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4 Water Resources This Chapter Presents the Physical Characteristics (Quantity and Quality) of Surface Water in the Wind- Bighorn Basin

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4 Water Resources This Chapter Presents the Physical Characteristics (Quantity and Quality) of Surface Water in the Wind- Bighorn Basin Wind-Bighorn Basin Plan Update 4 Water Resources This chapter presents the physical characteristics (quantity and quality) of surface water in the Wind- Bighorn Basin. Groundwater characteristics are presented in a separate report by the WSGS and the USGS. All information presented in this chapter is historical data. This differs from the simulated streamflow and available flow calculations presented in Chapter 7. In addition, Chapter 7 presents both physically available flow and constrained available flow estimates, which are based on the spreadsheet model analysis. The basic hydrologic cycle for a typical Wyoming river basin is presented in Figure 10. Precipitation is the source of both groundwater and surface water. Most of the precipitation will evaporate from the surface or be taken up and transpired by local vegetation. Precipitation and snowmelt in excess of immediate demands will either run off (feeding rivers, streams, and lakes) or infiltrate to become groundwater. Groundwater recharge may eventually return to the surface, or be stored in shallow alluvial or deep bedrock aquifers. Surface water will eventually evaporate to the atmosphere, completing the cycle. 5 Figure 10. Hydrologic Cycle Figure 11 presents a summary of total annual precipitation within each basin in the study area, and the total outflow from the basin at the closest streamflow gaging station(s) to the state line, or in the case of the Wind River Basin, Boysen Reservoir. Average annual precipitation for the Basin produces approximately 18.5 million acre-feet (maf) per year. Headwater drainages for all basins except for the Clarks Fork Basin are completely contained within the state, thus the total basin area within the state generally represents the total contributing area to streamflow at the basin outflow. For the 5 Paragraph and Figure 10 adapted from Framework Plan 34 Wind-Bighorn Basin Plan Update Clarks Fork, a small portion of the contributing area to streamflow at the state line outflow point is in Montana. 9.0 8.0 Total Precipitation 7.0 Basin Outflow 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Mean Annual Annual Mean Volume (million ac-ft) 0.0 Wind Bighorn Gallatin Madison/ Clarks Fork Clarks Yellowstone Figure 11. Estimated Mean Annual Basin Precipitation and Outflow Total estimated annual outflow from the Wind-Bighorn Basin is nearly 6.8 maf, or approximately 37 percent of total precipitation. A portion of this would be available to Wyoming in the Clarks Fork and Bighorn Rivers for future water use under the Yellowstone River Compact. Of the 11.6 maf that does not leave the state as streamflow, roughly 1.4 maf is consumptively used by crops within the Basin (either through rainfall or irrigation 6), or by other uses documented in Chapter 4.3. Of the remaining 10.3 maf, which comprises nearly 88 percent of the water that does not leave the state, most is evaporated from the surface or transpired by vegetation. A small portion serves to recharge alluvial and bedrock aquifers. A summary of the Basin water resources mass balance is presented in Figure 12. 6 Total crop CU estimated as supply limited CU (see section 5.1) divided by average percent of total CU met by irrigation as calculated from Pochop (1992) data (80 percent). Estimates are for illustrative purposes only. 35 Wind-Bighorn Basin Plan Update Total Basin precipitation Leaves State 18.5 maf per year (Available to Wyo) Municipal/Domestic 2.4 /Stock/Industrial 13% 0.015 0.08% Evaporation Natural ET and Crop CU Current 0.16 Aquifer 1.35 Use 1% Recharge Leaves State 7% 10.1 (Unavailable to Wyo) 55% 4.5 24% All values are annual consumptive use in maf per year. Figure 12. Current Basin Water Resources Mass Balance The remaining portion of this chapter discusses the surface water runoff (or streamflow) component of the hydrologic cycle within the Wind-Bighorn. 4.1 Surface Water Resources The location, timing, quantity and quality of surface water resources within the basin have a significant effect on the ability of those resources to be used for the various water uses described in Chapter 4.3. Historical location, timing and quantity are generally contained in streamflow records, some of which have been collected since the late 1800’s. Historical streamflow estimates are also the basis from which the spreadsheet models discussed in Chapter 7 are developed. Water quality information comes from numerous sources, including raw data that is collected instantaneously at selected streamflow gaging stations and periodically by various entities in certain reaches of rivers. This information is described in the following