard which pays for its maintenance. 168

The park according to the chairman, N.A. C. was completed in eight years at a cost of Rs. 30,000 raised mainly through public contribution. The park remains open from morning till late in the evening. It is lighted with mercury tubes. The park, however, lacks the provision of urinals and water-borne latrines. It has two entran ces, one towards the upper link road and the other on the main road. On an average 200 persons, including tourists both males and females visit the park daily. Students from the neigh bouring schools arrange excursions in the park.

Salsabeel Park It is situated in the Bandipore planned area towards its western side. This park is reputed for several natural springs which ooze out cold and lucid water. The construction of these splings and also of the attached park was first taken in hand prior to 1%3 by Shri Sadhullah Mir, the sarpanch of Bandipore Panchayat. The park consists of a chiselled dressed stoned rect angular pond for the collection of spring water, on either side of which a number of pucca bath rooms have been constructed. On an ekvated site towards its north-eastern side, a mosque has also been erected which after lamia Masjid is the biggest in the town. Most of its western area has been converted into a beauti ful park, covered with lush green turf and comely flower beds. The park is all around fenced with a pucca brick wall.

The park was greatly damaged in the fire of 1963. Its renovation was t"ken in hand by the N.A.C. which by that time had come into existence. It has been lighted with mercury tubes and lamp:;.

The park has become a much-frequented religious-cum recreation centre for the local inhabitants. The bath-rooms and pond are invariably crowded with womenfolk bathing and washing clothes. 169

GuJshan park This park constructed after the 1963-fire though less spacious than the other two is situated in Gulshan chowk towards its southern side. It is rectangular in shape and in its centre is located a circular pond fitted with a fountain. On an average, 100 to 150 persons visit the park daily. Newspapers and periodicals There is no reading room or library in the town. A lone shop situated in Gulshan chowk sell newspapers and magazines in English and Urdu. The particulars of various newspapers, journals and magazines in circulation in the town are given in the following statement :

TABLE NO. 100 Newspapers and periodicals

Type Name Language Place of Number publication in ,-__.A. ___ , circula- Local Outside tion 2 3 4 5 6

A. Daily 1. Times ofindia English New Delhi 40 2. Statesman do- -do- 6 3. New Bharat Times Hindi -do- g 4. Aftab Urdu Srinagar 120 5. Hamdard -do- -do- 20 6. Chinar -do- -do- lO 7. S rinagar Times -do- -do- 50 B. Weekly 1. Illustrated Weekly English New Delhi 15 2. Blitz -do- Bombay 10 3. Dharam Yug Hindi New Delli 3 4. Aaina Urdu Srinagm 25 5. Nasheeman -do- Bangalore 30 6. Screen English Bomb,,) 2 C. Fortnightly I. Karvan Urdu New Delhi 5 2. Filmfare English Bombay 2 3. Sarita Hindi -do- 5 4. Waqat Urdu -do- lO 170

TABLE NO. 100-Concld. 2. 3 4 5 6 D. Monthly 1. Carriers Digest - English New Delhi 10 2. Readers Digest -do- Bombay 3 3. Picture .Post -do- Bombay 10 4. Shamma Urdu New Delhi 20 S. Ruby -do- -do- lO 6. Humma -do- -do- 20 7. Shabistan -do- -do- 20 8. Huda -do- -do- lO 9. Film Life English Bombay 10 10. Deen Dunya Urdu New Delhi 5 11. Shahkar -do- -do- 5 It will be seen that newspapers and journals published in Urdu have comparatively larger circulation in the town. It may not be out of place to mention here that while school text books and stationery are sold in other shops there is no shop in the town selling college books and books on literature or novels. Leisure time activities A statement giving leisure-time activities of the workers of sample households with reference to their occupation and hours of work is given in Appendix II. The statement shows that out of 27 persons in 250 sample households surveyed who work for six hours a day, 14 have no leisure-time activities, of whom six are government officials, five pattoo weavers/cultivators and three teachers. Of the eight persons working for seven hours a day, four spend their leisure time in gossip. While one indicated no leisure-time activity, three spent the same in offering prayers. Similarly, amongst 185 persons working for eight to ten hours a day, 128 pass their leisure-time doing nothing in particular. Forty-three engage them selves in gardening(offering prayers, nine look after their cattle and five spend time in reading newspapers and journals. Religious institutions In the matter of religious institutions, Bandipore is rich as compared with other small towns of the State. The religious institutions consist of two shrines, one temple and eight mosques. 1 71

Shrine of Malik Padshah Sahib : This shrine is considered to be the oldest of the shrines in the town having been established in 1770 A.D. corresponding to 1195 Hijri. It is located in mohalla Nabirpora in ward 5 of the town. The shrine consists of a single storeyed rectangular building with walls made of stones and roof covered with G.!. sheets. Inside the building, there is a 6 mtrs. X 9 mtrs. room, the middle of which is marked with the mausoleum of the saint. The mau soleum itself is immured with a dome-shaped structure decorated with brocaded cloth called "darpardah". According to knowledgeable persons, the shrine has been repaired thrice. The saint, Malik Kunar Rana alias Malik Sahib, like his brothers-Malik Jahangir Rana and Jogi Rana, shunned all mundane aspirations, devoting himself to upliftment of down trodden masses. According to "Tariekh Aqwam-e-Kashmir" (part I pp. 258-263) Malik Kunar Rana originally belonged to Chandar Ban,si dynasty which ruled Kashmir in early times. The last heir of this dynasty Ram Chander commanded the royal force of Raja Sehdev, the ruler of Kashmir from 1334 A.D. to ,1363 A.D. The Tarter Renchen Shah after snatching the throne from Raja Sehdev slayed Ram Chander and married his daughter Kota Rani. In 525 Hijri, it is said that Renchen Shah and his wife Kota Rani adopted Islam at the hands of Hazrat Bulbul Shah. There is a continuous flow of devotees to this shrine. There is a legend attached to this shrine which says, "anybody who may visit the shrine with some purpose, makes three, seven or nine circuitous rounds of the mausoleum, never returns with his wishes ungranted". The management and control of the shrine is in the hands of Auquaf Committee, which is elected by the local inhabitants. Shrine of Shuhab Shah Qalandar : The shrine is situated at the summit of a hill, in the bosom of which lies the main part of the town. The shrine is not very old and dates back to 1341 Hijri. 172

The shrine consists of a kutcha structure around the mau soleum of the ,saint. The walls are made of stone and mud and roof covered with grass. The shrine is negotiated from the foot of the hill through a steep, craggy path. Much is not known about the life history of the saint. Ac cording to Tariekh Hassan (Part 1JI) Shuhab Shah who came of a rich family, shunned all material aspirations from his very childhood and turned mendicant. It is said during his life time a saint from outside the State came to Bandipore and stayed with him. With his spiritual powers, he made him Qalandar a cult of saints who appear to be lunatics but are, in fact, so much absorbed in divinity that they forget their own person. He enjoined upon him to meditate in the hermitage at the summit of the hill, where the present shrine is situated.

Shuhab Shah is believed to have died on 16th of Ram zan, the 9th lunar month of 1341 Hijri year but it lacks confirmation. The management of the shrine does not rest with any person or committee. Repairs to the shrine, if needed, are made by some well-to-do persons of the locality. Relic of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jeelani : A strand of hair of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Ieelani aJias Dastigir Sahib has been deposi ted in a cylindrical glass casket which is kept in an iron safe placed in the shrine of Malik Pad shah Sahib. Until 1958, the holy relic was in the house of Mir Abdullah Nazki and it was on the persistent demand of the local people that the relic was transfer red to the shrine of Malik Sahib. According to the account given by Abdul Rashid Nazki, an elder member of Nazki dynasty, the relic was brought into Bandipore by their forefathers from one Sayed Abdullah Shah of Katra Mansingh, Amritsar. At Bandipore, the relic was properly authenticated in presence of local people by one Moalvi Ahmed-ullah of village Tarka Pora, who used to go to Amritsar off and on to have its glimpse. It is said that the relic used to be taken out in a procession to Iddgah to ward off the effects of natural calamities. 173

Considering the relic as their most prized possession the Nazki's preserved it in their house and on the 11 th of Rabi-ul Sani, the 4th lunar month of Islamic calendar, the death anniver sary of the saint, they would exhibit it to their family kins and other acquaintances. The death anniversary of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jeelani is celebrated for 15 days beginning from 1st of Rabi-ul-Sani, the 4th lunar month. On the eleventh day, the holy relic is exhibited to a large crowd which assembles in the shrine for this purpose. The ceremony is performed by the elder member of Nazki dynasty. This is done in recognition of the fact that it is they who brought the relic to the town. Shiv Mandir : It is situated on the slopes of the hill near the Health Centre. This is the only temple in the town and is named after Lord Shiva. According to Bramhechari Krishend Chaitani, the pujari, it is one of the oldest temples of Kashmir and has been there from the time immemorial. The main building, rectangular in shape, is divided in to sever-al parts. In the inner part is installed lingam. Only the 'pujari' can enter this part and bathing of diety and cleaning of the enclosed area rests with him. There is another rectangular pucca building within the premises of the temple which is used by the head priest and his disciples for boarding and lodging. There is a moderately big courtyard attached to the temple which is generally packed with devotees on festive occasions. The HArti" is performed by the priest. Vedas are recited in the evening. The main festivals celebrated in the temple are Janam Ashtami; Shiv Ratri and Ram Naumi.

Janam Ashtami festival is celebrated in the month of August. Un this occasion, devotees numbering 100 to 250 assemble within the premises of the temple in the evening and devote the whole night reciting vedas five times. At the conclusion of the Patiz

2/Census J & K/78~25 174 pudding prepared by the priest is distributed amongst the participants.

Shiv Ratri is celebrated in the month of February, Ram Naumi is yet another festival performed in the month of Chaitra. On this occasion, devotees assemble in the temple by about mid day and recite Ramayana uninterruptedly for 24 hours.

Alms collected on festive occasions, both cash and kind, are spent by the pujari on the subsistence of disciples and also on the repairs of the temple.

The management and control of the temple is in the hands of Swami Prema Nand Puri of Tamil Nadu. He is assisted in this task by three other disciples, namely, Bramachari Krishena Chaitani, Shiva Chaitani and Schda Nand Chaitani, all from Tamil Nadu. It merits mention here that all of them are graduate in Hindi and Sanskrit from Banaras Hindu University. Swami Prema Nand giving details of his visit to this temple informed me that nearly 27 years ago when he travelled from Tamil Nadu for the pilgrimage of Amar Nath Cave he visited this temple, finding extraordinary solace here avowed to permanently settle here.

Mosques : Out of all the mosques in the town, information in respect of seven representing almost all the localities of the town have been collected. The brief account of these religious institutions is given below :

Nassu Masjid : This mosque, located in mohalla Nassu was established in 1863 A.D. The mosque consists of a single storeyed rectangular building with walls made of stones and mud and the roof covered with G.I. sheets.

The management and control of the mosque is in the hands of a committee composed of five members. The committee collects contribution from every household in the locality either in cash or kind. Out of the amount thus collected remuneration 175 to the Imam and expenditure on repairs to the mosque are met with. During the year 1970-71, the committee collected an amount of Rs. 700 out of which Rs. 600 were given to the Imam as remuneration and rest spent on urgent epairs.

The committee has recently opened a Darasgah adjacent to the mosque where Quran is taught to the children of the locality.

Lankrishi Masjid " This mosque is situated in mohalla Lankrishipora. It is regarded the oldest mosque in the town having been established in 1763 A.D. The mosque has since undergone a series of repairs and today it consists of a double storeyed building with walls made of bricks and stones and roof of C.G.I. sheets. It has no managing body for its maintenance.

Ganayee Masjid : The mosque is situated in Ganayee locality of mohalla Nassu. It is said to be over 100 years old and consists of a single-storeyed square pucca building. The mosque IS not provided with Hamam.

A committee consisting of four members headed by a presi dent is in existence for upkeep of the mosque. The ,other office bearers, elected after every on or two years, are secretary and cashier. The remuneration of Imam and other necessary repairs are arranged by the committee through contribution.

Papachan Masjid : The mosque is located in Papachan mohalla of the town. It is said to have been constructed in 1869 A.D. and consists of a square-shaped building made of pucca materials and roof made of shingle.

The mosque has adjacent to it a Darasgah where local child ren are taught Quran free of charges.

The committee headed by the president, Shri Kamal-ud Din, Head Clerk in Accountant General's office is in-charge of the maintenance and control of the mosque. 176

Bhat Mahal Masjid : It is located in Bhat locality of ward 8 of the town. It is of recent origin having been built in 1969 by the inhabitants of Bhat locality. The mosque has a rectangular building with its walls made of stones and mud and roof ofthat<:h.

The management and control of the mosque is in the hands of one-man committee-Shri Abdul Aziz Bhat, a peon in Pan chayat. He is responsible to the local inhabitants for the upkeep of the mosque. During the year 1972-73, he collected through voluntary contribution Rs. 900 against which an expenditure of Rs. ] 200 was incurred on the renovation of the mosque.

Peer Masjid : It is situated in Peer locality of Bandipore planned area. The mosque is said to have been built about lOO years ago by the local inhabitants. The building of the mosque, rectangular in shape, consists of pucca walls made of stones and bricks and roof of G.I. sheets. Nishat Masjid : This mosque is located in Bandipore plan ned area. It is one of the oldest in the town having been built during the reign of Yousuf Shah Chak. The mosque was dis mantled and rebuilt in 1961. The mosque consists of a single storeyed building with walls made of pucca materials and roof ofC.G.I. sheets. This mosque is also equipped with Hamam. The management of the mosque is looked after by a com mittee elected by the local inhabitants. The mosque has attached to it an area of six kanals valuing over Rs. 30,000. Jamia Masjid : It is situated in Bandipore planned area. It was established in 1871. It is said that one Rajab Dar of the town went from door to door to collect the required funds fo. its construction half of which was contributed by him. The management of the mosque rests with a committee consisting of five members, headed by a president. The com mittee takes every care for the comfort or Friday congregation. The government has allotted an area of six kanals to the north-west of the Gulshan chowk for the construction of another _.., 1 I I

.lamia Masjid. The Auqaf Committee constituted for the pur· pose has drawn up a blue print for the construction which is likely to cost Rs. 5lakh. The requisite amount is being collected through public contribution and in addition to this revenue accruing from an orchard attached to Iddgah is also being diverted for this purpose. ldd Gah : It is located just adjacent to Nishat park, and is spread over an area of20 kanals. This area is said to have been acquired during the reign of Maharaja Gulab Singh. Part of Idd Gah has been converted into an orchard which yields a per manent source of income for its maintenance. Crime : The town has no special law and order problem. The crime rate is low. The Bandipore Police Station exercises jurisdiction over the whole of town plus suburban areas extending to Kaloosa, Weivan and Tragabal. During 1971-72, 81 criminal cases were registered by the station. The particulars are given in the following statement :

TABLE NO. 101

Criminal cases by type-1971-72

Name of No. of criminal Particulars of Other particu ,tation cases dealt with cases of breach lars of deviant of law and order, behaviour e.g. on communal, suicide, alcoho political or lism etc. other grounds ,-----"---, r----"---1 .-__..A.._, Regis- Chal- Type No. Type No. tered lanned .------____~ _____2 __ . __ 3_. _____i__. _.~ . ___ ~ _____ 7 Bandipore 81 68 Nil Nil Sec. 2 Police Station 304 R.P.C. Sec. 2 302 R.P.C. It will be seen that during the year no cases of breach of law and order, communal harmony or political agitation were recorded and offences like murder, theft, house-breaking, alcoholism etc. were few and far between. CHAPTER XlII

LINKAGES AND CONTINUA

By linkages and continua is meant that part of the conti· guously surrounding area which is linked economically, socially and culturally with the town as a centre. For this purpose, specifically detailed schedules were canvassed in respect of villages on various transport and communication routes. In all, six vil lages, four on Bandipore-Sopore road and two an Bandipore Srinagar road were studied to examine the rural-urban interaction and extent of urban influence in the neighbourhood. The particulars of the selected villages are given in the subjoined state ment.

TABLE NO. 102 Particulars of selected villages on various transport routes

N :lm~ of t[:lnsport Distance of the selected villages from the town route r------~--..A...------_. Within 10 kms. Beyond 10 kms. --_~-~-~------.-_---_-- 2 3 ------_._-_-- B Ll:lipore-Srinagar Garoora (5.0 kms.) Chiva (19.0 kms)

B Indipore-Sopore (i) Mangni Pora (5.0 (i) Kunas (14.0 kms.) kms.) (ii) Ashtengoo (9.0 kms.) (ii) Magri Para (19.0 kms.) NOTE :-Distance from the town is approximate. Of the six villages, in respect of which village schedules were canvassed, three each fall within 10 kms. and more than 10 kms. from the town. A brief account of each of the villages studied during the field survey is given below : 1. Caroara : This is a small village with an area of 2.32 km2 and a population of 1,509 persons. It is located on Bandi pore-Srinagar road, nearly 5 kms. from Bandipore and about 51 kms. from Srinagar city. The village has no market of its own, the same is available at Nadihal about 3.5 kms. from the village. 17}t

The village panchayat representing Aragam, an adjacent locality also, is located in this village. The schooling facilities in this village are provided by one primary school (girls) and one middle school. The nearest post and telegraph office and health centre are at Bandipore. The village is electrified. In the absence of potable drinking water facilities, spring water is used for drink ing. It has a cooperative multipurpose society which serves the village.

2. Chiva : This is bigger than Garoora with an area of 3.72 km2 and a population of 1,160 persons. It is situated on Bandipore-Srinagar road, about 19 kms. from Bandipore and nearly 37 kms. from Sri nagar city. It has one primary school and two middle schools. The nearest post office and dispensary are at Saffa Pora about 4 kms. from the village. The telegraph facilities are also available at Saffa Pora. Drinking water facilities are not available in the village. Nallah water is used for drinking purposes. It has no panchayat and is not electrified. It has no co-operative multipurpose society of its own and is served by one at Hakbara.

3. M angni Para: This is a fairly large village, with an area of 4.36 km2. and a population of 1,605 persons. It is closer to Bandipore (5 kms.) and is located on Bandipore-Sopore road. It has two primary schools but no panchayat of its own. The nearest post and telegraph office and health centre are at Bandi pore. Drinking water facilities have not yet been extended to this village, nor is it electrified.

