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Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN To stick or not to stick? Onderzoek naar genderstereotypering in de berichtgeving over mannen- en vrouwenhockey: een inhoudsanalyse van de Vlaamse dagbladen Wetenschappelijke verhandeling aantal woorden: 26.795 ANNE-LAURE GHEERARDYN MASTERPROEF COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN afstudeerrichting JOURNALISTIEK PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. ANNELORE DEPREZ COMMISSARIS: SARA DE VUYST ACADEMIEJAAR 2013 – 2014 Deze pagina is niet beschikbaar omdat ze persoonsgegevens bevat. Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, 2021. This page is not available because it contains personal information. Ghent Universit , Librar , 2021. DANKWOORD Een masterproef schrijven is een werk van lange adem. Daarom vermeld ik hier graag enkele personen die me bijstonden in de realisatie van dit werkstuk. Allereerst bedank ik mijn promotor, professor Annelore Deprez, voor het promotorschap en voor de raad die ze me gaf bij het volmaken van deze masterproef. Tevens een woord van dank aan Dr. Cédric Courtois voor de tips die ik kreeg bij het analytisch SPSS-gedeelte. Verder wens ik mijn tweede codeur Jolien De Pauw te bedanken om de betrouwbaarheid van het onderzoek te helpen meten. Mijn grootste dank gaat echter uit naar mijn ouders die mij de kans gaven deze opleiding te volgen en die mij onvoorwaardelijk steunden gedurende de volledige termijn. 3 ABSTRACT Vele studies wijzen uit dat mannen en vrouwen gestereotypeerd worden in de media. Ook in de sportmedia blijkt genderstereotypering een steeds terugkerend gegeven (Kinkema & Harris, 1998). Sportmannen en sportvrouwen worden niet op dezelfde manier gerepresenteerd aan het publiek. Mannen worden vaak traditioneel voorgesteld als sterke sporthelden (Vande Berg, 1998). Vooral de wijze van representatie van sportvrouwen is echter onderwerp van debat (Koivula, 1999). Sportprestaties van vrouwen worden veelal getrivialiseerd, ondergewaardeerd of zelfs genegeerd. De aandacht wordt van de sport weggeschoven door te focussen op het privéleven of het attractieve uiterlijk van de vrouwen, of door sportvrouwen voor te stellen in traditionele vrouwelijke rollen als die van moeder of echtgenote (Griffin, 1998; Messner, 2007). Dit zijn technieken die nauwelijks tot niet bij de representatie van mannelijke atleten worden gebruikt. De media tonen ons in dat opzicht geen correct beeld van de realiteit. In deze masterproef gaan we na of ook de veldhockeyspelers en veldhockeyspeelsters van de Belgische nationale ploeg gestereotypeerd worden. We spitsen ons daarvoor toe op een analyse in de Vlaamse dagbladen. We voeren een inhoudsanalyse uit die zowel een kwantitatief luik als een kwalitatief deel omvat. Dit heeft als doel de gelijkenissen en verschillen in de wijze van berichtgeving tussen mannen en vrouwen sterker naar boven te laten komen. We onderzoeken onder meer of hockeymannen sneller als krachtige sporthelden worden gerepresenteerd. Ook kijken we of hockeyvrouwen meer in van sport afwijkende termen worden voorgesteld en of we ze daardoor gemakkelijker in een typisch vrouwelijke familiale rol aantreffen in de sportmedia. De inhoudsanalyse leert ons dat hockeymannen vaak in de mannelijke heldenrol worden geduwd. Hockeyvrouwen treffen we niet noodzakelijk altijd in traditionele vrouwenrollen aan. Hockeyvrouwen lijken voornamelijk gewoon als topsporters te worden behandeld in de Vlaamse media. 4 INHOUDSTABEL Inleiding ............................................................................................................................ 7 DEEL 1: LITERATUURSTUDIE ................................................................................. 9 1. Representatie ................................................................................................................. 9 2. Stereotypering ............................................................................................................. 11 3. Genderstereotypering .................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Gender: een definitie ............................................................................................ 13 3.2 Genderrollen ......................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Genderstereotypering in de media ........................................................................ 16 3.3.1 De actieve man .............................................................................................. 19 3.3.2 De afhankelijkheidspositie van de vrouw ..................................................... 20 4. Representatie en genderstereotypering in de sportmedia ............................................ 23 4.1 Mannen in de sportmedia ..................................................................................... 23 4.1.1 Sport als mannendomein ............................................................................... 23 4.1.2 De man als sportheld ..................................................................................... 25 4.2 Vrouwen in de sportmedia .................................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Onderrepresentatie van sportvrouwen in de media ....................................... 28 4.2.2 Getrivialiseerde sportvrouwen ...................................................................... 29 4.3 Tegenstrijdigheden in het onderzoeksveld ........................................................... 34 5. Besluit .......................................................................................................................... 35 DEEL 2: METHODE .................................................................................................... 37 1. Vraag- en doelstelling ................................................................................................. 37 2. Methodologie .............................................................................................................. 38 2.1 Inhoudsanalyse ..................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Steekproef ............................................................................................................. 39 2.2.1 Selectie van de artikels ................................................................................. 39 2.2.2 Onderzoeksperiode ....................................................................................... 41 2.3 Registratieformulier .............................................................................................. 43 5 2.4 Codeboek .............................................................................................................. 44 2.5 Betrouwbaarheid ................................................................................................... 44 DEEL 3: RESULTATEN .............................................................................................. 46 1. Kwantitatieve representatieverdeling .......................................................................... 46 1.1 Onderrepresentatie hockeyvrouwen ..................................................................... 47 1.2 Verdelingen per krant en geslacht van de journalisten ......................................... 51 2. Stereotypering van hockeymannen en hockeyvrouwen .............................................. 55 2.1 Focus op het sportleven ........................................................................................ 55 2.2 Focus op randinformatie of focus weg van de sport ............................................. 56 2.2.1 Kinderlijkheid ............................................................................................... 57 2.2.2 Leeftijd .......................................................................................................... 60 2.2.3 Privéleven ..................................................................................................... 61 2.2.4 Vergelijking met ander team ......................................................................... 63 2.3 Mannelijke stereotypen ......................................................................................... 66 2.4 Vrouwelijke stereotypen ....................................................................................... 70 3. Mannelijke en vrouwelijke kenmerken ....................................................................... 74 3.1 Globale resultaten ................................................................................................. 75 3.2 Tegenstrijdige bevindingen .................................................................................. 78 3.3 Bevindingen in de lijn van de verwachtingen ...................................................... 80 3.4 Algemene evaluatie mannelijke en vrouwelijke labels ........................................ 83 DEEL 4: DISCUSSIE EN CONCLUSIE .................................................................... 87 BIBLIOGRAFIE ............................................................................................................. 92 BIJLAGEN .................................................................................................................... 106 Bijlage 1: Registratieformulier ................................................................................. 106 Bijlage 2: Codeboek ................................................................................................. 116 Bijlage 3: Betrouwbaarheid onderzoek ...................................................................
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