sub-sections. Additional information on streamflow is presented in Technical Memorandum 4A, while additional information on water quality is presented in Technical Memorandum 6B. 4.1.1 Streamflow Streamflow gages measure the instantaneous discharge of water in a stream segment. There are currently 33 active streamflow gaging stations within the Wind-Bighorn Basin that are operated by the USGS, WSEO Division III, and the USBR. A listing of these gaging stations, a summary of the period-of-record for each station and the average annual flow for the model study period (see Chapter 7) is presented in Table 11. A map of streamflow gaging stations is presented in Figure 13. In addition to the 33 active gaging stations, there have been nearly 150 other gaging stations that have been operated within the Basin over the years. Some of these gaging stations were operated long ago, while others have been more recently discontinued. These gages can be used within the hydrologic modeling analysis by estimating flows using regression analyses with other gages in the area that have similar flow patterns. More information on the use of these gages in the model and the methods for estimated flows at the gaging stations is presented in Chapter 7 and in Technical Memorandum 4A. 36 Wind-Bighorn Basin Plan Update *# 06191500 06207500 *# *# *# #*#* Frannie Bighorn*#*# #* *##* Clarks Fork *# Lake*# # Deaver Cowley * *# Crandall*# Yellowstone# River *# Creek *# * *# *#*#*# *# Lamar Byron Lovell *# River Powell *# #* Shoshone*# River *# *#Yellowstone Park #* *# 06037500 River # *# Madison*# *# *#* River #* *# *# #* #* Shell Creek*# Teton North Fork Shoshone River *# Yellowstone *#*# *# *# *# 06278500 *# *# Cody Dry Creek *# Greybull *# *# Burlington Lake #* #* Buffalo Bill *# *# Big Horn # Reservoir Bighorn#* Basin * River *# Manderson *# *# *# SouthShoshone Fork River Paintrock #* *# *#*# Creek Greybull*# Meeteetse *# Nowood #* *#River Fifteen Mile River Creek #*Tensleep Creek *# Washakie * Gooseberry #*#* *# *# *# *# Worland Ten #* Creek Sleep *# *# *#*# Cottonwood *# Creek Nowater Kirby Creek #* *#*# Owl #* Kirby *# *# Creek *# Creek #**#*#*##**#*# *##* #* Thermopolis *# East Fork # Hot Springs Dubois Wind River * #* Fivemile #* #* Creek Wind *#* River*# Wind River *# Boysen *# *##* Muddy *# Reservoir *# #* Fremont *# Creek #* *# *# *# #**# *# Natrona *#*# Pavillion #* #* *# Shoshoni Bull *# #* *# # #**#*#*####***#*# ##* *# Lake *#*# * * *#*# * Poison Bull Lake Creek *#*# *# Creek Ocean *# #* Lake Fort Riverton Washakie Ethete *# *# *# # *# Arapahoe *# *#*# *# *## 06235500 *# *# Popo Agie *#* #* River *# Hudson Beaver *# *# Creek Lander *#*# Middle Popo #* Agie River *# *# Legend Cities *# Active Streamflow Gage Rivers *# Inactive Steamflow Gage Wyoming Water Development Commission County Boundary *# Streamflow Gages highlighted in the text Study Basins 020 40± 80 Scale in Miles Figure 13. Streamflow Gaging Stations in Wind-Bighorn Basin 37 Wind-Bighorn Basin Plan Update Table 11. Summary of Active Stream Gages in Wind-Bighorn Basin Average Annual Gage Period of Flow (2) Basin Number Gage Name Record (ac-ft) Madison/ 06036905 Firehole River Near West Yellowstone Mt Oct 1983 - Present (1) 232,372 Gallatin 06037500 Madison River Near West Yellowstone Mt Jul 1913 - Present (1) 369,234 06043500 Gallatin River Near Gallatin Gateway Mt Jun 1930 - Present (1) 599,564 Yellow- 06186500 Yellowstone River At Yellowstone Lk Outlet Ynp Oct 1926 - Present (1) 945,587 stone 06187915 Soda Butte Cr At Park Bndry At Silver Gate Oct 1998 - Present 40,887 06187950 Soda Butte Cr Nr Lamar Ranger Station Ynp Oct 1988 - Present 102,382 06188000 Lamar River Nr Tower Falls Ranger Station Ynp May 1923 - Present (1) 642,720 06190540 Hot River At Mammoth Ynp Oct 1988 - Present (1) 19,123 06191000 Gardner River Near Mammoth Ynp Oct 1938 - Present (1) 151,342 06191500 Yellowstone River At Corwin Springs Mt Sep 1910 - Present 2,239,249 Clarks Fork 06207500 Clarks Fork Yellowstone River Nr Belfry Mt Aug 1921 - Present 652,258 (1) Upper 06218500 Wind River Near Dubois, Wyo. Oct 1945 - Present 114,936 (1) Wind 06220800 Wind River Above Red Creek, Near Dubois, Wy Oct 1990 - Present 454,653 (1) 06221400 Dinwoody Creek Above Lakes, Near Burris, Wyo. Oct 1957 - Present 99,177 (1) 06224000 Bull Lake Creek Above Bull Lake, Wy Oct 1941 - Present 198,662 06225000 Bull Lake Creek Near Lenore, Wy Jun 1918 - Present (1) 186,471 06225500 Wind River Near Crowheart, Wy Oct 1945 - Present 803,290 0303WR01 Wind River at Hwy 26 Bridge, near Morton Nov 2001 - Present (1) 393,990 06227600 Wind River Near Kinnear, Wy Apr 1974 - Present (1) 479,409 06228000 Wind River At Riverton, Wy Apr 1912 - Present (1) 364,727 Wind River Ab Boysen Reservoir, Nr Shoshoni, 06236100 Wy May 1990 - Present 815,062 Little Wind 06235500 Little Wind River Near Riverton, Wy Jun 1941 - Present 382,275 Popo Agie River Below The Sinks, Near Lander, Popo Agie 06231600 Wy Oct 1959
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