4. Ashtengoo : Ashtengoo is 9 kms. from Bandipore on Bandipore-Sopore route. With a population of 1,686 persons, it is the biggest village in population size after Kunas. It has no panchayat of its own but the one located at Kunas serves its interests. The schooling facilities in the villag.; a.re catered to by one primary school and one middle school. The nearest tele graph office and health centre are at Bandipore. It has one co operative shop. Drinking water facilities are yet to be extended (0 this village. It is not electrified. 180

5. Kunas : Kunas has an area of 4.95 km2 and a population of 1,850. It is located on Bandipore-Sopore road at a distance of about 14 kms. from Bandipore and about 17 kms. from Sopore. It has a panchayat, three primary schools and one middle school. The village has also its own dispensary. It has no co operative multipurpose society but the co-operative shop at Ashtengoo, serves this village also. It is electrified. 6. Magri Pora : Magri Pora has an area of 0.75 km2 and population of 175 persons. It is closer to Sopore (12 kms.) than Bandipore (19 kms.) and is located on Bandipore-Sopore route. No schooling facilities are available in the village. It has no co-operative multipurpose svciety of its own. However, the society located at Botengu represents this village also. The nearest telegraph office and hospital are at Sopore. It has no panchayat and is also not electrified. This is only sample village where double cropping, introduced on experimental lines, has proved a success. We may examine the demographic and other important characteristics of the selected villages to better appreciate urban rural inter-reaction.

Growth of population The first important topic relates to population and growth rate. TABLE NO. 103 Rate of increase of popUlation in selected villages Tohl Popul.ltion Growth rate :u'ca of the ,-,___ ..A..._~._--., ,-_..A..._, V i, l<;~ (km') 1951 1971 1961-71 . 2-'- --'3 " -~'-'4--'- -~-5-"--

Within 10 kms. 1. Glroora 2.. 12 689 1,509 119.01 2. MlI1sl1i Pora 4 ..'(} 1,157 1,605 38.72 3. Ashtengoo 2,45 1,302 1,6S6 29,49 TOTAL 3,148 4,800 52.48 Beyond 10 kms. 1. Chiva 3.72 842 1,160 37.77 2. Kunus 4.95 1,532 1850 20.76 3. Magri Pora 0.75 126 175 38.89 TOTAL ._------_--2,500 3,185 27.40 181

It will be seen that the range of annual rate of growth for villages within 10 kms. of the town varies from 2.95 to 11.90 and that for villages beyond 10 kms. from 2.08 to 3.89. Density and ratio of households per census house The following statement furnishes the density of population and ratio of households per census house in respect of selected villages :

TABLE NO. 104

Del1~ity of population and ratio of households per census house in selected villages-1971 Name of village Density No. of households per census house 2 3 ------Within 10 kms. Garoora .. 650 1.2 Mangni Pora 368 1.1 Ashtengoo 688 1.4 TOTAL 526 1.2 Beyond 10 kms. Chiva 312 1.2 Kunus .. 374 Magri Pora 233 1.0

TOTAL 338 1.2 ------_. The average density of villages within 10 kms. of the town stands at 526 persons per km2 and that for villages beyond 10 kms. 338, This shows that villa,;es nearer the town have comparatively higher density than villages more distant. The same does not hold good in respect of occupancy ratio. Working force and industrial classification of workers The following statements furnish the break-up of the pUiJU lation of the selected villages by percentage of workers to total population and industrial classification :

2/Census J & K/78-26 182

TABLE NO. 105 Proportion of workers by sex in selected villages-1971

Population Percentage of wor-

,.____ ..A.. _____-, ,.___ kers _..A..to total ____ , Name of village Total Male Female Total Male Female 2 3 4 5 6 7 Within 10 kms. 1. Garoora 1,509 811 698 27.9 51.91 2. Mangni Pora 1,605 881 724 28.5 52.10 3. Ashtengoo 1,686 915 771 27.9 51.26 0.13 TOTAL 4,800 2,607 2,193 28.1 51.75 0.05 Beyond 10 kms. 1. Chiva 1,160 619 541 26.9 50.56 2. Kunus 1,850 995 855 31.5 57.49 1.17 3. Magri Pora 175 92 83 25.7 47.83

TOTAL 3,185 1,706 1,479 29.4 54.45 0.68

TABLE NO.·106 Distribution of worker~ by sector of economy in selectfd villages, 1971 _------_."_ .. ,- Primary sector Secondary sector TertiarY sector Name of village r-______A..----, r---.----A.. _ __. r-______A..---~ Total Male Fe- Total Male Fe- Total Male Fe- male male male 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Within 10 Kms· 1. Garoora 80.8 80.8 6.8 6.8 12.4 12.4 2. Mangnj Pora 79.5 79.5 8.3 8.3 12.2 12.2 3. Ashtengoo 73.5 73.5 11.0 11.0 15.5 15.5 TOTAL 77.8 77.8 8.7 8.7 13.5 13.5

B~yond 10 Kms. I. Chiva 88.9 88.9 2.8 2.8 8.3 8.3 2. Kunus 82.6 82.3 4.7 4.7 12.7 13.0 3. Magri Pora 95.4 95.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 TOTAL 85.3 85.1 3.9 4.0 10.8 10.9 183

The percentage of workers in respect of villages within 10 kms. of the town is 28.1 % while that for villages beyond 10 kms. s 29.4 %. Sexwise, the percentage of workers for the villages within 10 kms. of the town stands at 51.75 % for males and 0.05 % for females while that for villages beyond 10 kros. 54.45 % for males and 0.68 % for females. The percentage of workers engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors is much lower than those engaged in the primary sector. Likewise the percentage of workers engaged in secondary and tertiary sectors in respect of villages within 10 kms. of the town is not much significant as compared with villages beyond 10 kms. LlTERACY TABLE NO. 107 Cl)m!).lr !tive literacy rates-1961 and 1971

, ___--A. 1961 ___ , 1971 Name of village ,_----A. , Total Male Female Total Male Female ---- 2._------_----- 3 4 5 6 7 Within 10 kms. 1. Garoora 9.14 18.05 21.7 38.1 2.6 2. Mangni Pora .. 9.25 13.82 4.06 11.8 17.9 4.3 3. Ashtengoo 8.22 15.22 0.17 8.8 15.2 1.2 TOTAL 8.80 15.30 1.55 13.8 23.3 2.6 Beyond 10 Kms. 1. Chiva 8.43 15.77 9.8 17.9 0.6 2. Kunus 3.13 5.80 0.14 11.6 20.0 l.8 3. Magri Pora 0.80 1.61 5.7 10.9 TOTAL 4.80 9.01 0.08 10.6 18.6 l.2 B.1ndipore Town .. 13.08 19.83 5.32 20.67 30.14 9.83 Bandipore Rural .. 13.63 21.89 3.87 It is evident froro above that proximity or distance from the town has played no significant part in the spread of literacy in the selected villages. Land utilization The land utilization statistics pertaining to selected villages is furnished in the following statement: 184

000 0.8 000 r-:r---:r---: ..... U .,fN~ ool'-M 0\ . ooM'I:> 0.1'-. O. 00MS0 ~O\",N f~ '-' -.- I - I I II ;: <5 I

00 .....o

0'-" 00 ·N ,..., \0 0\11") 7 • "'>00 -~

, I I I 185

The proportion of land under forests, culturable fallow, cultivable fallow and unirrigation in respect of villages within 10 kms. of Bandipore town is 1.05 %,3.62 %,8.69 % and 17.94 % respectively while that for villages beyond 10 kms. for corres ponding types of land is 3.68 %, 9.44%, 8.67/~ and 17.92% respectively. Similarly, the proportion of land under homestead, irrigation and cultivation in respect of villages within 10 kms. of the town is of the order of 0.39 %, 22.26 /~ and 40.20 % while that for villages beyond 10 kms., it is 0.63%, 18.24% and 36.16% respectively. This shows that distance from an urban centre has made no material impact on the land utilization pattern in selected villages. Basic amenities The availability of basic amenities in selected villages has been given in the following statement :

TABLE NO. 109 Availability of basic amenities in selected villages

Educational Medical Elec tricity Name of village ,.-_--..-A.._----.., ,_--..-A..---., Primary Middle Dis- F.P.C. pensary 2 3 4 5 6

Within 10 Kms. 1. Gargoora Yes Yes Yes 2. Mangni Pora Yes 3. Ashtengoo Yes Yes Beyond 10 Kms. 1. Chiva .. Yes Yes 2. Kunus Yes Yes Yes Yes 3. Magri Pora 186

TABLE NO. 109 -Conti.

Name of village Water supply Road Post Telegraph f-----"'----...... ,-__..A. __ , office office Spring Piped Nallah Kutcha Pucca water water '-~------_._----- 7 8 9 10 11 ·12 13

Within Kms. 1. G 'oora Yes Yes 2 Mangni Pora Yes Yes 3. Ashtengoo Yes Yes Beyond 10 Kms. 1. Chiva Yes 2. Kunus Yes Yes 3. Magri Pora Yes Yes _------.

TABLE No. 109-Concld.

Name of village Radio Pancha- Coopera- Market Police .----'-----, yat tive urban station Common Private society area 1 14 15 16 17 18 19

Within 10 Kms. (67) 1. Garoora Yes Yes Yes Bandipore :- (1) (150) 2. Mangni Pora Yes Yes Bandipore Sopore (55) 3, Ashtengoo Yes Yes Yes Sopore

Beyond 10 Kms. 1. Chiva " (2) (40) 2. Kunus Yes Yes Yes Sopore (8) 3. Magri Pora Yes Sopore NOTE:-F.P.C.-Family Planning Centre. 187

It will be seen that basic amenities available in the selected villages do not reflect any pronounced urban impact over their dispersal. The figures reveal that even some basic amenities like electricity, potable drinking water, medical and post and telegraph, are lack ing in almost all the surveyed villages irrespective of their distance from the town. Market place The following statement mentions the market place where marketable surpluses of the surveyed villages are disposed of :

TABLE NO. 110 Details of market Name of -village Name of commodities Name of Mode of market transPort centre ------2------3-----4-

Within 10 kms. 1. Garoora .. Nadroo (Lotus roots), Bandipore, By bu<, water chest-nuts, nuts, Srinagar truck silkworm 2. M lngili P )ra .. Milk, fruin, silkworm, BClndipore • By bus, eggs. Sri nagar truck 3. Ashtengoo Fruit and fish Sopore By boat, bU'iand truck Beyond 10 kms. 1. Chiva 2. Kunus Fruit, fi>h, water chest- Sopore By boat, nut" silkworm, walnuts Sr:nagar bus ;lnd and eggs truck 3. Magri Pora .. Fruit Sopore By bus, truck It will be seen that Bandipore, Sopore and Srinagar are the only market centres where agricultural surpluses of the sample villages are disposed of. While silk-worms are directly despatched to Sri nagar, other commodities are marketed in Bandipore and Sopore towns. In fact the great bulk finds its way to Sopore, the main business centre in the region. This shows that Sopore town though farther away from most of the surveyed villages provides a ready market for their agricultural surpluses. 188

Purchase of commodities The details of commodities purchased from establishments in urban areas are listed in the following statement : TABLE NO. 111 Particulars of commodities purchased from urban areas Name of village Name of Name of commodity Approximate urban purchased proportion area of peopJe purchasing 2 3 4 Within 10 kms 1. Garoora Bandipore Grocery, cloth, medicine, 70% oils and others. Srinagar Cloth. medicine and gro- 30% eery. 2. Mangni para Bandipore Grocery, cloth, medicine, All oils and others. 3. Ashteng)o Blndipore Grocery, cloth, rredicine, 50% oils. Sopore Grocery, cloth, medicine, 50% oils and others. Beyond 10 km •. 1. Chiva S:'inagar Grocery, cloth, medicine 25 % & others, 2. Ku'1uS Sopore Grocery, cloth, medicine 90% and olhers. 3. Magri pora Sopore Grocery. cloth, medicine All & others.

The particulars indicate that the main item5 of commodities purchased consist of grocery, cloth, oils and medicines and these are purchased from three main markets. The surveyed villages within 10 kms. of Bandipore mostly purchase the said commodities from the town while villages beyond 10 kms. of Bandipore purchase them [r0m Sopore town and Srinagar city.

Diversified enrolment in schools The particulars giving diversified enrolment in schools in respect of surveyed villages are furnished in the following statement : 189

TABLE NO. 112

Diversified enrolment in schools in respect of selected villagEs N:tmc of village Primary Middle Matriculation Graduates Technically qualified ~_A_,,-A-~,~_,(-A_,,_A __. M F M F MF M F M F

Beyond 10 kms. 1. Chiva 14 3 63 21 12 2. Kunus 18 8 96 11 3. Magri Pora 8 17

TOTAL .. 40 28 159 21 23 2 _._._--_._._------The table shows that diversified enrolment in schools m respect of villages within 10 kms. of Bandipore town is slightly more accentuated than in villages beyond 10 kms.

2/Census J & K/78-27 CHAPTER XIV

CONCLUSION

Bandipore is one of the 45 urban area<; of the State in the population range of 5,000-9,999 with a population at the 1971 Census at 6,201 persons. The town is about 56 kms. from Srinagar city and only 31 kms. from Sopore town. The economic development of the town, recorded during the last one decade, has been rather slow. This manifests itself in the fact that as in 1961, Bandipore continues as a primary activity town. The only silver lining observed is that while in 1961, 60.18 % of its working population was engaged in the primary sector, the proportion had got reduced to 49.50% at the 1971 Census. There are many reasons for the town's slow economic growth, chief among which was the loss of northern areas which the town used to serve prior to 1947. The town was notified in 1961 and new areas have been added to its jurisdi~tion since but this has not helped in changing its functional classification.

It has been stated earlier that Bandipore was given urban status, for the first time, in 191 I and was subsequently declassified in 1921. It continued in the rural list for several decades. The establishment of various service-oriented institu tions proceeded on an extremely slow pace. Telegraph was established in 1911, followed by sub-divisional office (PWO) for the improvement and maintenance of roads and paths to northern areas in 1921 while the animal husbandry unit was opened in 1931. In the ye(l.f 19H, tlYO more institutions were established. These were labour office and forest range office. The tehsil information centre was opened in 1966, to be followed a year later by setting up of a fire-fighting station. The judicial court and office of the assistant registrar of co-operatives were established in 1968. Banking institutions did not find place in the town uptil 1969 in which year a branch of Baramula Central 191

Co-operative bank Ltd. was opened, followed by branch offices of the State bank and Jammu and Kashmir bank Ltd. The facili ties for primary education became available only in 1931 in which year a lone primary school was opened. The higher secondary school was started in 1944, followed by girl's high school in 1)47. The government lower high school w.1~, however, opened in 1959.

The growth of the town in terms of population can be examined in three stages. In the first stage between 1911 and 1921 during which Bandipore enjoyed town status, the growth of population was very poor only 4.1 %. In the second stage, extending from 1921 to 1951, during which period Bandi pore was a declassified town the growth rate was comparatively much better, ranging between 15.6% in 1941-51 to 23.1 % in- 1931-41. During the last two decades, viz. 1951-71 marking the third stage including the last decade the population in creased at a much faster pace; 52.2 % during 1961-71. The factors responsible for such a high growth rate are evident. During the last two decades, Bandipore witnessed setting up of more and more service oriented institutions and the setting up of tehsil office which exerted a pull on the rural population of surrounding villages.

It is not easy to divide such a small town as Bandipore into various functional areas. The various functional areas are in fact mingled up with residential areas. In view of its peculiar topography, the town has not developed radically in all directions, its development has been endogenous rather than exogenous. Whatever development the town has recorded in the matter of housing was achieved after the big 1963 fire. Almost the whole town was thereafter rehabilitated in a modern and planned manner. A new market with row of pucca shops on either side of the main road with a circular chowk in the centre, was constructed. This market, catering not only to the local demand, but that of its big hinterland constitutes by itself a separate commercial zone, studded with administrative and residential areas. This Z0ne is mostly confined to Bandipore 192

planned area. The rest of the areas, viz. Nassu and Papachan are exclusively residential. The new housing site~ are largely available in the outskirts of Nowpora area. Most of the administrative and service oriented institutions in the town have grown up in the outskirts of Nowpora area. The settle ment pattern conforms to that obtaining in the region a~ a whole. Muslims are the predominant religious group of the town. It is interesting to note that although there is no caste ism in Islam, the Muslims of Bandipore are clustered under various occupational castes and in fact mohallas are known after the occupation of the residents. In order to acquire economic strength independent of primary sector, the town needs to develop further in ,the field of industries and trade and commerce. In fact there is con siderable scope for the development of agro-based industries and smaIl scale industry. Until recently, Bandipore was re puted throughout the valley for its handmade products like woollen blankets, chaffing vessels, baskets etc. These enter prises can be both revamped or diversified, if needed. As compared to 1961, trade and commerce appears to have picked up slightly during the succeeding decade with proportion of workers in this sector having risen from 7.72% to 8.63% during 1961-71. In this connection, it is worthy of note that 12 % of the census houses in the town were returned as shops excluding eating houses and 2.31 % as business houses/ offices. However, as already pointed out the bulk of the population n'early 50% is still dependent on primary sector. There is a room for improvement' in the matter of services and amenities available in the town. Much is stilI left to be done in such matters as electricity, water supply, sanitation, sewerage etc. Electricity is not yet available to all the residential households in the town. Areas like Lan krishipora and Ganai mohalla are bereft of electricity. Potable drinking water facilities in the town are pro vided by the Public Health Engineering Department with its 193 district headquarter located at Baramula. During th~ surv~v<. it was noticed that out of 250 households, only 99 or 39.6 %In1 been provided with this basic amenity. Ninety-nine households equipped with potable water connections were confined to two of the four mohall as of the town with Bandipore and Nowpora mohall as claiming 84 and 15 respectively. Thus a major portion of the town comprising Nassu, Lankrishipora and Pap:tchan was lacking this facility. The existing drainage service does not fully satisfy the requirements of the town. The service is confined mostly to Bandipore planned area. Over 75 % of the households in the town do not have such a basic requirem~!1t as lavatory. In the whole of town, there are, in all, 88 service type latrines none water borne and of these, 61 are alone found in Bandipore planned area. The position in regard to medical and health services and veterinary service is comparatively more satisfactory. But the bed-strength for indoor patients and facilities for out-patients need to be increased. The edu cational facilities upto the level of matriculation, as available in the town, are satisfactory. There are, however, no arrange ments for post-matric education. There is great dearth of cultural institutions and centres for amusement and recreation. Something positive needs to be done in this re'>pect so that the youthful population of the town presently drawn into the neigh bouring town of Sopore or Srinagar city for entertainment, recreation and cultural life may find the recjuisite facilities avail able to a large extent in the town itself.

In one field alone, housing progre')s has been upto the mark. However, due to its peculiar topography, housing has not developed radially in all directions and is concentrated mainly to the built-up areas of Bandipore planned area:

Rural-urban linkage,> do exist in the town. They are mainly of social and economic nature. Many of the residents in the town are found to have some social and ecollamic interests in the surrounding villages. An enquiry made during the field survey on the frequency of Contact showed that most of 194 t he contacts are either bi-annual or monthly. The role of service oriented institutions like schools, health centre, banks, parks etc. in providing rural-urban linkages cannot be denied. A good number of persons from surrounding villages commute to the town for availing of these services. Likewise, many town dwellers commute daily to Sopore and Baramula towns in connection with their economic, educational and recrea tional pursuits. But there is little sign of any pronounced urban inter-action on the neighbouring villages in field. This is due to the fact that Bandipore itself is no more than a large village. It is a matter of gratification that crime rate in the town is very low and there is no special law and order problem. Major offences are conspicuous by their absence. Most of the cases registered related to disputes over land, property, mutual animosity, separation and divorce. Summing up, it may be stated that the town has not yet cast off its traditional rural character. This manifests itself in many facets of life; structure of houses, eating habits. choice of entertainment and recreational and use of leisure time etc. The fairs and festivals and religious functions conti nue to be the only source of integration for the community life. There is found a tendency on the part of groups to live together in various localities or neighbourhoods. Cultural institutions like libraries and clubs are still non-existent. The mode of using leisure time has not undergone much change. It appears that development of tourism which offers a bright prospect can bring about a rapid change in the sleepy condition of the town. Bandipore situated on the bank of the Wular lake is surrounded by a string of ideal health resorts like Sunder Wani, Aathwattu, Tragabal, Nagha Marag, Chittar Nar, Shera Sar and Zaina Lank in the Wular. These spots are so full of attractive surroundings that they can draw thousands of tourists every year. The problem is to open them up by building roads, rest houses, catering places etc. It may entail a lot of expenditure to begin with but it will certainly transform the life and economy of a vast region of the State. APPENDICES

APPENDIX-I

CENSUS DATA

2/Census J&K/78-28 198

TABLE B-1 Part A-Workers and Non-workers according to main activity Town Age Total Population Total workers group

P M F M F r-----.A..----, ,-__.A.. __, 2 3 4 5 6 7

Bandipore Total 6,201 3,311 2,890 1,670 33 0-14 2,732 1,402 1,330 43 15-19 436 251 185 119 1 20-24 575 322 253 275 12 25-29 543 277 266 260 14 30-39 832 464 368 452 2 40-49 559 301 258 295 3 50-59 302 182 120 165 1 60+ 222 112 110 61 A.N.S.

-- _------_. W 0 R r------"- V Town Age Manufacturing, Processing, Construction group Servicing & repairs ------, Yea) V(b) Household Other than Industry Household ._------_.Industry VI__ M F M F M F ,,-__..A. __--.. ,-__.A.. __, r--_.A.._-, 2 16 17 18 19 20 21 Bandipore Total 37 180 47 0-14 12 15-19 I 13 20-24 5 26 2 25-29 7 29 6 30-39 12 47 21 40-49 6 26 12 50-59 6 16 6 60+ 11 A.N.S. 199

NO.1 Classified by sex and age_group WORKERS Cultivators Agricultural Livestock, Mining and labourers Forestry, Quarrying Fishing, Hunting & Planlations, Or~hards & Allied ,1 ctivities I IT III IV M F M F M F M F r----.A..--, r---.A-_-, ,----"---, 10 11 _____12 13 ~14 15 591 100 148 4 14 4 4 47 14 14 82 18 22 71 16 19 158 24 36 118 15 31 2 80 6 16 1 21 3 6

K E R S ------_------_- Trade and Transport, Other services Non-workers Commerce Storage & Communications

VII VIII IX X .-~~--- M F M F M F M F , __.A--_-, ,---"---, r------A.-- --. ,---A..._--. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 147 III 305 32 1,641 2,857 1 3 5 1,359 1,330 8 12 10 1 132 184 29 25 66 12 47 241 18 14 79 14 17 252 35 28 91 2 12 366 28 20 37 3 6 255 16 5 13 17 119 12 4 4 51 110 200

TABLE B-1 Part B-Male workers and Non-workers

Town Marital Status Age- Total Total I n III group po pula- workers tion

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bandipore All marital status Total 3,311 1,670 591 100 148 0-14 1,402 43 14 4 4 15-19 251 119 47 14 14 20-24 322 275 82 18 22 25-29 277 260 71 16 19 30-39 464 452 158 24 36 40-49 301 295 118 15 31 50-59 182 165 80 6 16 60+ 112 61 21 3 6 A.N.S.

Never Married Total 1,928 394 126 47 29 0-14 1,400 42 14 4 4 15-19 236 110 42 14 12 20-24 191 153 44 15 10 25-29 69 63 17 11 2 30-39 25 20 6 2 1 40-49 4 4 2 1 50-59 2 2 1 60+ 1 A.N.S.

Married Total 1,280 1,202 432 44 118 0-14 2 1 15-19 15 9 5 2 20-24 127 118 35 3 12 25-29 203 192 52 4 17 30-39 424 417 145 21 34 40-49 275 270 108 8 31 50-59 153 143 70 5 16 60+ 81 52 17 3 6 A.N.S. 201

No• .2 according to main activit)' classified by marital status and age-groups

tV V (a) V (b) VI VII VIII IX X

,._-_.,- 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

4 37 180 47 147 111 305 1,641 12 1 3 5 1,359 13 8 12 10 132 5 26 2 29 25 66 47 7 29 6 18 14 79 17 12 47 21 35 28 91 12 2 6 26 12 28 20 37 6 6 16 6 16 5 13 17 11 12 4 4 51

1 3 50 2 26 36 74 1,534 12 1 3 4 1,358 13 7 11 10 126 1 18 16 16 33 38 1 6 1 3 21 6 1 2 1 2 5 5 1

3 31 121 44 114 72 223 78 1 1 1 1 6 3 8 2 13 9 33 9 6 23 6 16 11 57 11 12 43 19 34 24 85 7 2 6 25 11 27 18 34 5 1 4 13 6 14 5 9 10 9 9 4 4 29 202

TABLE

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Widowed Total 91 63 28 8 0-14 15-19 20-24 2 2 25-29 2 2 2 30-39 11 11 5 40-49 22 21 8 6 50-59 25 19 8 60+ 29 8 4 A.N.S. Divorced or separated Total 11 11 5 1 0-14 15-19 20-24 2 2 2 25-29 3 3 1 ' 30-39 4 4 2 40-49 50-59 1 60+ 1 A.N.S. Unspecified status Total 1 0-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ A.N.S.

Note :-A.N.S-Age Not Stated. 203

NO. 2-Concld.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ------~------~-- 3 9 5 2 7 28

3 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 6 2 2 21

2 204

TABLE B·1 Part B-Female Workers and non_workers according to main activity

I II III Town Marital Age- Total Total Culti- Agri- Live- status group popula- workers va tors cul- stock, tion tural Forestry, labour- Fishing, ers Hunting & Plan- tations, Orchards & Allied Activities H __ • ______• _____ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Bandipore All Marital Total 2,890 33 Status 0-14 1,330 15-19 185 20-24 253 12 25-29 266 14 30-39 368 2 40-49 258 3 50-59 120 1 60+ 110 A.N.S.

Never Married Total 1,419 6 0-14 1,312 15-19 83 1 20-24 19 5 25-29 1 30-39 2 40-49 2 50-59 60+ A.N.S. *Married Total 1,261 22 0-14 IS 15-19 99 20-24 229 7 25-29 261 12 -- 30-39 354 2 205

NO.3 classified by Marital status and age-groups

IV V VI VII VIII IX x Mining & Manufacturing, Cons- Trade & Trans- Other Non- Quarrying Processing, truction Com- port, services workers Servicing & Repairs merce Storage r--___..A..---~ & (a) (b) Commu- House- Other nications hold than Industry House- hold Industry 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

32 2,8.57 1,330 184 12 241 14 252 2 366 3 2.55 119 110

6 1,413 1,312 1 82 5 14 1 2 2

22 1,239 18 99 7 222 12 249 2 352 2/Census J & K/78-29 206

TABLE -.------,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

40-49 215 50-59 67 60+ 18 A.N.S. *Widowed Total 197 3 0-14 15-19 2 20-24 1 25-29· 3 30-39 8 40-49 39 1 50-59 52 1~ 60+ 92 , A.N.S. *Divorced or Total 13 2 separated 0-14 15-19 20-24 4 25-29 ' 1 30-39 4 40--49 2 SO-59 1 60+ A.N.S.

NOTE:- Unspecified status - No figures available. *-Excludes figures for the age-group 0-9. 207

NO. 3-Concld.

9 1() 11 12 13 14 15 16

214 67 18

2 194

2 1 2 - 8 38 51 92

2 11

1 4 1 4 1 1 1 208

TABLE B-III Part A-Classification of workers and non-workers

Educational levels Total Population Total workers r--___".A.-----, ,----"----, p M F M F 2 3 4 5 6

Total 6,201 3,}11 2,890 1,670 33 Illiterate 4,919 2,313 2,606 1,101 Literate (without educational level) * 249 182 67 75 Primary 412 327 85 163 Middle 337 273 64 161 4 Matriculation or Higher Secondary 241 176 65 135 25 Non-technical diploma not equal to degree 2 2 2 Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree 3 3 3 Graduate degree other than technical degree 15 15 11 Post-graduate degree other than technical degree 5 5 4 Technical degree or diploma equal to degree or postgraduate degree Engineering & Technology 2 2 2 Medicine 8 6 2 6 2 Agriculture, veterinary & dairying 1 1 Teaching 7 6 6 Others

NOTE :-*Includes figures of educational levels not classifiable. 209 NO. .; according to main Activity by Educational· Levels

II III IV .------'-----, .-__.A. __-, .-__..A._""'"I r---..A.--, M F M F M F M F 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

591 100 148 4 454 91 109 2

30 3 49 2 9 44 3 13 13 14

2 210

TABLE

Educational levels V(a) V(b) VI r---..A-.--~ r---....J.-_--, r-__"'_~ M F M F M F 15 16 17 18 19 20

Total 37 180 47 Illiterate 26 128 26 Literate (without educational level) * 4 7 1 Primary 6 24 7 Middle 17 4 Matriculation or Higher Secondary 4 5 Non-technical diploma not equal to degree Technical diploma or certificate not equal to degree 2 Graduate degree other than technical degree Post-graduate degree other than technical degree Technical degree or diploma equal to degree or post graduate degree Engineering & technology 2 Medicine A.griculture. veterinazy &; dairying Teaching Qthers 6 2

1 6 212

TABLE NO.5 B-IV Part A-Industrial classification of persons at wor){ other than cultivation as main activity by Sex and Divisions, Major Groups and Minor Groups. BANDlPORE TOWN

Division/Major Group/ Total Workers Minor Group ofN.I.C. ,------_..)...------, Persons Males Females 2 3 4

All Divisions 1,012 979 33 Division 0 148 148 Major Group 01 3 3 Minor Group 016 2 2 Minor Group 017 1 Major Group 02 6 6 Minor Group 020 1 1 Minor Group 021 2 2 Minor Group 026 3 3 Major Group 03 14 14 Minor Group 034 9 9 Minor Group 035 4 4 Minor Group 039 1 Major Group 05 24 24 Minor Group 050 24 24 Major Group 06 101 101 Minor Group 061 96 96 Minor Group 062 5 5

Division 1 4 4 Major Group 12 1 1 Minor Group 129 1 1 Major Group 19 3 3 Minor Group 190 3 3

Division 2 & 3 218 217 Major Group 20 23 23 Minor Group 204 2 2 Minor Group 205 21 21 Mljor Group 23 21 21 Minor Group 230 20 20 Mindr Group 232 1 213

TABLE NO. 5--Contd.

2 3 4

Major Group 24 7 6 1 Minor Group 242 1 1 Minor Group 244 6 6 Major Group 226 77 77 Minor Group 264 77 77 Major Group 27 37 37 Minor Group 271 19 19 Minor Group 272 13 13 Minor Group 273 5 5 Major Group 29 5 5 Minor Group 291 5 5 Major Group 32 2 2 Minor Group 322 1 Minor Group 328 1 Major Group 34 22 22 Minor Group 340 1 Minor Group 343 13 13 Minor Group 344 8 8 Major Group 39 24 24 Minor Group 390 15 15 Minor Group 392 2 2 Minor Group 393 1 Minor Group 394 3 3 Minor Group 399 3 3

Division 4 7 7 M 1jor Group 40 7 7 Minor Group 401 7 7

Division 5 47 47 M ljor Group 50 47 47 Minor Group SOO 28 28 Minor Group 501 5 5 Mi nor Group 503 1 1 Minor Group 504 1 Minor Grou~ 509 12 12

Divi,ion 6 138 138 Mljor Group 60 4 4 Minor Group 600 3 3 Minor Group 601 1

2/Census J & K/78-30 214

TAmE NO. 5-Colltd.

_.,-----_- .. ---- 1 2 3 4 ------Division 6-Contd. Major Group 62 3 3 Minor Group 623 3 3 Major Group 65 97 97 Minor Group 650 56 56 Minor Group 651 15 15 Minor Group 652 15 15 Minor Group 653 2 2 Minor Group 654 2 2 Minor Group 659 7 7 Major Group 66 4 4 Minor Group 660 4 4 Major Group 67 14 14 Minor Group 670 3 3 Minor Group 672 6 6 Minor Group 673 1 Minor Group 676 4 4 Major Group 68 8 8 Minor Group 680 5 5 Minor Group 681 Minor Group 689 2 2 Major Group 69 8 8 Minor Group 691 8 8 Division 7 111 111 Major Group 70 100 100 Minor Group 701 10 10 Minor Group 702 6 6 Minor Group 703 16 16 Minor Group 704 6 6 Minor Group 705 2 2 Minor Group 706 60 60 Major Group 74 7 7 Minor Group 740 5 5 Minor Group 749 2 2 Ma~or Group 75 4 4 Minor Group 750 4 4 Division 8 9 9 MajO! Group SO"l 4 4 Minor GrclJp 800 3 3 Minor Group 801 1 215

TABLE NO. 5-Collc/d.

2 3 4

M ljor Group 82 4 4 Minor Group 821 1 Minor Group 823 1 1 Minor Group 828 2 2 Mljor Group 83 1 1 Minor Group 830 1 1

Division 9 330 298 32 Mljor Group 90 166 166 Minor Group 900 98 98 Minor Group 901 49 49 Minor Group 902 19 19 M1jor Group 92 74 45 29 Minor Group 920 2 1 1 Minor Group 921 72 44 28 Major Group 93 19 16 3 Minor Group 930 17 14 3 Minor Group 931 2 2 Major Group 94 8 8 Minor Group 941 4 4 Minor Group 942 1 Minor Group 949 3 3 Major Group 95 2 2 Minor Group 951 1 Minor Group 954 1 Major Group 96 61 61 Minor Group 960 26 26 Minor Group 961 3 3 Minor Group 962 25 25 Minor Group 963 2 2 Minor Group 969 5 5 NOTE : -The National Industrial Classification Divisions with their code numbers are listed below: Division 0 Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing. 1 Mining & QU'lrrying. ., 2&3 Manufacturing & repair. 4 Electricity, Gas & Water. 5 Construction. 6 Wholesale & ret:lil trade and Restaurants & Hotels. 7 Transport. Storage & Communications' " 8 Financing, Insurance, Real estate & Business Services. " 9 community Social & Personal Services. 2r 6

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TABLE NO. 11 B-VI Part A(i)-Occupational classification of persons at work aCCOrding to main acti,ity other than cUltivation classified by sex and age group SANDIPORE TOWN rotal Workers Occupational Divisions & Age-group ,------"------; Groups Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 All Divisions Total 1012 979 33 0-14 25 25 15-19 59 58 1 20-24 187 175 12 25-29 187 173 14 30-39 272 270 2 40-49 165 162 3 50-59 80 79 1 60+ 37 37 A.N.S.

Divisi~n 0 Total 25 22 3 20-24 3 2 1 25-29 9 7 2 30-39 11 11 40-49 2 2 Group 02 Total 3 3 25-29 1 1 30-39 2 2 Group 03 Total 2 2 25-29 1 30-39 1 Group 06 Total 1 1 20-24 1 1 Group 07 Total 14 12 2 20-24 2 1 1 25-29 6 5 1 30-39 5 5 40-49 1 1 Group 08 Total 5 4 25-29 1 30-39 3 3 40-49 1 1 226

TABLE NO. II-Con/d.

2 3 4 5

Division 1 Total 85 56 29 15-19 1 1 20-24 25 14 11 25-29 29 17 12 30-39 20 18 2 40-49 9 6 3 50-59 Group 10 Total 20-24 1 Group 12 Total 4 4 30-39 3 3 40-49 1 Group 13 Total 4 4 30-39 2 2 40-49 2 2 Group 14 Total 2 2 20-24 2 2 Group 15 Total 70 41 29 15-19 1 1 20-24 22 11 11 25-29 27 15 12 30-39 14 12 2 40-49 5 2 3 50-59 1 1 Group 17 Total 2 2 30-39 40-49 1 Group 18 Total 25-29 Group 19 Total 1 1 25-29 1 1 Division 2 Total 51 51 20-24 10 10 25-29 10 10 30-39 14 14 40-49 9 9 50-59 6 6 60+ 2 2 227

TABLE NO. ll-Coflld. ------_.------2 3 4 5

Group 21 Total 34 34 20-24 8 8 25-29 9 9 30-39 12 12 40-49 4 4 50-59 Group 22 Total 9 9 20-24 30-39 40-49 2 2 50-59 4 4 60+ 1 Group 24 Total 5 5 40-49 3 3 50-59 60+ Group 26 Total 3 3 20-24 25-29 30-39

Division 3 Total 84 84 15-19 2 2 20-24 33 33 25-29 20 20 30-39 17 17 40-49 8 8 50-59 2 2 60+ 2 2 Group 30 Total 3 3 30-39 2 2 50-59 Group 31 Total 30-39

G,U~\P 33 Total 7 7 20--24 3 , 25-29 1 1 30-39 3 3 228

TABLE NO. II-Con/d. --1-- 2 3 4 5 Group 35 Total 69 69 15-19 2 2 20-24 28 28 25-29 18 18 30-39 11 11 40-49 7 7 50-59 1 1 60+ 2 2 Group 37 Total 2 2 20-24 25-29 Group 38 Total 2 2 20-24 40-49 Division 4 Total 109 109 0-14 1 15-19 5 5 20-24 19 19 25-29 13 13 30-39 26 26 40-49 24 24 50-59 II 11 60+ 10 10 Group 40 Total 103 103 0-14 I 1 15-19 3 3 20-24 17 17 25-29 12 12 30-39 26 26 40-49 24 24 50-59 10 10 60+ 10 10 Group 43 Total 5 5 15-19 2 2 20-24 2 2 25-29 1 Group 44 Total 1 50-59 1 229

TABLE NO. ll-Co/1fd.

2 3 4 5

~ Division 5 Total 126 126 0-14 5 5 15-19 8 8 20-24 20 20 25-29 26 26 30-39 34 34 40-49 22 22 50-59 8 8 60+ 3 3

Group 52 Total 30 30 0-14 4 4 15-19 4 4 20-24 5 5 25-29 3 3 30-39 7 7 40-49 5 5 50-59 1 1 60+ 1

Group 53 Total 12 12 15-19 1 1 20-24 2 2 25-29 4 4 30-39 2 2 40-49 1 1 50-59 2 2

Group 54 Total 11 11 15-19 2 2 20-24 2 2 30-39 3 3 40-49 1 50-59 1 1 60+ 2 2

Gronp 55 Total 4 4 25-29 1 1 30-39 2 2 40-49 1 2/Census J &K/78-32 230

TABLE NO. 11-Contd.

2 3 4 5

Group 56 Total 26 26 0-14 15-19 1 20-24 4 4 25-29 5 5 30-39 6 6 40-49 7 7 50-59 2 2 Group 57 Total 43 43 20-24 7 7 25-29 13 13 30-39 14 14 40-49 7 7 50-59 2 2 Division 6 Total 141 141 0-14 4 4 15-19 14 14 20-24 20 20 25-29 16 16 30-39 36 36 40-49 29 29 50-59 16 16 60+ 6 6 Group 60 Total 3 3 20-24 1 1 25-29 1 1 40-49 1

Group 62 Total 4 4 20-24 2 2 25-29 30-39 Group 65 Total 14 14 15-19 1 20-24 1 25-29 2 2 30-39 2 2 40-49 4 4 50-59 3 3 60+ 1 231

ABLE NO. ll-Contd.

1 2 3 4 5

Group 66 Total 19 19 20-24 1 1 25-29 3 3 30--39 8 8 40-49 4 4 50-59 3 3

Group 68 Total 101 101 0-14 4 4 15-19 13 13 20-24 15 15 25-29 9 9 30-39 25 25 40-49 20 20 50-59 10 10 60+ 5 5

Division 7 Total 158 157 0-14 9 9 15-19 11 11 20-24 25 25 25-29 23 23 30-39 45 45 40-49 26 26 50-59 14 13 60+ 5 5

Group 71 Total 3 3 40-49 2 2 50-59 1

Group 73 Total 13 13 0-14 1 1 20-24 3 3 25-29 1 1 30-39 4 4 40-49 1 50 59 3 3 232

TABLE NO. ll-Contd.

---_.- 2 3 4 5 Group 75 Total 28 27 20-24 1 1 25-29 5 5 30-39 9 9 40-49 7 7 50-59 5 4 60+ 1 Group 77 Total 37 37 [5-19 5 5 20-24 6 6 25-29 6 6 30-39 10 10 40-49 7 7 50-59 2 2 60+ 1 ::Troup 79 Total 77 77 0-14 8 8 15-19 6 6 20-24 15 15 25-29 11 11 30-39 22 22 40-49 9 9 50-59 3 3 60+ 3 3 Division 8 Total 70 70 0-14 3 3 15-19 6 6 20-24 7 7 25-29 16 16 30-39 18 18 40-49 7 7 50-59 8 8 60+ 5 5 Group 80 Total 21 21 15-19 2 2 20-24 3 3 25-29 5 5 30-39 4 4 233

TABLE NO. ll-Contd.

1 2 3 4 5

40-49 2 2 50-59 2 2 60+ 3 3 Group 81 Total 8 8 0-14 1 15-19 1 1 30-39 2 2 40-49 2 2 60+ 2 2 Group 83 Total 13 13 15-19 1 20-24 25-29 2 2 30-39 4 4 40-49 1 50-59 4 4 Group 84 Total 6 6 0-14 1 25-29 3 3 30-39 2 2 Group 85 Total 12 12 15-19 1 1 20-24 1 1 25-29 4 4 30-39 4 4 40-49 1 50-59 1

Group 87 Total 9 9 0-14 1 1 15-19 1 1 20-24 2 2 25-29 1 1 30-39 2 2 40-49 1 50-59 1

Group 89 Total 1 1 25-29 1 234

TABLE NO. ll-Contd.

2 3 4 5

Division 9 Total 163 163 0-14 3 3 15-19 12 12 20-24 25 25 25-29 25 25 30-39 51 51 40-49 29 29 50-59 14 14 60+ 4 4

Group 94 Total 13 13 20-24 1 1 25-29 S S 30-39 2 2 40-49 2 2 50-59 3 3

Group 95 Total 37 37 20-24 2 2 25-29 5 5 30-39 17 17 40-49 9 9 50-59 4 4

Group 96 Total 1 30-39 1 1

Group 97 Total 62 62 0-14 3 3 15-19 10 10 20-24 13 13 25-29 3 3 30-39 13 13 40--49 12 12 50-59 4 4 60+ 4 4

Group 98 Total 43 43 15-19 2 2 20-24 9 9 25-29 11 11 235

TABLE NO. ll-Concld.

2 3 4 5

30-39 15 IS 40-49 5 5 50-59 1 Group 99 Total 7 7 25-29 I 1 30-39 3 3 40-49 1 1 50-59 2 2 236

I~j I' .~ g :aO:.~ '1j '1j UJ I .- I~ ' [ I, ;E N..... o z 5

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2/Ceneus J&K/78-33 238

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TABLE NO. 13 B-VIII-Persons classified as non-workers according to main lIctivity cross classified by sex, age groups and type of activity

Retired, rentier Beggars, Inmates of Dependents & & persons of vagrants penal, mental Others infants independent etc. and charit- means able institutions ,..--__..A..-_, ,-..A..-, ,-_.,A__~ ,..--_..A.._...... ,..----'"--, M F M F M F M F M F ---- 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 --~-----

1,096 1,168 8 7 9 45 4 1,015 1,053 18 5 4 3 7 4 2 3 14 3 11 3 9 2 5 2 2 10 24 3 2 47 76 3 245

I I I

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2jCensus J&K/78-34 246

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TABLE NO. 17

C-IV-Single year age returns in Bandiore Towll Age Male Female 2 3 All ages 3,31I 2,890 0 78 83 1 49 55 2 lOS 108 3 105 114 4 132 93 5 102 96 6 109 112 7 102 1I8 8 103 104 9 85 83 10 119 85 11 76 76 12 110 84 13 57 66 14 70 53 15 67 54 16 57 38 17 30 25 18 72 45 19 25 23 20 65 57 21 68 55 22 75 60 23 59 41 24 55 40 25 114 93 26 29 37 27 61 37 28 48 62 29 25 37 30 111 112 31 39 24 32 42 36 33 21 10 34 25 19 35 131 95 i6 25 20 251

T ABLE No. 17-C<.ll'Icld. 2 3 37 29 22 38 26 21 39 15 9 40 108 86 41 16 24 42 14 11 43 15 11 44 6 04- 45 904 82 46 8 8 47 10 8 48 20 10 49 10 14 50 7'1 56 51 15 9 52 10 4 53 9 2 54 5 3 55 51 32 56 3 3 51 5 , 58 4 59 3 3 60 46 38 61 6 4 62 63 1 4 65 18 18 67 69 70 15 24 71 4 6 72 2 75 3 5 80 11 3 82 2 84 1 85 1 86 90 110 1 121 1 252

TABLE NO. 18 D-l-Population classified by place of birth BANDlPORE

Birth place Rural! Enumerated in the Town Urbani Undas sifiable r------A..------_,. P M F 2 3 4 5 Total Population 6,201 3,311 2,890 (A) Born in India R 462 158 304 U 5,716 3,145 2,571 UncI. 1 1 (I) Within the State of R 413 113 300 Enumeration U 5,674 3,126 2,548 UncI. (a) Born in place of Enu- R meration U 5,458 3,032 2,426 UncI.

(b) Born elsewhere in dis- R 391 99 292 trict of Enumeration U 9S 40 55 UncI.

(c) Born in other districts R 22 14 8 of the State U 121 54 67 UncI.

(II) States in India beyond R 49 45 4 the state of Enumera- U 42 19 23 tion UncI. (a) Andhra Pradesh R U UncI.

(b) Bihar R 2 2 U Unc1. (c) Chandigarh R U UncI. 253

TABLE NO, 18-Concld.

2 3 4 5 ------~ (d) Delhi R U 5 4 UncI, (e) Haryana R 6 3 3 U 2 2 UncI.

(f) Himachal Pradesh R 1 U 2 2 UncI.

(g) Kerala R 6 6 U 1 UncI. (h) Maharashtra Rl U 7 4 3 Uncl.

(i) Orissa R 4 4 U UncI.

(j) Punjab R 6 5 1 U 19 8 11 UncI. (k) Rajasthan R U UncI. (I) Uttar Pradesh R 23 23 U 4 4 UncI. (8) Born in countries in 11 3 8 Asia beyond India (incl. U.S.S.R.) Nepal 2 2 Pakistan 9 3 6 (C) Countries in Europe (Exc!' US.S.R.) (D) Unclassifiable 11 5 6

2/Census J&K/78-35 254

TABLE NO. 19 D-I Population classified by place of birth Appendix (Persons born in other districts of the State and enumerated in this Distt.) BANDIPORE TOWN Rural! Enumerated in the Distt· District of birth Urban; ,-----"-----~ Unclassified Male Female 2 3 4 Anantnag R 7 5 U 4 UncI.

Srinagar R 6 3 U 49 66 UncI. Doda R U UncI. Jammu R U UncI. Rajauri R U UncI. 255 r I I..., i I I I I I I , I I ..., I I , I - I

0\ ..... -- I~ Nt- 00 00 v;,

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TABLE D·VI-Migrants classified by place oflastresidence, age-group, duration

Duration of residence l.ast residence Rural/ Age· Sex All duration Urban group r----A. Total NM M W& D 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total All ages M 291 90 192 9 F 470 42 378 50 0-14 M 42 42 F 43 41 2 15-19 M 8 7 1 F 33 1 32 20-24 M 44 19 25 F 77 75 2 25-49 M 163 20 140 3 F 252 244 8 50+ M 34 2 26 6 F 65 25 40 ANS M F AI Resided in India •• Rural All ages M 152 37 108 7 F 309 21 253 35 0·14 M 11 11 F 22 20 2 15-19 M 2 2 F 19 1 18 20-24 M 29 12 17 F 49 47 2 25·49 M 96 12 81 3 F 174 169 5 50+ M 14 10 4 F 45 17 28 ANS M F Urban All ages M 132 51 80 1 F 146 20 114 12 ()..14 M 31 31 F 20 20 - 265

NO: 22 of residence and marital status

and marital status Less than 1 year 1-9 years 10 years and above ,-__---"- ___~ • ___.A. ___-. ,----"------""1 Total NM M W& Total NM M W& Total NM M W& D D D 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

67 26 41 125 49 75 1 88 10 72 6 57 16 37 4 167 25 137 5 235 1 196 38 19 19 19 19 1 1 18 16 2 25 25 6 6 2 1 7 7 25 25 1 1 10 4 6 25 12 13 8 3 5 15 15 54 52 2 3 3 37 3 34 66 12 54 57 3 51 3 15 12 3 59 57 2 174 112 2 1 1 9 8 1 20 2 15 3 2 1 4 3 1 57 21 36

35 6 29 72 27 44 1 40 3 32 5 21 7 13 1 107 13 89 5 175 1 147 27 3 3 7 7 9 7 2 13 13 2 2 18 18 1 1 5 1 4 20 10 10 3 1 2 6 6 37 35 2 3 3 26 2 24 39 8 31 30 2 25 3 6 5 1 36 34 2 130 129 1 1 1 4 3 1 7 5 2 3 2 1 41 15 26

30 20 10 52 21 31 45 6 38 1 33 9 23 1 55 11 44 55 45 10 16 16 12 12 1 1 9 9 11 11 266

TABLE

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

15·19 M 6 5 F 14 14 20.24 M 15 7 8 F 26 26 25·49 M 62 7 55 F 70 69 1 50+ M 18 16;;: 1 F 16 5 11 ANS M F

I. Within the State of Rural All ages M 106 25 74 7 enumeration but out· F 305 21 249 35 side the place of 0·14 M 11 11 enumeration F 22 20 2 15·19 M 2 2 F 19 1 18 20·24 M 12 5 7 F 47 45 2 25·49 M 67 7 57 3 F 172 167 5 50+ M 14 10 4 F 45 17 28 ANS M F

Urban All ages M 114 42 71 1 F 123 14 97 12 0·14 M 26 26 F 14 14 15·19 M 4 3 1 F 10 10 20·24 M 14 6 8 F 18 18 25·49 M 54 6 48 F 65 64 50+ M 16 14 1 F 16 5 11 ANS M F 267

NO. 22-Contd.

9 10 11 12 13 '14 15 16 17 18 19 20

4 4 2 1 7 7 7 7 5 3 2 5 2 3 5 2 3 9 9 15 15 9 8 26 3 23 25 24 7 7 21 21 42 41 1 5 5 12 10 1 1 1 13 4 9

15 4 11 48 18 29 1 38 2 31 5 19 7 11 105 13 87 5 175 1 147 27 3 3 7 7 9 7 2 13 13 2 2 18 18 1 1 1 1 7 4 3 3 1 2 5 5 36 34 2 3 3 10 9 28 5 23 28 24 3 5 4 35 33 2 130 129 1 I 4 3 7 5 2 3 2 41 15 26

26 17 9 42 17 25 42 4 37 17 5 11 49 9 40 54 44 10 14 14 10 10 5 5 9 9 3 3 3 3 7 7 4 2 2 5 2 3 5 2 3 3 3 13 13 8 7 20 2 18 24 23 5 5 19 19 41 40 4 4 12 10 13 4 9 268

TABLE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(a) Elsewhere in district Rural All ages M 92 20 65 7 of enumeration F 297 19 243 35 0-14 M 10 10 F 21 19 2 15-19 M 2 2 F 18 18 20-24 M 8 3 5 F 44 42 2 25-49 M 59 5 51 3 F 169 164 5 50+ M 13 9 4 F 45 17 28 ANS M F Urban All ages M 54 16 37 1 F 55 2 48 5 0-14 M 8 8 F 2 2 15-19 M 1 F 3 3 20-24 M 6 2 4 F 9 9 25-49 M 29 4 25 F 35 34 1 50+ M 10 8 1 F 6 2 4 ANS M F (b) Tn other districts of Rural All ages M 14 5 9 State of enumeration F 8 2 6 0-14 M 1 1 F 1 15-19 M F 1 1 20-24 M 4 2 2 F 3 3 25-49 M 8 2 6 F 3 3 50+ M 1 1 F 269

NO. 22-Contd.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 13 3 10 38 14 23 1 36 2 29 5 19 7 11 102 12 85 5 170 143 27 3 3 6 6 9 7 2 12 12 - 2 2 18 18 4 2 2 3 2 5 5 34 32 2 2 2 9 9 22 4 18 27 23 3 S 4 35 33 2 127 126 1 1 1 4 3 1 6 4 2 3 2 41 15 26

9 6 3 19 4 15 23 3 19 1 4 4 21 2 19 28 23 5 6 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 6 6 2 2 12 11 13 12 3 3 9 9 23 22 1 2 2 8 1 6 1 1 1 5 4

2 10 4 6 2 2 3 I 2 5 4 1 1 1

3 . 2 2 2 1 1 6 5 1 1 3 3 1 1

2 CensusJ&Kj78-37 270

TABLE

2 3 4 S 6 7 8

Rural ANS M F

Urban All ages M 60 26 34 F 68 12 49 7 0·14 M 18 18 F 12 12 15·19 M 3 2 1 F 7 7 20·24 M 8 4 4 F 9 9 25·49 M 25 2 23 F 30 30 50+ M 6 6 F 10 3 7 ANS M F

II. States in India beyond Rural All ages M 46 12 34 the State of enumera- F 4 4 tion 0·14 M F 15-19 M F 20·24 M 1''1 7 10 F 2 2 25·49 M 29 5 24 F 2 2 50+ M F ANS M F Urban All ages M 18 9 9 F 23 6 17 0-14 M 5 5 F 6 6 15-19 M 2 2 F 4 4 20-24 M 1 F 8 8 NO. 22-Colltd.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

17 11 6 23 13 10 19 1 18 13 5 7 28 7 21 26 21 S 8 8 9 9 5 5 7 7 2 2 1 3 3 4 4 3i 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 7 7 6 5 8 7 11 11 2 2 10 10 18 18 2 2 4 4 1 8 3 5

20 2 18 24 9 15 2 1 1 2 2 2 2

4 1 3 13 6 7 1 1 1 1 16 1 15 11 3 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 3 1 10 4 6 3 2 1 16 4 12 6 2 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 6 6 2 2 272

TABLE

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rural 25-49 M 8 7 F 5 5 50+ M 2 2 F ANS M F

B. Outside India All ages M 7 2 4 F 14 1 10 3 0-14 M F 1 1 15-19 M F 20-24 M F 2 2 25-49 M 5 4 F 7 5 2 50+ M 2 F 4 3 ANS M F ---- NOTE :-1. Figures of unspecified marital status are included in 'total'. 2. Figures of period not stated are included in 'All duration'. 273

NO. 22-Concld.

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 1 6 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

2 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 5 4 S 4 1

2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 1

3. Figures of unclassifiable of last residence are included in 'Out-side India 'B.' 4. Figures of unclassifiable (D.II) Col. 2 are included in total of this table (D-VI). 5. NM - Nevere Married 6. M Married 7 W&D- Widowed & Divorced 8. ANS - Age not stated 274

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2/Census J &K/78-39 286

TABLE NO.2' H·llI Households classified by number of members and by number of rooms Qccupi€d

Total Total No. of Households with Households with No. of members Total 1 room 2 rooms Town Census ,.-__.A.----, No.of ,.----"---...... r;----.A.------, house· rooms No. of No. of No. of No. of memo holds M F house· members house· bers holds ,.-_.A.__ ...... holds ,.-_.A._-, M F M F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Bandipore 949 3,141 2,759 3.516 80 197 165 252 682 605

Households with Households with Households with 5 3 rooms 4 rooms rooms or above ,.-_____;.._ ____, r-----~..A...-----...... ,.-___..A.. ___...... No. NO.ofmembers No. of No. of members No. of No. of members 'Jf ,.-_-A._--., house- ,.-___..A. __...... house- ,.----"----, households holds holds M F M F M F ------, 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20

144 455 420 257 839 720 216 968 849 287

TABLE NO. 32 E-IIPartA-Distributionof manufacturing, Processing or Senicing, Establish m;)nts other than Household Industries classified by Registered Factories, Un-registered Workshops & size of employment

,-______Number.A. ______of Factories or Workshops_

Div/ A. Total One 2-4 persons 5-9 persons 10-19 persons Maj. B. person ,-_.A. __, ,-.A., ,-__.A. __-y- __.A. __ ,,-__.A. __, Units persons Units Units persons Units persons Units persons employed employed employed employed ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

All B 65 124 28 34 80 3 16

______other than household-______Industries by--A.. the size of employment __.., 20-49 50-99 100-299 300-499 500+ Persons Persons persons persons persons persons unspecified ,--__oA._-y-_---"- __,,---A.. __ ,,-_.A.. __ -y-_---"---. ,--.A..-, Units persons Units Persons Units Persons Units Persons Units Persons employ- employ- employ- employ- employ- Units ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ---.-----

Note:-A Registered Factories. B = Unregistered Workshops. 290

TABLE E-II Part-B-Distribution of Manufacturing, Processing or SeHicing estab- Fuel} Power or manual used

_------_------Number of Factories or Workshops other than Household r------__..A._------~- Kind of Total One 2-4 5-9 10-19 DivJ Fuel or Person persons persons persons Maj. power ,-_..A.._-... ,-....A...--.., r-A--, r-_____A...-~ r-A--~ used U,1iLs p~rsoas Units Units persons Units persons Units per- employ- employ- employ- sons erop- ed cd cd loyed 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

2 Total 42 91 15 24 60 3 16 AllFP 19 42 8 9 23 2 11 Fuel-A 4 16 1 4 2 11 Fuel-B 7 7 7 Fuel-C 8 19 8 19 Manual 23 49 7 15 37 5 3 Total 23 33 13 10 20 AllFP 3 5 1 2 4 Fuel-C 3 5 1 2 4 Manual 20 28 12 8 16 All Total 65 124 28 34 80 3 16 AIIFP 22 47 9 11 27 2 11 Fuel-A 4 16 1 4 2 11 Fuel-B 7 7 7 Fuel-C 11 24 1 10 23 Manual 43 77 19 23 53 5

Note: FP = Fuel/Power. Fuel A = Electricity. Fuel B = Liquid Fuel. Fuel C = Coal, wood and Bagasse. 291

NO. 33 Iishmenls other tb3n Househod Industries classified by Industry, a:Jd size of employmeJlt Industry by size of employment

______~_~...A.. ______~~ 20-49 50-99 100-299 300-499 500+ Persons persons persons persons persons persons unspecified

,-- _..A..__ .. ~ ,-__ A. __ --." r----"---~ ,-__..A_. __--, ,---.A.--1 r--..A..."l Unit persons Unit persons Unit persons Unit persons Unit persons Unit empioyed employed employed employed employed -U-. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 292

TABLE NO. 34 E-II Part-C-Distribution of Household Industry establishments classifi((, by Industry, Fuel/Power used and size of employment

Number of household industry establishments ".------"- , Division/ Kind of Total one person 2-4 persons Major Fuel or r----..A..---, ,.---"--- group power Units Persons Units Persons ofN.I.C. used employed employed 2 3 4 5 6 7

All Total 25 38 12 13 26

All FP II 12 10 2 Fuel-B II 12 10 2 Manual 14 26 2 12 24

by size of employment ______..A. ______, 5-9 persons 10-19 persons 20+persons persons unspecified ,.__ --A. ___ -, ,._--A.___ ~ r----..A..----, r--..A--1 Units Persons Units Persons Units Persons Units employed employed employed 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 293

TABLE NO. 35

E-III ~Distribution of Trade/Commercial establishments classified by the type of Business or Trade and size of employment Number of establishments ------~ Division/ Total One person 2--4 persons 5-9 persons Major group ,__..A...___ --, ,.---A---, ,-----"------.., ,---~----.. of N.I.C. Estab- Persons Estab- Estab- Persons Estab- Persons !ish- employed !ish- !ish- employed !ish- employed ments ments ments ments 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

All 182 259 126 53 115 3 18

by size of employment ------~------, 10-19 persons 20-49 persons 50-99 persons 100+persons persons . unspecified ,_--"-----, ,.--_-"----, , ___ --"-__---, , __~ __ ~--, ,-__..A.. .. Estab· Persons Estab- Persons Estab- Persons Estab- Persons Estab- lish- employed !ish- employed !ish- employed lish- employed lish- ments ments ments ments ments 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2/Census J & K/78-40 294

TABLE NO. 36 E-IV-Distribution of Establishments (Other than Manufacturing, Processing or Servicing or Business and Trade Establishments) by size of employment

Number of establishments DIvision! Total One 2-4 persons 5-9 persons Major group person ofN.I.C. ,.-----"---, ~ , __--A ___ , r----"---, Estab- Persons Estab- Estab- Persons Estab- Persons lish- employed !ish- lish- employed !ish- employed ments meats ments ments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

All 51 240 12 25 67 5 28

__by size - __of employment - __~ ______A __~ __ ~~_~ ______~

10-19 persons 20-49 persons 50-99 persons lOO':}persons persons unspecified ,_____.A. __, r------'------, ,----"---, r----"---, ,_A--...... Estab Persons Estab- Persons Estab- Persons Estab- Persons Estab- lish- en,loyed lish- employed !ish- employed !ish- employed !ishments ments ments ments ments 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

6 73 3 60 APPENDIX--II

SURVEY DAllA

297

TABLE NO.1

Distribution of population by age, sex and marital status

Total population Never married Age group ,------"------. r----.A.--, p M F M F 2 3 4 5 6

0-4 192 97 95 97 95 5-9 285 156 129 156 129 10-14- 24S 136 109 134 lOS 15-19 149 84 65 78 40 20-24 117 73 44 50 6 25-29 129 60 69 20 3 30-34 112 63 49 5 35-49 261 143 118 9 4 50-59 78 46 32 1 60-69 64 32 32 4 70+ 28 14 14 Total 1,660 904 756 550 386

Married Widowed Divorced Separated .-_____A.__-----. r----"---, r-----"-~ M F M F M F M F 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

2 4 6 25 22 38 1 39 65 1 57 48 1 1 127 106 6 8 1 34 23 11 9 23 11 8 17 1 9 4 5 10 319 324 31 45 3 1 1 298

TABLE NO. 2 Distribution of households by locality and district/state to which head belongs

...-______Number...J...... ______of households_ Locality Block No . Same State .-______..A.. ______, District I District II District III District IV (Baramula) (Anantnag) (Srinagar) (Ladakh) 1 :2 3 4 5 6 Nassu 1 30 Lankrishi Pora IA 19 Nowpora II 40 4 Papachan III 22 Bandipore IV 27 5 Bandipore V 39 1 2 Bandipore VI 26 Bandipore VII 2S 1 3 Total 228 3 13 2

belonging to Other Countries r"------~--- . ""'\ Total . Country I Country n Country III (Gilgit) (Peshawar) Pakistan 7 8 9 10 30 19 3 1 48 22 33 43 26 29 3 1 250 299

TABLE NO.3 Distribution of households by number of members and age of head of household

Number of households by ~ A ______Single member 2-3 members 4-5 members Age of head of r---__'__--~ r---..A..--~ ,.. ___A __~ household House- members House- Members House- Members holds holds holds 2 3 4 5 6 7 Below 21 2 21-30 5 12 13 58 31-40 4 15 25 117 41-50 2 6 16 78 51-60 4 11 10 45 61 and above 4 11 4 18 Total: 3 3 20 57 68 316

--~ ..------.- ---.------

number of members

_.__ ---______~ ______.. __ ...... -00II -- _____ •_____ ~ 6-7 members 8-9 members 10-12 members 13 +members Total , ____.A.. __--. ,--__..A.. __~ r-_____.A.,_-~ r---..A.--~ ,-___..A. __---, House- Mem- House- Mem- House- Mem- House- Mem- House- Mern- holds bers holds bers holds bers holds bers holds bers 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 8 53 2 16 12 30 152 28 179 15 124 3 33 14 77 483 24 156 20 159 8 83 21 72 504 15 100 3 25 6 66 2 27 40 274 9 58 6 50 10 6 98 30 245 84 546 46 374 19 204 10 160 250 1,660 ---_-- 300

TABLE Distribution of households by number of members and

Number of househods ,..- -, Migration status Rural! Single member 2- 5 members & place of birth Urban ,..-__.A. ,-___.A. of head of house- House- members House- Members hold holds holds

2 3 4 5 6

A. Non-migrants 1 1 80 339 B. Migrants 2 2 8 34 I. Born outside the town in-side Rural 3 12 the same district Urban II. Born in other districts of State Srinagar Rural 1 5 Urban 3 15 Anantnag Rural Urban 2 Ladakh Urban III. Born in other States IV. Born in other Countries Gilgit Peshawar -_-_._-Total: 3 3 88 373 301

NO.4 migration status and place of birth of head of household having members 6-10 memoers 11 + members Total , ___ .A..__ ---, ,----_...... _------r---__.>....------, House- Members House- Members House- Members holds holds holds

7 8 9 10 11 12

120 869 16 227 217 1,436 20 151 3 37 33 224

8 60 2 26 14 99 3 22 3 22

1 10 2 15 2 19 1 l\ 7 46 7 1 7 1 2 6 6

3 21 3 21 1 6 {J 140 1,020 19 264 250 1,660

2/Census J & Kj78-41 302

TABLE Distribution of households by number of members ard

Number of

Migration status &. Rural/ Single member 2-5 members place oflast residence Urban ,..--__.A..__., r------A..---, House- Members House- Members holds holds 2 3 4 5 6

A. Non-migrants (born in the town) 80 339 B. Migrants 2 2 8 34 I. Outside the town within the same Rural 3 12 district Urban

II. Outside the district within the Rural 5 State Urban 4 17 III. Outside the State IV. In other countrie Total: 3 3 88 373 303

NO.5 migration status and last residence of head of household

households with

6-10 members 11 + members Total .---.-A.- .----"----, .----"- House- Members House- Members House- Members holds holds holds 7 8 9 10 11 12

120 869 16 227 217 1,436 20 151 3 37 33 224

8 60 2 26 14 99 3 22 3 22

2 17 3 22 3 25 11 9 54 2 13 2 13 2 14 2 14 140 1,020 19 264 250 1,660 3.04

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2/Census J & K/78-42 310 r + ~

,~- .~ ua 1m,ro 311

TABLE NO. 12 Distribution of population by age, sex and educational level

Age and Sex Educational Level Total Population ,..------"- 0-4 5-9 .-____..A.. ___, ,.._..A.. __--, r--..A..--. P M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Illiterate 1,260 614 646 97 95 119 101 Literate without educational level 2 1 Primary 182 121 61 37 28 Middle 164 128 36 Matric 42 33 9 Graduate 6 4 2 Postgraduate 1 1 Technical degree 3 2 Total 1,660 904 756 97 95 156 129

Age and Sex 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50+ .-__.A. __ --, r---"--~ ,.--.A...... ,-----"-_, ,-_.A----.... r--...... -~ M F M F M F M F M F M F

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 54 71 38 43 37 38 88 109 109 112 72 7

53 28 3 5 9 1 6 2 8 29 10 34 17 18 3 13 3 22 3 12 9 4 11 3 10 2 3 2 1

2 1 136 109 84 65 73 44 123 118 143 118 92 78 312

TABLE NO. 13 Marital status and average educational score

Educational level , --"------Marital Status Illiterate Literate with- Primary out educational level , __.A.. __, ,---"----, , __.A.. ___ M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 Never married 354 291 94 55 Married 231 309 25 6 Widowed 27 45 2 Divorced 2 1 Separated Total 614 646 '1 121 61

Educational level

------~ Middle Matrie and Total population Educational Score above .A.. ____-... r- -A..----,\ ,----'-~ ,------"------, r- M F M F P M F P M F

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 83 33 18 7 936 550 386 0.64 0.74 0.45 41 3 22 5 643 319 324 0.36 0.62 0.12 2 76 31 45 0.10 0.25 1 4 3 1 0.50 0.66 1 2.00 2.00 128 36 40 12 1,660 904 756 0.51 0.68 0.3 313

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.~. I -;;; 15 ....l 1-<.~I 316

TABLE Employment status of workers Employment Place of work Name of place Distance of r------place Employer r----,..,A...---- P M F 2 3 4 5 6 Inside town Bandipore 0 kilometer 4 4 Outside town (i) Srinagar 53 (a) Other towns (ii) Sopore 30 (b) Rural areas 1. Marig 1 2. Khanpur 1 3. Machgind 1 " 4. Mohilan 1 5. Ajar 2 6. Batakh 2 .. 7. Ayatmula 2 8. Kaloosa 2 9, Wujar 2 10. Mader 2 " 11. Shiternar 2 It 12. Zab 3 13 .Sonerwani 4 " 14. Nadihal 5 15. Chankershepore 5 16. Wongam 5 " 17. Dachna i 18. Chhiti Bandey 8 " 19. Arin 9 20. Dergi 16 21. Dhork 16 22. Authwattoo 16 23. Choulimula 16 24. Ajas 16 25. Gurez 64 26. Kamgam N.A. 27. Wooder N.A. 28. Drass N.A. Outside State (i) Madhya Pra- -desh 1100 (ii) Assam N.A. Tota" 5 5 317

NO. 16 and place of work and sex

__Status---Jo-- by sex --~-----""I Employee Single worker Family worker Total ,-_ ____.A______-., r----A.--~ r--_..A._-., ,.---"---, P M F P M F P M F P M F 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 48 45 3 152 151 1 179 166 13 383 366 17 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 5 5 3 3 3 3 14 12 2 14 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1

------65 62 3 172 171 205 187 18 447 425 22 2/Census J&K(78-43 318

TABLE NO. 17

Employment status of workers by sex and distance from plan: of work

Employment status Distance from Total r------"------, pllc~ of work workers Employer Employee Single Family worker worker

1 2 3 4 5 6 -----_.- Less than 1 Km. 383 4 48 152 179

1·2 Kilometres 16 6 5 4

Total 447 5 65 172 205 319

I I I I

I I '" on

_ l() V ~ ""II P-I t--- 0'\ ('1') ,....0 I

'l'-ft"'--O"IN 0\ In In ,.... 320

TABLE Leisure time activ ides as related

.-______A ______Number of _

6 hOUIS .-______--A. ______-. occupation Playing Garde- Reading Gossi- No cards ning News ping activity (vege- papersj tables) Novels 2 3 4 5 6

Cultivation 1 Labour Daily wage worker Road coolie Extraction of singhara Fishing & extraction of Singhara Catching & seIling offish Wood cutter Stone cutter Gardener Cattle rearing (Ganai) Cook Drum beater Markban Tonga driver Driver Shoe maker/repairs Cotton/wool winnower Baker (Sofi) Barber Ma~on Tailor Black~mith Coppersmith Sift maker Printing of cloth/garments puttoo weavers 4 Willow/basket Weavers Fruit merchants Shopkeeper Meat seller 321

NO. 19 to Ottupation and hours of work (for workers)

persons whose hours of work are (and leisure time activity as)-Coflld. ~ ______---A ______--,

7 hours 8 hours , __--A. ___ , r- ~------. Offer- Gossi- No Reading To look Offer- Gossi- Garde- Na ing ping activity News after ing ping ning act i- prayers papers cattle prayers vege- vity tables 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 3 5 2 9 1 1 1 2

1 2 1 3 2

2 2 - 322

TABLE Leisure time act ivities as releted

Number of , ______---A. ______~ 9-10 hours ,------"----- Occupation Offer- Gossi- Gard- To Read- Chha- No ing ping ening look ing kri acti pray- (vege- after News vity ers tables) callIe pa per 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ----_.------_.. -._---- Cultivation 13 13 8 3 32 Labour 3 6 Dailywage worker 1 Road coolie 2 Extraction of singhara Fishi~g & extraction of singhara =--- 3 Catching & selling of fish 2 Wood cutter 2 Stone cutter Gardener Cattle rearing (Ganai) Cook Drum beater Markban Tonga driver Driver Shoe maker/repairs 3 Cotton/wool winnower Baker (Sofi) Barber Mason 2 3 Tailor 3 2 2 Blacksmith Coppersmith Sift maker Printing of clothlgarments Puttoo weavers Willow/basket weavers Fruit merchants 4 Shopkeeper 6 2 2 4. Meat seller 323

NO. 19-Colltd. to occupation and hours of work (for worker)

------.-~-~ persons whosc hour~ of work are (and leisure time activity as) ------"- , 11 +(upto 13) hours Unspecified 24 hours _____--A. ______---y- ___. __ ..A.. ____----, duty Oife~·- To Gard Gossi- Music No Gossi- Offer- No ing look ening ping ~(chha- acti- ping ing activity pray- aftcr (vegc- kri) vity prayers crs cattle tables) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

3 13 15 7 40 2 I 4 4 5 1

2 3 4 5 6 Cycle shop News paper agent Bandsaw Mill owner/workers Bus cleaner Immam Commission agent Political worker Government service 3 Peons 3 Teachers 2 4 3 Sweeper Forester Army/B.S.F. Doctor 2 Nurse ChowkidarfGuards of Forests! Mulbury Li ne-man/Electrician VdI:lge bvel w:>rker Private servant Mlhaldar, Manager/Dharat Clerk of N.A.C. Total: 4 6 2 14 325

NO. 19-Contd.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

3 4 2 4 11 2 24

2/Census J&Kj78 --44 326

TABLE .------.-- 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Cycle shop News paper agent 2 Bandsaw Mill owner/worker 2 3 Bus cleaner Immam Commission agent Political worker Government service Peons Teachers Sweeper Forester ArmY/D.S.F. Doctor Nurse Chowkidar /Guards of Forests Mulbury Line-man/Electrician Village level worker Private servant Mahaldar, Manager/Dharat Clerk of N.A.C. Total: 28 34 12 5 3 58 327

NO. 19-Concld.

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1 2 2 1

II 2

4 12 17 23 23 _-=-_ __.:_7_:_7 __~2::.__ __7___ 18___ 28 328

...... OO("f')\OOO('lt"4l00\Ot'"-- N N ('1")('f')NMC"'1MNM-N Rl .1

(ij ~ 'n\ol-OOO"\O~~r"1"'¢ ~ ,....._~~~~ r 329

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.... t>JJ cd '"0; ~ 0; .... ~'E bfl'" '" '" a ~ N « cd « >. t- t- ~ '" -;' ~ ~ + '" «) 00 .... 00 ~ ...l"'''' ...... N N 330

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TABLE Relation of selected Houses of selected Households with adjoining

Separate houses No. of separate with separate houses without Locality No. of compound compound houses ,-___..A. __-----., ,-___..A. __-----., studied No. of Problems No. of Problems houses faced houses faced 2 3 4 5 6 Nassu 30 20

Lankrishi Pora 1 19 7 4 Their cattle are unsafe for want of a compound Nowpora 2 48 36 2 Papachan 3 22 19 7 houses are in a ruined condition Bandiporc 4 33 14 3 -do- 5 4, 23 Congestion 4 -do- 6 26 19 -do- 7 29 28 -_ ------Total 250 166 17 333

NO. 23 houses in space by locality

Separate houses Joint houses Joint houses Joint houses with common with separate without with joint compound compound compound compound ,-__--A. ___ ...., ,----.A..--~r_--....A..---_y__--..A.. ______No. of Problems No. of Problems No. of Problems No. of Problems houses faced houses faced houses faced houses faced 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 7 The house- 2 holds wrangle on joint compound 4 4

2/Census J&K/78-45 334

!:,£NMH)\Oo-io "'NM'<:j"NNI~

..... 1 ~:::=~»> 0"':000'0'0 I ZZZZ:LZZ ~I o <' >ri~~a:i~a:ia:i f-. ...;.::...c ~ro c~ 0i:! 0~ 0~ 0~ bvI ~ g.j3 e o.c. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. ",-.:.: 0 ~ g ;0 :.a ;0 ;0 ;;:; o.CCCC '" z~j i~~~~~~1 335

i ~I I I I '" i I

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.; ;::l'" en 0 B.a ;::l ..... 0..8 0 '0.;a ...... , 337

TABLE NO. 25 Time and Cost of construction and present value of houses, 1972 Locality Time of construction Total No. Average Cost Average of houses of constru- value of per ction per house at house present (at the tirne of survey 1972) 2 3 4 5

Nassu (1) 4 years and less 4 6,500 8,(,)00 5-9 years 8 6,000 10,000 10-19 years 7 4,500 11,000 20-39 years 4 3,500 6,000 40+ 7 2,500 5,000 Total 30 4,600 8,000 Lankrishipora(IA) 4 years and less 2 4,000 5,000 5-9 years 5 4,000 5,000 10-19 years 5 3,000 5,000 20-39 years 4 2,500 4,000 40+ 3 700 2,000 Total 19 2,800 4,000

Nowpora (II) 4 years and less 6 6,000 8,000 5-9 years 14 5,000 7,000 10-19 years 5 4,500 5,000 20-39 years 6 3,000 8,000 40+ 17 2,000 6,000 Total 48 3,500 6,800 Papchan (Ill) 4 years and less 5 6,000 7,000 5-9 years 5 5,500 7,000 10-19 years 7 5,000 8,000 20-39 years 4 1,200 2,000 40+ 1 1,500 4,000 Total 22 3,700 5,600

Bandipore (lV) 4 years and less 10 7,000 8,000 5-9 years 10 7,000 L!,OOO 10-19 years 5 5,000 13,000 20-39 years S 4,000 8,000 40+ . 3 3,000 9,000 Total 33 5,000 10,000 338

TABLE NO. 25-C< Ilcld.

2 3 4 5

Bandipofe (V) 4 years and less 10 10,000 12,000 5-9 years 20 8,000 13,000 10-19 years 9 8,Q{)() 14,000 20-39 years 3 5,000 9,000 40+ 1 3,000 5,000 Total 43 7,000 10,500

Bandipore (VI) 4 years and less 2 10,000 tll,OOO 5-9 years 17 10,000 15,ODO 10-19 years 2 1,000 12,000 20-39 years 1 6,000 10,900 40+ 4 5,000 9,000 Total 26 7,500 12,000

Bandipore (VII) 4 years and less 3 10,000 13,000 5-9 years 22 9,000 14,000 10-19 years 5,000 7,000 20-39 years 1 5,000 7,000 40+ 2 4,000 5,000 Total 29 7,000 11,000 Bandipore Town 4 years and less 42 7,400 9,500 5-9 years 101 6,800 11,000 10-19 years 41 5,200 9,400 20-39 years 28 3,500 6,900 40+ 38 2,500 6,000 Total 250 5,000 8,600

~--.----- 339

o M

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.~. t;; u .3 340

TABLE NO. 27 Availability of amenities by locality

Total No. Amenities available to number of house- of households

~ ______. __.A. ______--. Locality holds. Kitchen Bath Lavatory Source Electric, room of connec- drinking tion water 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nassu (I) 30 28 6 5 Spring 21 Lankrishipora (IA) 19 17 2 2 -do- Nil Nowpora (Il) 48 45 6 3 -do- 45 Papachan (III) 22 20 2 4 -do- 20 Bandipore (IV) 33 30 5 4 'fap! 27 Spring Bandipore (V) 43 41 5 3 Tap 35 Bandipore (VI) 26 26 4 5 -do- 26 Bandipore (VII) 29 29 7 8 Tap/ 29 Spring Total 250 236 37 34 194

TABLE NO. 28 Existence of furniture by:locality

Existence of Furniture No. of ,-______J._. __. ______-. Locality House- No. of Households having holds ,-______.A. ______-. Chair Table Cot Diwan Newar Others ._-_._-_._--_._cot ..::c.:.ot.:______2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nassu (f) 30 2 2 2 2 Lankrishipora (lA) 19 2 Nowpora (IT) 48 5 3 4 Papachan (III) 22 3 3 Bandipore (IV) 33 3 2 2 Bandipore (V) 43 7 3 4 Bandipore (VI) 26 9 8 7 3 Bandipore (VH) 29 II 7 8 5

Bandipore Town 250 40 28 28 10 2 341

TABLE NO. 29 Materials of which utensils are made ------... Materials of Utensils Total _ Locality ,-______..A.. ______, ofnumber Copper Alumi- Alumi- Alumi- House- nium nium nium, holds and Copper surveyed Copper and Clay 2 3 4 5 6 Nassu (I) 8 12 10 30 Lankrishipora (IA) 2 8 9 19 Nowpora (II) 6 14 8 20 48 Papachan (lIT.) 3 3 14 2 22 Bandipore (IV) 3 10 10 10 33 Bandipore (V) 14 8 10 11 43 Bandipore (VI) 11 6 4 5 26 Bandipore (VII) 7 14 5 3 29 B.tndipore Town .. 54 75 51 70 250

TABLE NO. 30 Presence of luxury and costly goods by lccality

No. of Households possessing Total ,-______---A.. ______, number Locality Wrist Table Transister/ Cycle Record of Houst- watches clock Radio player holds surveyed

2 3 4 5 6 7 Nassu (I) 11 4 3 30 Lankrishi- pora (I A) 6 3 1 19 Nowpora (II) 33 5 21 5 48 Papachan (Ill) 13 2 7 1 22 Bandipore .. i (IV) 17 3 14 2 33 Bandipore (V) 37 II 31 5 43 Bandipore (VO 19 9 17 4 26 Bandipore (VII) 25 13 20 6 29 Bandipore Town .. 161 44 117 27 2 250

2/Census J&K/78-46 342

TABLE Boundary of neighbourhood as defined by persons belonging to defferent

N.lme of Boundary of Neighbour-hood Neighbour r------___A.------~ hood East West North South

------2 3 4 5

Lankrishipora Nallah Wular Paddy Paddy Erin Lake fields fields Peer-Mohalla Fields Fields Main road Fields and Mausoleum of Sheikh Mohd Mussa Bagh Hillock Planned Planned Health Area Area Centre Right Side: Veterniary & P.W.D. Office Left Side : Health Centre Back side : Road Front Side: Residents Hajam-Mohalla Health Bandipore Shrine Road Centre Market of Baba Shahab- Din Nadaf- Road Road Nallah Nallah Mohalla & road & road Khoul Residents Fields & Rest of Khoul Mohalla (gadar) Ghrat Nadaf Nallah Bandipore Mohalla Sopore road Ganai-'vIohalla Fields Road Fields Road Krala- Hajam Bandi-pore Shrine of Randipore Mahalia Mahalia Market Shahab- Market Din Gilkar- Horticultu- Road Post Road Mohalla re Orchard Office 343

NO. 31 Religion, Caste/Tribe

No. of interviewees describing who are

, ______- ______... __A - __ '_. ___ - - __ - __ ~ __-..... of in aged r-----.A.-----, r------"------, ,..----"------., Religion Occupation Occup:ltion Occupati on 20-34 25-4950+ r-----.A.-----, 1 II III Caste Caste Caste I II III 6 7 --~------8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS LAM r------...A.----, Oar-3 Bhudu-1 Reshi-2 Fishing-6 3 2 Shah-4 Peer-2 Hand Carpenter Cultivator- 2 3 Loom 1 1 Weavers.-3 lamadar-l

Sheikh-6 Sweeper-6 4 2

Sheikh-l Sweeper-l 1

Hajam-7 Hajam-7 5 2

Nadaf-I Mala-2 Nadaf-3 1 Khan-l Cultivator-l

Kuchhy-l Shop 1 - Keeper-l

Ganai-5 Willow 3 2 Worker-5

Kra!-7 Potter-7 2 3 2

Shah-2 Wani-3 Ganai-2 Mason-7 3 4 344

TABLE Main characteristics of neighbour-hoed as described by persons belonging Name of Characteristics Neighbour-hood Predominance of ("------Ethnic Occupation Category of group or Population activity 2 3 4

Lankrishipora Kashmiri Fishermen Poor working & Water-Chest Class nut gatherers

Peer Mahalia Kashmiri Handloom Poor Working Weavers & Class Peer

Bagh Kashmiri Scavangers Poor Working (Sheikh Mahalia) & Class Sift makers

Hajam Mahalia Kashmiri Barber do

Nadaf MahalIa Kashmiri Cotton/Wool -do- beaters

Ganai Mahalia Kashmiri Willow Poor group workers Kral Mohalla -do- Potters -do-

Gilkar Mohalla -do- Mason -do- 345

NO. 32 to different Religion/Caste/Tribe Described No. of persons describing the --, characteristics Particular .-_____.A.. _____ , , ______.A. -. Religion, Religion, Religion, Aspect of Others Caste I Castel Caste/ Land-Scape Tribe Tribe Tribe 1 II III 5 6 7 8 9 ISLAM Proximity to Zina- The locality is situa- Dar-3 Bhudu-l Reshi-2 Lank ted on the bank of (an island in the Wular lake. The middle of Wular inhabitants depend Lake) on the sale of Fish & Water- chestnuts collected from the lake. Hence this is the source of Economy to the Lo- cality Presence of a spring (I) On the bank of Shah-4 Peer-2 called Pap Haran Nallah Erin which cures all skin (II) Mausoleum of diseases if one may Sheikh Mohd. dip in it on early Parsa mornings Situated on the Hillock of BabaShah Sheikh-7 Mountain slope over abu-Din a well known looking the great saint Wular lake Proximity to Baba Hajam-7 Shahab-ul-Dins Shrine Abundance of Na Khan-2 Mala-2 Kiuchhy 1 llahwater and is situa ted on the main road Proximity to Trout Ganai-5 Hatchery The Mohalla is on Congested area Kral-7 the fringe of mountain called Shahab- Dins 'Ball' Horticulture Shah-2 Wani-3 Ganai-2 Orchard 346

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TABLE NO, 34 Medical facility in tbe neigbbourhood

Name of Neighbour Type of Where does the household No, of hood Medical avail of this amenity house- facility r------..A.------, holds avail- Within Outside Neighbourhood availing able Neigh- this bour facility hood 1 2 3 4 5

1. Lankrishipora Nil (i) Health CentreBandi- 3 pore Oi) Sopore Hospital 2 (iii) S,M,H.S, Hospital 1 Srinagar

2, Papachan Nil (i) Health Centre Bandi- 3 pore (ii) S.M.H.S. Hospital 2 • Srinagar (iii) Sop ore Hospital

3, Sheikh Mohalla Health Yes (i) S.M.H.S, Hospital Centre (5) (ii) Sopore Hospital

4. Hajam Mahalla Nil (i) Bandipore Health 6 Centre (ii) Baramula Hospital

5. Nadaf Mohalla Nil (i) Bandipore Health 5 Centre

6. Ganai Mohalla Nil (i) Bandipore Health 5 Centre

7. Krala Mohalla Nil (i) Bandipore Health 7 Centre 8, Gilkar Mohalla Nil (i) Bandipore Health 3 Centre (Ii) Sopore Hospital 2 (iii) S.M.H,S. Hospital 2 Srinagar 351

TABLE NO. 35

Educational institutions In the neigl:b()urllOCd ---_._- Name of Type of School Where does the Household avail of Neighbourhood this amenity .-______.A. ______-. Within the Outside the Neighbourhood Neighbourhood 1 2 3 4 1. Lankrishi- (0 Primary Within the Neigh- pora School bourhood (ii) Secondary Outside the School Neighbourhood 2. Papachan (i) Primary Within the Neigh- School bour hood Ii) Secondary Outside the School Neighbourhood 3. Sheikh (0 Primary -do- Mohalla School (ii) Secondary -do- School 4. Hajam (i) Primary -do- Mahalia School (ii) Secondary -do- School 5. Nadaf (i) Primary -do- Mohalla School (ii) Secondary -do- School 6. Ganai (i) Primary -do- MohalIa School (ii) Secondary -do- School 7. Krala (i) Daras-Gahi- Within the Neigh- Mohalla Islamia bourhood (ii) Primary Outside the School Neighbourhood (iii) Secondary -do- School 8. Gilkar (i) Primary -do- Mohalla School (ii) Secondary -do- School 352

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2jCensus J & K/78--48 358

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TABLE Particulars of five most respectable

-----~------

Neighbourhood Name of the most Age Sex Religion respected person ---- 2 3 .~ 5

Lankrisbipora 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M Islam

2. Peer Gh. Mohd 41 M -do- 3. Gh. Mohidin 44 M -do-

4. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -do- 5. Gh. Rasool Mir 33 M -do-

Peer Mohalla 1. G h. Rasool 72 M -do--

2. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -do- 3. Ab. Rashid 40 M -do- 4. Khazir Mohd. 35 M -do-

5. Nund Ganai 70 M -do-- Bagh MohaHa 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M -do-

2. Gh. Rasool Mir 33 M -do- 3. Gh. Mohidin 44 M -do- 4. Peer Gh. Mohd. 41 M -do- 5. Ab. Rashid 40 M -do- 6. Ab. Gaffar 50 M -do- Hajam Mahalia 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M -do-

2. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -da- 3. Gil. Nabi Sidiqi 48 M -do-

4. Gh. Rasool Mir 33 M -do- 5. Gh. Nabi Hajam 38 M -do- 363

NO. 38 persons in the town .--.------No. of persons by religion, caste/tribe naming person at Col. 2 as most respectable ,..-______..A.. ______~ Cast~ Education Occupation/ Office Caste r--.------'------, I II III 6 7 8 9 10 11 ISLAM Khan Illiterate Business Fruit whole- Dar-3 Bhuddu-l Reshi-2 sale dealer Peer Literate Shopkeeper -do- -do- -do- Mir Matric Landlord, Cultiva- -do- -do- -do- tion Pear -do-- Teacher -do-2 -do- -do- Mir MA Landlord, Ex-Block -do-l Reshi-l Officer (Sect. Plebs- cite Front). Khan Illikrate Fruit wholesale Shah-4 Peer-2 dealer "Peer Mltric Teacher -do- -do- Nazki M.A. Teacher /Poet --do- --do- Beigh M·ltric Cultivator/Member - do- -do- NAC Ganai Illiterate Butcher -cto- -do- Khan -do- Fruit wholesale Sheikh-4 dealer Mir M.A. Cultivator/Landlord -do-- 3 -.10- Matric --do- -do-S P :er -10- Shopkeeper -do-- 3 NIZki M.A. Teacher -clo-2 'vlir Illitcrlte Landlord -clo-4 Khan -:10- Fruit wholesale Hajam-7 dealer P\.!cr Matric Teacher -do- Sidiqi Adib ----<10-- --do-- Fazil Mir M.A. Landlord -do-6 Hajam M.A. Teacher -do-l B. Ed. 364

TABLE

No. of persons by occupational category naming person at Col. 2 as most respectable Neig hbourhood Name of the most ,-_____..A.. _____~ respected person Occupational group ,-_____..A.. _____-, I II III 2 12 13 14

Lankrishiporu 1. Gh. Rasool Fishing-6 2. Peer Gh. Mohd. -do- 3. Gb. Mobidin -do- 4. Gh. Mobd. Peer -do-5 5. Gh. Rasool Mir -do-2

Peer Mohalla 1 Gh. Rasool Hand- Carpen- Cult iva- loom tcr-l tor-l weaver-3 Jamadar.

7. Gh. Mohd. Peer -do- -do- -do- 3. Ab. Rashid -do- -do- -do- 4. Khazir Mohd. -do- -do- -do- 5. Nund Ganai -do- -do-- -do-

Bagh Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool Sweeper-4 2. Gh. Rasool Mir -do-3 3. Gh. Mohidin -do-5 4. Peer Gh. Mohd. -do-3 5. Ab. Rashid -do-2 6. Ab. Gaffar -do-4

Hajam Mohaila I. Gh. Rasool Barber-7 2. Gh. Mohd. Peer -do-7 3. Gh. Nabi Sidiqi -do- 4. Gh. Rasool Mir -do-6 5. Gh. Nabi Hajam -do-l 365

NO. 38-Contd.

NJ. of p~rsons by educational No. of persons by age-group ,Total level naming person at Col. naming person at Col. 2 as most

,-____2 as most-A. respectable _____ ., respectable r------"- -, Educational level Age-group r------"------, r------A------" I II III 20+34 35+49 50+ 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Illiterate-6 3 2 6 -do- l 3 2 6 -do- l 3 2 6 -do-5 3 1 5 -do-2 2

-do- 4 Literate-2 2 6

-do- -do- 2 3 6 -do- -do- 2 3 6 -do- -do- l 2 3 6 -do- -do- l 2 3 6

-do- 2 4 -do-3 3 -do- 5 3 5 -do-3 I 3 -do-2 1 2 -do-4 2 2 4

-do- 5 Literate-2 5 2 7 -do- -do- S 2 7 -do- -do- 5 2 7 -do- --do- 1 4 2 6 -do-l 1 1 2/Census J & K/"l8-49 366

TABLE

2 3 4 5

Nadaf Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M -do- 2. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -do- 3. Ab. Rashid 40 M -do- 4. Ab. Gaffar 50 M -do- Ganai Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M -do-

2. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -do- 3. Ab. Rashid 40 M -do- 4. Nund Ganai 70 M -do- 5. Khazir Mohd. 30 M -do- Kral Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool 72 M -do-

2. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -do- 3, Ab. Rashi\.l 40 M -do- 4. Nund Ganai 70 M -do- 5. Khazir Mohd. 30 M -do- Gilkar Mohalla 1. Gh. Rascal 72 M -do-

2. Ab. Rashid 40 M -do- 3, Gh. Rasool 33 M -do- 4. Nund Gan~i 10 M -do- 5. Gh. Mohd. Peer 51 M -dc- 367 r--:O.38-Contd.

6 7 8 9 10 II

Khan Illiterate Fruit wholesale Khan-2 Mala-2 Kuchhy-l dealer Peer Matric Teacher -do- -<10- --do- N:lZki M.A. -.10- -do- -do- -do- Mir Illiterate Landlord -do- -do- Khan -do- Fruit wholesale Ganai-5 dealer Peer Matric Teacher -<10- Nazki M.A. -do- ---<10- (lanai Illiterate Butcher -do- Beigh Matric Cultivator Ganai-2 Khan Illiterate Fruit wholesale Kral-7 dealer Peer Matric Teacher -do- Nazki M.A. -do- -do- Ganai Illiterate Butcher -do- Beigh Matric Cultivator -do- Khan ILliterate Fruit wholesale Shah-2 Wani-3 Ganai-2 dealer Nazki M.A. Teacher -do- -do- ---<10- Mir M.A. Landlord -do-' -<10- ---<10- Ganai Illiterate Butcher ---<10-' -do-2 ---<10- Peer Matric Teacher ---<10- --do- ---<10- 368

TABLE

2 12 13 \4

Nadaf Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool Nadaf-3 Cultiva- Shop- tor-I keeper-l 2. Gh. Mohd. Peer Cotton -do- -do- winnow- ing-3 3. Ab. Rashid -<10- -do- -do- 4. Ab. Gaffar Nadaf-I -do- -do-

Ganai Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool Willow work-S 2. Gh. Mohd. Peer -do- 3. Ab. Rashid -do- 4. Nund Ganai -do- 5. Khazir Mohd. -<10-2 Kral Mohalla 1. Gh. Rasool Potter-7 2. Gh. Mohd. Peer -do- 3. Ab. Rashid -do- 4. Nund Ganai -do- S. Khazir Mohd. -do- Gilkar Mohana 1. Gh. Rasool Mason-7 2. Ab. Rashid -<10- 3. Gh. Rasool -do- 4. Nund Ganai -do-6 5. Gh. Mohd. Peer -do-7 369

NO. 38-Conc/d.

15 16 17 19 20 21 22

~----. Illiterate 4 Literate-l 3 5

-do- -do- 3 5

-do- -do- 3 5 -do-2 -do- 2 3

-do-5 3 2 5

-do- 3 2 5 -do- 3 2 5 -do- 3 2 5 -do-2 2 -do-7 I 4 2 7 -do- l 4 2 7 -do- l 4 2 7 -do- l 4 2 7 -do- l 4 2 7

-do- 4 Literate-3 5 2 7 -do- -do- S 2 "I -do- --do- S 2 7 -do-3 -do- 4 2 6 -do-4 -do- S 2 7 370

TABLE

Partitalars of fin Most influentia I

Name of the mo~t Age Sex Reli Caste infi1.lential person gion

2 3 4 5 6

Lankrishipor;J 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M Islam Khan 2. Gb_ Nabi 62 M -do- Mir

3. Saif-Din 45 M ---do- Mir

4. Mohd. Afzal 45 M -do- Mir 5. Mohd. Sultan 43 M -do- Bhat

Peer Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M ---do- Khan 2. Gb. Nabi 62 M ---do- Mir

3. Saif-Din 45 M ---do- Mir

4. Sona Ullab. 50 M ---do- Mir

5. Gb. Rasool 30 M -do- Mir

Bagh Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M -do- Khan 2. Ob. Nabi 62 M -do- Mir

3. Saif-Dila 45 M -do- Mir

4. Mohd. Afzal 45 M ---do- Mir 5. Mohd. Sultan 43 M -do- Bhat 371

NO. 39

persons in tlie tOWR-COlftd.

Education Occupation Office No. of persons by religion,ca5tejtribe naming per501'1 at Col. 2 as most influential ".--__----A- ___---., Caste ".------_...... -. J II III 7 8 9 10 11 12

ISLAM Literate Landlord Ex-MLA Dar-3 Bhudu-I Reshi-2 -do- Contractor Chairma~ -do- -do- -do-- N.A.C. Illiterate Congress - -do-- -do- -do- worker Literate Contractor -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- Congress Dar-! Reshi-l Halqa President -do- Landlord Ex-MLA Shah-4 Peer-2 -do- Contractor Chairman Shah-3 -do- N.A.C. Illiterate Con.gress -do- -do- Ounda 8th Shopkeeper Ex-Supervisor -4io- -do- ofF & S M.A. Landlord Secretary -do-4 -do- Plebi$cite Front

Literate Landlord b-MLA Sheikh-6 -do- Contractor Chairman -do-5 N.A.C. illiterate Congress -do- worker Liti.!rate Contractor -do-2 -d~- -do-, Congress -30-2 Halqa Presi- dem 372

TABLE Particulars of five most influential

No. of person by occupation naming person at Col. 2 as most influential Neighbourhood Name of mOst ,....------~ __..A.. _____., influent i" I person Occupational group

~ ______...A... ______-.. Inn

2 13 14 15

Lankrishipora 1. Ab. Kabir Fishing-6 2. Gh. Nabi -do 3. Saif-Din -do- 4. Mohd. Afzal -do- 5. Mohd. Sultan Fishing-2

Peer Mohalla 1. Ab. 'Kabir Weaver-3 Carpenter-l Cultivator-l Jamadar-l

2. Gh.l"abi -do- 2 -do- -do-

3. Saif-Din -do~ -do- -do- 4. Sana Ullah -do- 3 --<10- lamadar-l

5. Gh. Rascol -do- -do- Cultivator-l Jamadar-l

Bagh 1. Ab. Kabir Sweep~r-6

2. Gh. Nabi -do- 5 3. Saif-Din -do- 5 4. Mohd. Afzal -do- 2 5. Mohd. Sultan -do- 2 373

NO. 39-Contd.

persons in the town

No. of person by No. of persons by educational level age-group naming naming person at Col. 2 person at Col. 2 as as most influential most influential Total r---- __..A.. ____ ----, r------.A..-----~ Educational level Age-Group r------"------~ .------'------. I II III 20-34 35-49 50+

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

III hera te-6 3 2 6

-do- 3 2 6 -do- 3 2 6

-do- 3 2 6 Illiterate 2 2

-do- 4 Literate-2 2 3 6 -do- 3 -do- 2 3 5 -do- -do- 2 3 S -do- 4 -do- 1 2 2 5

-do-4 -do- 2 2 3

-do- 6 3 2 6 --do- 5 3 do 5 2 2 do· 2 2 -do- 2 2 2/Census J & K/78-50 374

TABLE

2 3 4 5 6

6. Gh. Rasool 30 M fsiJm Mir

7. Sonallah 50 M -do- Mir 8. Mohd. Maqbool 47 M --<10- Mir

Hajam Mahalia 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M -do- Khan 2. Saif-Din 45 M -do- Mir

3. Satar Mir 50 M --<10- Mir 4. Aziz Samoo 40 M __:_do- Samoo 5. Gh. Nabi 62 M -do- Mir

Nadaf MahalIa I. Ab. Kabir (Jnil 73 M -do- Khan Baba) 1 2. Gh. Nabi 62 M -do- Mir

3. Sonaullah 50 M -do- Mir 4. Gh. Rasool 30 M -do- Mir

5. Saif-Din 45 M -do- Mir

Ganai MahalIa 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M -do- Mir 2. Gh. Nabi 62 M -do- Khan

3. Sonaullah 50 M -do- Mir 4. Gh. Rasool 30 M -do- Mir

5. Saif-Din 45 M -do- Mil'

6. Nizam Shah 43 M -do- Shah

Kral \1ohalla I. Ab. Kabir 73 M -do- Khan 2 Gh. Nabi 62 M -do-- Mil' 375

NO.3}-Contd.

7 8 9 10 11 12

Literate Landlord Secretary Sheikh 4 Plebscite Front -do- Shopkeeper Ex-Supervisor -do-4 -do- Cultivator Numberdar -do-l

-do- Landlord Ex. MLA Hajam-6 llIiterate Congress -do-7 worker Literate Gunda -<10-7 -do- N aib Tehsildar -d0-4 -Jo- Contractor Chairman -do-5 NAC

-do- Landlord Ex. MLA Khan-2 Mala-2 KuchhY-l

-do- Contractor Chairman -do- -do- -do- NAC -do- Shopkeeper Ex. Supervisor -do- -do- -do- -do- Landlord Secretary -<10- -do- -do- Plebscite Front llliterate Congress -do- -do- -do- worker

Literate Landlord Ex. MLA Ganai-5 -do- Contractor Chairman -do- NAC -dO- Shopkeeper Ex. Supervisor -do-- -<10- Landlord Secretary -do- Plebscite Front

Illiterate Congress Ganai-4 worker -<10- Weaver Numberdar1 -do-l

Literate Landlord Ex. MLA Kral-7 -do- Contractor Chairman -do- NAC 376

TABLE

2 13 14 IS

6. Gh. Rasool Fishing 4 7. Sonallah -do-4 8. Mohd. Maqbool -do- 1

l-Iajam Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir Barber-6 2. Saif-Din. -do-7 3. Satar Mir. -do-7 4. Aziz Samoo --do- 4 5. Gh. Mohd. -do- 5

Nadaf Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir Nadaf-3 Cult iva- Shop- (Jail Baba) tor-l Keeper-l 2. Gh. Nabi. -do- -do- -do- 3. Sonalla -do- -do- -do- 4. Gh. Rasool -do- -do- -do- S. Saif-Din --do- -do- -do-

Ganai Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir Willow-work 5 2. Gh. Nabi --<10- 3. Sonallah -do- 4. Gh. Rasool -do- S. Saif-Din -do-4 6. Nizam Shah -do-l

Krala MohaJla 1. Ab. Kabir Potter-7 2. Gh. Nabi -do- 377

NO. 39-Contd.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

----~- Jllitera te 4 2 4 -do-4 2 4 do- 1

-do- 5 Literate-I 4 2 6 -do- -do- 2 5 2 1

-do- -do- 5 2 7 -<10- 2 -do- 4 4

-<10-4 -do-l 5 S

-<10-4 -do-l 3 S

-do- -do- 3 1 S -do- -do- 3 5 -do- -do- l 3 I 5 -do- -do- l 3 5

-do- 5 3 2 5 -<10- 3 2. S -<10- 3 2 5 -do- 3 2 5 -do- 4 3 4 -do- 1 1

-do- 7 1 4 2 7 -do- l 4 2 7 378

TABLE

2 3 4 5 6

3. Saif-Din 45 M Nam Mir

4. Gh. Rasool 30 M -do- Mir

Gjlkar Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir 73 M -do- Khan 2. Gh. Nabi 62 M -do- Mir

3. Saif-Dio. 45 M -do- Mir

4. Mohd. Afzal 45 M -do- Mir 379

NO. 39-Contd.

7 8 9 10 11 12

Illiterate Congress Sheikh worker Literate Landlord Secretary -do- Plebscite Front

-du-- -do- Ex. MLA Shah-2 Wani-3 Ganai-2 -do- Contractor Chairman -do- -do- -do- NAC llliterate Congress -do- -do- -do- worker Literate Contractor -do- -do- do- 380

TABLE

2 13 14 15

3- Sa if-Din Fishing

4. Gh. Rasool -do-

GHkar Mohalla 1. Ab. Kabir Mason-7 2. Gh. Nabi -do-

3. Saif-Din -do-

4. Mohd. Afzal -do- 381

NO. 39-Co/lcld.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Illiterate 4 2 7

-do- 4 2 7 -do-4 Literate-3 5 2 7 -do- -do- 5 2 7

-do- -do- 5 2 7

2/Census I&K/78-51 382

o 0 o o o z z Z Z Z

o o 0 c o Z z z Z Z

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( o 1 z! Z -< on I I~ vi L ;... L

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TABLE NO. 41 Nature of Service Nature of Service ----"------, Category of Hotel( Meals Alcoholic drink Remarks Restaurant/Tea Stall(r----A.----, r----.A.---, Sweet-meat shop Vegetarian Non- Served Not served vegetarian 2 3 4 5 6 t. Nishat Hotel Vegetarian Non Not served vegetarian (Both served)

2. Pamposh Hotel Only tea is served Not served

6. Shalimar Hotel Only tea is served Not served (Tea stall) 385

TABLE NO. 42 Nature of arrangements for display of food stutTs and other commodities

Nature of arrangements for display of ------~------. Category of Hotel/ Food Stuffs Other Commodities Remarks Restaurant/Tea StaJl/,-----~------_. ,---~------. Sweet meat shop Manner Manner Manner Manner I II I II 2 3 4 5 6

1. Nishat Hotel Bakery & confec tionery are displayed in the dinning Hall in a glass Almirah. 2. Pamposh Hotel 3. Popular Tea House

4. New Hind Sweets Sweets, Samosas & other salted varieties are put on display in the show case. 5. Naaz Hotel 6. Shalimar Hotel

~------386

TABLE

Proportion of custf'mrrs ----_ .•. ------Category of Hatel/Restaurantj Propertion of customers Tea Stall/Sweet Meat Shop RURAL AREA r------.__-A------,.. --_.------1965 1971 2 3

1. Nishat Hotel 6,000 10,000 (37.50 %) (33.33 %)

2. Pamposh Hotel 5,000 (38.46 %)

4. New Hind Sweets

5. Naaz Hotel 95% 90.00%

6. Shalimar Hotel 70% 90.00% 387

NO. 43 with their back ground

.----.----~------~------wI-lOse back ground was in Remarks URBAN AREA r-~--.A..----l 1965 1971 4 5 6

10,000 20,000 The hotel was set up in 1963. From (62.50 %) (66.67 ~~) 1963·71 approx. 60,000 customers were served. The increase shown is mainly due to the increase in population, transport facilities etc.

R,OOO The hO'd was set up after 1965. (61.54 ~Q)

10,000 16,0(;0 The increase in customcl s tcler ring 10 (45.50%) 44.45 %) rurnl areas is mainly due to their attending of court, Tchsil Office ctc.

2R,000 The tea slGlI wa.s set up in 1969 and fmm 000.00%) this year upto 1971 approx. 28,['CO cvqo mers were served. These CllSKrrC1S W(le mostly B. S. F. Jawans working in the town and visitors.

30% 388

~o 0", '" ..... 389

.... '8 OIl ~ '- 0 oj ~ 0 0 OIl '"td 'C .... ,2:: ~ B OIl oj ..c:: ~ '" u ~ < ~ ~'" Z'"

2/Census J&K/78-52 390

oj ~ (5 II) 0 C!) s ~ ,~ 0 ;g l::: tI, .;:; (5 c c :s 0 .~ ?!' oj @ .E" g 0 '" ::'2 ~'" -'; '" ~ &'" ...: N ,..; aoj " z ~ 391 o-

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~ 'g 8 o:a .... .~ o.... hihi~ ._ 0 on 0 c.'" 0 0.) U <'I '" "" 0 oj OrJl >-<'" ,5'';:: fd >-< ( "" , '"~ ~ '- 0 ..r - ~ I ~ 0'> ._6 .~r:: ';j) 0 .~ 10 I .~ '0

r 01 01 I 0 '0 t- 0'0u co 0 0 ::l 0 '0 "'t I Ig ~ g P. H ~ I oj 1.0 ~ t) "g - Ii:: I l ~ 8 13 ~ I ..r1.0 '" <) If! z ..r ~ - ~ l:a I ~ ~ M bO bI) OIl ·chi .&hi ·chi c. Q \!1 j rJl rJl rJl I I~ -<'I ~ I l

It) ~ 01 bO 0 .... .:::l 0 Il; ;::I ~ -·5 «I.... bI) to-. -:::: 0 '13 1:1 .;:: bO 0 t;j 0 0.... c: «I «I .E -0 ~ '"... 0 ::E -

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-:::: CIS <::s .... -;:; 0 ., ~ "- C; <::> ca '"ca 'C > c:: 00 '0 :: :.a ;::I CIS ~ '" U ~ ~ ~ ...; <'i M ~ ~ 394

TABLE.

Land Utilization

Name of village Under CuIturabl-: Area not Cultivated Forests waste available land (fallow) for cultivation (uncultiva- ble fallow)

2 3 4 5

Villages withifl 10 Kills.

1. Garoora 79.00 70.00 443.00 2. Mangni Pora 44.00 220.00 700.00 3. Ashtongu 41.00 18.00 47.50 421.00

Total: 41.00 141.00 337.50 1,564.00

Villages more than 10 Km8.

1. Chiva 159.00 244.00 465.00 2. Kunas 134.00 185.00 62.75 718.00

3. Magri Pora 9.00 135.00

Total: 134.00 344.00 315.75 1,318.00 395

NO. 47 (A rea in acres) ------Trrig1.te I Un-Irrigated Hl'mestead Others Total

6 7 8 9 10

-'4~.OO 201.00 4.00 48.00 644.00 336.00 364.00 4.00 ]09.00 1,077.00 288.00 133.00 7.00 71.50 606.00 (Grazing) -

865.00 698.00 15.00 228.50 2,327.00

317.00 148.00 12.00 39.00 919.00 238.00 430.00 9.00 114.~5 ! ,223.00 Grazingi Industria I use

60.\;0 75.00 2.00 39.00 J85.00

665.00 653.00 21.00 192.25 2,357.00

~~-.---. -~-. ~------.-.----.----- 396

0/) I\) ... r::;..c:: E ~- ~ ~ 0 I\) ON .._. I\) 0/) :l (.) 0 C «l '" ~ 1\).0 0/)0$ 0/)~ ._r::: »~ O/)..c:: ~ Of) .~.l1 :-::= ... ","0 '- -B ~~ 'a3 0 .~ I\) s:: >- s:: E ... - -> 0 (J.e: E on "0c-- ~+:: P=l 00 :§" 00.0 :.a ~~o

( .-"'I <1)-'" on 0. V I ...... :l on co ;:J V> I 5 0 :.a 0. ~ 0.> V) bI)- 0. on Cd", I ... I': ., ;:I Of) .-"'I'" :l OJ) ;;J'" .-"'I~ -I\) I ~ ·8 ·8= 0. o '" :;::0 I = 03 ... ri:=l Of) , I\) I .... -Q- .. ... 8.5 .., ::l 0 ... I u os ~ co= ~ ::l ,.Q a ~ ci 0.> <1) oj -I': »" ::c V>._ 7 -5 ~ ~~ c ...< e;j "''''u. «l'" '0 P=l lSI a ~ .~ 8) .0_""» "" f-< -<: FS ·z »"" al " '"p .,;-1 '" ~l •..!. l- f-< ><: I .... '" a on on 0 0 N ' u'O:::: 00<1.)>> 0 0 I 00 0- O~ () ..c: "O..c: N ~ <1.) • 0- rn SgfE"ro:..b ..c: v; "0 P -;:l 0 Bl:..c ~ ~ 2 ~ Bl::;; 0 om o..c: 0 00 L;J~ cd ~"";;; 0- i CI uc(! Urn ~ CI UM co...... <1.) 0 0 ot:ll) '-' 0 <1.)0$ co -0 bI) 0.. -5,"'" se 0 ~ co 0; > .. ..,~ ...... '"= =!:d .c Z co := :: ~ U r./) :::t <'" 397

2/Census J&K/78-53 398

III ~ 0 .,8'" ~

.... .£ 8 ., or) .!.l 8N .... .a 8 r<) 0 P.u 0'1 0 01)<1).,'" .,....'" ~ -,,; > ~ -.!:> 0 ~.~ ~.= 00 u ~ U"'::J '0 :: ~ cn~ 0 0 " o ~.-: 0. 13 ~ i "g~ ~'O 8 00 £.3';:: ~ '0 V G>U('jtn ~.51:! ~ <5 0 z 5' ll ...... ro ..,l 01) 0. btl ill .~ .:a'" '0 0 ~ ~OI) Q 14 ~ OI)!:: b ~'i: -5" 6 6 '0 0'" r- bo'O'" ",, .... ,£) '"OI).:.! btl 0 ., u .... .a 0 CI.. f-< .... t) 0. o(! ";;j OJ 0 "'l::I ::t! f1) :::j ..2 ~ '" il: ') ..2 ~ ?: :;j c= .~ 0 .~ ::J '" ro.a 0 0 il:o.a '" o.a 0 0 ....:i"O 0 .S< OIl (1)01) .. .:c 0 ..., ... Of)= = 0 ~ ~ 8.$ .... "0 = ..c: = :a OJ Z~ ~'" ~ U ~ -<'" 399

ggg ~ N VI

v3 fI'j. ~ ~~IX

'"0 "0 I:l I:l .... ~ ~ 2 ""l m I:l ~ i:I: 'N ;>,~ ~ "0 P C; t-- :El ::I ., ., '0 .~ .;I:l lS m f5l 0> 8 I:l < 0>.... ;:::l eo ., .. II i:I: ~ en 0 0 N V V ~ .:: .... c:o ..CI ct: .... ,.10( m m <.':I o:IJ<.>o !-;: 0 ~Q {)en~ t5 0

.: ,..., 01'" ·cl I)Ij I::2S ~ 400

TABLE Work outside

Work outside the village in any rural area Nature-of work • _____----A. ___~ ____~ Nature of Approximate work number working 2 3

1. Garoora Service 12

Forestry 25 Stone quarrying 10 Road Coolie 26 Selling of Fish 10 and Singara 2. Suderkote Masonry 20 Stone dressing 30 General labour 20 3. Chiva 4. Mangni Pora General labour 30 Masons 2 Teacher 1 5. Ashtongu General labour 15 6, Kunus Service 2 Road Coolie 2S 7. Magri Pora Orchard keeping 12 401.

NO~ 49 the Village

Work outside the village in any urban Nam.e of ucban Remarks area areas

~ ______...A... ______---, Nature of Approximate work number working 4 5 6 7

Service 17 Srinagar Bandipore Sopore Baramula Ladakh

Road Coolie 4 Bandipore Selling of Fish 6 Bandipore

Stone cutting 20 Bandipore, Sopore, Srinagar General labour 10 Srinagar

General labour 15 Bandipore

General labour 20 Sopore Service 3 Sopore Road Coolie 10 Sopore 402

TABLE

Particlilars of "orkers inside the villab e

Name of villlge Distance Season Nature of work from urban centre (Bandipore) .__ ._--- -_.--- _.- -- 2 3 4

Garoora 5 kIlls. Whole year Teachers Patwari V.L.W. Forest guard Linemen (Electy. Deptt.) Store Keeper (F & S) Summer Road Coolie Gtlnd Stlderkote 13 kms. Whole year V.L.W. Veterinary Compounder Mulbury gaurd Oil seller Butcher Forest guard Forester Mining Supervisor Tailor BlackSmith Vegetable Sellerj Hakim Truck Drivers (8) Autumll Peer Drum beaters (;:hin 19 kms. Whol.year Teachers Patwari V.L.W. Mulbury watcher Plantation development Chowkidar Mulbuzy Assil;tant Forest guard 403

NO. 50 from outside-Coli/d.

Appr )ximate number from Approximate Remarks rural areas number from ,--______.A.______-, (Towns) Same Other Other district districts States of the state 5 6 7 8 9

6 Bandipore-l

Srinagar-l

2 3 1 Bandipore-2 Srinagar-l Handwara-l (Weekly visits) 2 1 2

Fom different places of the State

8-12 Srinagar-l

Srinagar-l

Srinagar-l Bandipore-l Srinagar-l 404

TABLE

2 3 4

Chiva-Contd. 5 kms Summer & Agricultural Labourer Autumn MangniPora 9 kms Ashtengoo Whole year Teachers Veterinary Doctors Patwari V.L.W. Forester' BlackSmith Forest guard Veterinary Compounder Kunas 14 kms Whole year Fishing net experts Fisheries watcher Doctor (Unani Disp.) Compounder (Unani Disp.) Doctor (Sheep Breeding) Band Saw Mill Drivers Compounder (Sheep Breeding) Teachers Tailors Patwari V.L.W. Forester Magripora 19 kms Whole year Chowkidar Patwari Summer & Hawker (Sale of Cos- Autumn meties etc.) 405

NO. 5J-Concld. ------___ - 5 6 7 8 9

6 Bandipore-l 1

Bandipore-l Sopore-l Srinagar-2 Anantnag-l Gulmarg-2 Baramula-l Handwara-l

Sopore-l Sopore-2

Bandipore-2 9 2 1 1

Sopore-l

2jCensus J&Kj78-54 406

TABLE NO. 51 Particulars of commodities purchased from Urban areas

Name of Village Name of Urban Name of Commodity Approxi- area purchased mate proportion of people purchasing

2 3 4

Villages within 10 Kms.

Garoora Bandipore Grocery 50% Cloth 50% Medicines 75% Edible oils 70% Others 60%

Srinagar Grocery" 5% Cloth 40% Medicines 20% Others 25%

Mangnipora Bandlpore Grocery 70% Cloth 95% Medicines 80% Edible oils 50% Others 75%

Ashtengoo Bandipore Grocery 25% Cloth 50% Medicines 25% Edible oils 25% Others 25%

Sopore Cloth 20% Medicines 10% Others 10% 407

TABLE NO. 51-Coneld.

2 3 4 Vii/ages at a distance of more than 10 Kms. Chiva Srinagar Grocery 25% Cloth 25% Medicines 25% Edible oils 25% Others 25% Kunas Sopore Grocery 75% Cloth 90/,~ Medicines 90% Edible oils 90% Others 90% Magripora Sopore Grocery 40% Cloth 50% Medicines 50% Edible oils 20% Others 50% 408

TABLE PRIMARY CENSUS Occupied Total POpulation Scheduled Residential (including Castes Lo- Name of Area Houses Institutional cation Town of & Houseless Code Town Population) r---~..A..~~., No. in r----"--~ ""--'--'\..-1 Km" No. of No. Houses of P M F M F House- holds ----- ~- --_ -_------"_ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3/1 Bandipore 5.56 770 987 6,201 3,311 2,890 ----- 409

NO. 52 ABSTRACT Scheduled Inmates of Houseless Literate and WORKERS Tribes Institution Persons Educated Persons Total I Workers Cultivators (I-IX) r---A-- ~ ,-_ _A.__~ ,---"-_--., r--_A..~ ,---"-- --1 r---~ . ....A_--~ MF M F M F M F M F M F

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

998 284 1,670 33 591

------410

TABLE WORKERS ------Lo- Name of II III IV V cation Town Agricultural Livestock, Minning Manufac- code Labourers Forestry, & Processing, No. Fishing, Quarrying Servicing Hunting & and Plantations, ------Orchrds (a) and Allied Household Activities Industry ,.--.A.._~ ,-_..A..._-, ,..-..A..._-, ,---.A.._-, M F M F M F M F 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3/1 Bandipore 100 148 4 37 ._--,------411

NO. 52-'-Concld. WORKERS turing, VI VII VIII IX X repairs ----- Construction Trade and Transport, Other Non (b) Commerce Storage & Services Workers Other than Communi- Household cations Industry

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

180 47 147 III 305 32 1,641 2,857 412

-..,

01) 6 Z 413

c/). ~ vi ...... vi ... vi vi-o'" ::t:: ::t:: ... iI: ... V) :Ii ~ ...,. V) ...,. N N = NO = - '"

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2/Census J&K/78-55 414

ui 415

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Co>.~ ._ .", ~• Qos Z~ 417

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2/Census J&K/78-56 422

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2/Census J & K/78--57 430

TABLE Special particulars about voting behaviour of the population Political insli- Name of the Con Year when Name of Polling station tution of which stituency to which election election was held the polling was held station belongs

2 3 4

General Elections Bandipore 1972 (i) Bandipore (A) No. 30 for State constituency eJections TehsilOffice Assembly consisting of (held on (ii) Bandipore (B) No. 31 22 patwar 9-3-72) Girls High School Halqas of which (iii) Bandipore (0 No. 32 7 belong (0 N.A.C. Building Gurez Niabat (iv) Bandipore (D) No. 33 L.H.S. Building (the constituency had in all 60 polling booths), Mid-term Baramula March,1971 (i) Bandipore Girls High e Icetion for School Parliament (ii) Bandipore Branch School (iii) Tehsil Office (iv) Nassu

------43i

NO.6D during the last general elections Nhether reserved Number of registered Total Dominant elr lInreserved voters ethnic category ..:,)!l-;ti(uency SCjSTjOthers Hindu, Muslim Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, others

5 6 7 8

Unreserved 36,711 votersforwhole 36711 Pred ominantly constituency Muslims 1. Station A l)achigaml Kharpora r 701 Novpora ) 2. Station B Bandipore partly -819 3. Station C Bandipore partly -605 4. Station D Bandipore partly -556 Unreserved 370,345 voters for Predominantly Baramula Parliament Muslims constituency 33,450 voters for Bandipore consti tuency (Assembly) 432

TABLE

Political insti Name of the con- Year when Dominent Particulars tution of which stituency to which election Socio election was held the polling was held economic station belongs class upperj Middlej Name Lower according to standard of town

2 3 9 10 ------General Elections Bandipore 1972 Mainly I. Anwar Khan for State consituency elections lower Rjo Kaloosa Assembly conslstmg of (held on class plus 2. Mohd. Sultan 22 pat war 9-3-72) a little Shah Halqas of which proportion Rjo Nadihal 7 belong to of middle 3. Gh. Mohi Din Gurez Niabat class Mir Rjo Bandipore 4. Mohd. Maq bool Parry RID Qazipora Mid-term Baramula March 1971 Mainly 1. Syed Zaman election for lower class Shah Parliament plus a 2. Aga Syed propor Ahmed tion of 3. Syed Ali Middle Shah Gillani class 4. Sardar Sant Singh Teg 433

NO. 60-Concld.

of candidates ------'------..., No.ofvalid Total No. of Remarks Ethnic voles polled votes polled by category Party candidates SCjST/ validJinvalid others Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, others 11 12 13 14 15

Muslim 1. Congress 23,400 14,148 2. lamat-e-Islamia 6,774 3. Independent 2,310 4. -do- 168

Gujjar Independent '1 Baramula For the first (Muslim) constituency time people Kashmiri Indian National I valid votes realised the (Muslim) Congress r 182,378 182,378 value of vote I Unvalid votes & exercised -do- l amat-e-Islamia 5,106 their right of Sikh Independent J Total 187,484 vote without Bandipore any harassment Circle valid votes 17,164 Unvalid votes 581 Total 17,745

~--~--, 434

TABLE

Special particulars about important trade unions/l'oluntal Y organisatiol:s

Numhcr of

,-__~ ______~~ _____ ."A... Sl. Nam\: Location When No. establi-., Emp- Number Da,is of shed loyees membership if any

2 3 4 5 6 7 1, Drivers and Bandipore 1969 Peon-l 70 Drivers- Cleaners as Town Rs. 5 P.M. sociation Cleaners Rs. 3 P.M.

2. Patwar as Bandipore 1951 30 Patwari- sociation Town Rs.O.2S P.M.

3. Shopkeepers Union 4. Trade Employees Union 5. Fruit Growers Associa- tion 6. Unjman-i-Teliyan 7. Unjman-i-Hajaman 8. Unjman-i-Zargaran 9. Unjman-i-Carpenters & Masons 10. Markban Association 11. Low paid employees Association 12. Teachers Association 13. Mahigiran Association 14. Saw Mill Owners Asso ciation 15. Bazam-i-Adab 435

NO. 61 includiog clubs, libraries, private education societies, caste or community asso ciations etc. members

------~ Whether Aims and Nature of acti Social re- Area of Quan- mainly objects vity form or operation titative associated social including index with parti- change if plan out- of vari cular caste or any pro- side the ous types community/ moted by town of activi- occupation the orga- ties (e.g. group/other nisation No. of interest schools group started) ------8 9 10 11 12 13 - - ~.". ---- -_. ------o c'lpa- (i) To fight for (I) Aisociation Bandipore tional genuine fought for inc- tehsil & group rights rease in wages town exc- (ii) to procure (ii) Association was luding lo:m for pur- got registered Gurez chase of (iii) Meeting held buses monthly & some times weekly

To i n::J:I')v~ the Pa,~ing resolu Teh5il group service condi tions & pressing Bandipore tions and to demands obtain bcHer facilities for Patwari

-- -_---_ ---- 436

TABLE

If there is r------SL Nam~ Location When Working hours Type App- Ave- No. c3tabli for various types of roxi- rage shed of activities boo- mate No. of ks num- rea- ber ders per day

2 3 4 14 15 16 17 l. Dlivers anJ B:llldipore 1969 Meetings are Cleaners Town held generally association on Fridays & election is held yearly

2. Patwar asso- Bandipore 1951 Meetings are ciation Town held on 1st Sunday of every month 3. Shopkeepers Union 4. Traie Employees Union 5. Frllit Growers As,ociation 6 Unjmm-i-Teliyan 7, Uniman-i-Hajaman 8, Unjmlo-i-Zuglran 9. Unjmao-i-Carpenters & Masons 10. Markban Association 11 Low paid Employees Association 12. Teachers Association 13. Mahigiran Association 14, Saw Mill Own(,fs Asso ciation IS. Bazam-i-Adab 437

NO. 61-Concld. an attached library Expenditure If affi- If having RemarKs by main items liated to branches -A... ______-.. any particu, Rate of Finance social/ lars of subscrip- by politic~l/ same tion/ source cultural/ other religious payment organisa- of various tion par- services ticulars of same

18 19 20 21 22 23

Member (i) Stationery- ship Rs. 20 yearly (ii) Rent-Rs. 120 (iii) Newspaper-Rs. 45 (iy) Propaganda -Rs.100 (y) Matting/fur nitures-Rs. 80 (i) Stationery Rs. 30 yearly (ii) Rent- Rs. 60 yearly The requisite information for (13) Asso ciations has not been col lected as the same was not made availa hIe in the field.

2/Census J & K/78-58 438

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