California State Universitys Northridge PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
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California State Universitys Northridge PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SELECTED BEHAVIORAL a-IA~ACTERISTICS OF INTERCOLLEGIATE TENNIS PLAYERS A thesis submitted in partial ~atisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Mast~e:r of Arts in Physical Education by Mark Daniel -Winters June, 1974 The thesiJ o~Mark Da~el Wi~rs is approved: California State University, Northridge June, 1974 ll r---~- ----------· -----------·- ·---···· .... --------···--·-------- ............. ·-~--- --------- ____________ .. _______ --·-···------·-- ..... ·-·-·----· I DEDICATION ••. to my parents, Aland Virginia, and 'the Lady' for. having patience and taking the time ••• iii ACKNOWLEDGI'v1ENTS The author wishes to acknowledge Drs. Don Bethe, !Bill Cullum, and Darrel Guthrie, each for his interest in and unique contributions to this study. A special thanks is extended to Chris Johnson and :Pat Dickson whose technical assistance was so essential. l i M.D.W. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ,Dedication • • iii !Acknowledgments, iv :List o£ Tables • . .. vii ! ! :Abstract • viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1 The Problem Statement of the Problem Hypotheses Assumptions Delimitations Limi·tations Importance o:f the Study Definition of Terms II.. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. 16 ' Personality Characteristics o.f Successful Athletes The Tennis Player The Behavioral Characteristics o.f Succe.ssfu.l T ..:mnis Players S U..'11Illar y III. RESEARCH PRCCEDURES • • 43 Selection of Subjects Organization of the Research Testing Instruments Behavioral Characteristics Questionnaire Statistical Design v IV. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA • • • • • • 55 Hypotheses, Results, and Discussion Responses from the Coaches Summary v. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMt\1ENDATIONS 75 Summary Conclusion Recommendations :BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • 80 APPENDICES • 88 vi LIST OF TABLES ----Table 1. Reliability Coefficients £or the Comrey Personality Scales •• . 49 2. Means and Variabilities £or the Personality Traits. 57 3. Means and Variabilities £or the Behavioral Characteristics. 64 vii ABSTRACT PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SELECTED BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERCOLLEGIATE TENNIS PLAYERS by Mark Daniel Winters Master o£ Arts in Physical Education June, 1974 The purpose o£ this study was to identify the person- i ali ty traits and the behavioral characteristics which were descriptive of successful and unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players. ·' The varsity intercollegiate tennis team members, !playing the six singles positions at nine select institu- tions, participated in the study. The subjects were given 1the Comrey Personality Scales to assess their personality traits. The responses o£ the individual coaches to a questionnaire were used to assess the behavioral character- ! istics of the players. Based on season end singles dual '· :match winning percentage, the players were ranked from highest to lowest. The eighteen players ranked ~n the upper third made up the successful group, while the eighteen players ranked in the lower third made up the viii , unsucc..t=:ssf.ul group. A one-way analysis of variance was us~~d ·to determine ~whethe:r the two groups differed significantly on a person- :ality trait or a behavioral characteristic. A :mul t·iple- discriminant analysis was employed to determine whether the. j groups could be differentiated when the en·tire personality ' trait profile was used simultaneously. Whether comparing the two groups on a single person- ality trait, behavioral characteristic, or utilizing the entire profile, the variance within the two groups was grea·ter than the differences in the central tendencies between them. It was concluded that any difference be- t·\'leen the successful group and the unsuccessful group was not a £unction o£ either specific personality traits or selected behavioral characteristics. ix CHAPTER I Tennis is loaded with guys who can hit hard ru"'ld even keep it in the court, but .few of them ever win because they don't know how to think or how to control their nerves. Bill Tilden INTRODUCTION After existing for decades in an aura of diletantism, !tennis was suddenly bxought to the atte~tion o£ the public. This was due primarily to the advent of Open Tennis which !in 1968 dramatically changed the nature as well as the ·:focus of the game. Overnight, tennis became a commercial success. Tournaments increased in number. The modern professional tour developed. Tennis players competed !throughout the world for prize money instead of just tro- phies~ Interest in the game as a result soared to new !heights. This was reflected in the growth of tournament iattendance. Newspaper, magazine, and television coverage o:f tennis expanded to meet the demands of the public. The widespread following was further demonstrated in the num- i ber of active participants in the game. With over thirteen 1 million devotees, tennis became the fastest growing par- ticipant sport in the United States (53). It was easy to understand why there were more good players, at all levels o:f the game, than ever before. A majority of the men holding national rankings ha·ve played intercollegiate tennis. In view of the popularity of the game, competition .for a position on an intercol- legiate tennis team has become intense. Extensive prepar- ation became necessary for anyone who desired to reach this level and be a success. Intercollegiate coaches and players came to realize that variables, other than the physiological and the morphological, affect an in- dividual's competitive tennis performance. For this rea- son, tennis programs became concerned with developing physical ability as well as the psychological charac·ter- istics which would enhance a player's performance. Unfortunately the information concerning the psycho- . logical parameters o£ male intercollegiate tennis players i were extremely limited. Studies in which the personality characteristics of various intercollegiate athletic groups were compared furnished nearly all the data on these ath- letes (48, 61, 64, 68). Ostrow (72) did the only study ' dealing exclusively with intercollegiate tennis players. Research inv_estigatiJ?9 the_p~rsonalj.ty traits and the ,~> ~ • '''"- •·>· ""'" •"< •" n•~-- -····-·"-~·•• _, '• - 0' -••-' • ~-••7••t~•••• ••-••••,~·- ---· ·~···-~ -- • •·• •- •>~ .. -~-~-- ~ ••·-·~--~~· -• "••••'- --· -.- o<••·--•r ---~-----·•••~-~~~--~-•·•••·.•-· •• ~ •. • -•••• ,, 0 ' ibeha·viora.l characteristics of successful and unsuccessful 'intercol::.egiate tennis players had not been undertaken. :Those vdshing to gain insight regarding successful and un- ;successful intercollegiate tennis players were forced to 'go outside the area of professional research and consult :newspaper and magazine articles, autobiographies, and other I less formal sources. So doing, it quickly became apparent that this material related to players who were champions or .near-champions. Extrapolating from these sources, one could only have made an educated guess concerning the per.- sonality traits and the behavioral characteristics of successful and unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players. It was the purpose of this study to present a profile of the personality traits and the behavioral characteris- tics which might differentiate between successful and un- successful intercollegiate tennis players. The Problem Statement of the Problem The problem under investigation in this study was to :analyze the relationship among specific personality traits, ·selected behavioral characteristics, and the competitive •dual match performance of intercollegiate tennis players. 4 1. There will be significant differences among specific personality traits between successful and un- :successful intercollegiate tennis players. 1.1 Successful int~:~rcollegiate tennis players will :be signi:ficantl'v more orderly (0) than unsuccessf·uJ. players. 1.2 Successful intercollegiate tennis players will be significantly more rebe,llious (C) than unsuccessful ,players. 1.3 Successful intercollegiate tennis players will be significantly more egocentric(P) than unsuccessful _players. 1.4 Successful intercollegiate tennis players will ;be significantly more extroverted(E) than unsuccessful players. 1 • .5 Successful intercollegiate tennis players will significantly more emotionally sta.ble(S) than unsuc- cessful players. 1.6 There will be no significant difference on the I ~personality trait of activity(A) between successful and i \unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players. 1.7 There will be no significant di.-f£erence on the ·personality trait o£ trust(T) between successful and un l.~'Uccessful intercollegiate .. tennis players. r-·-~ -~·-··"----~- --- '"·--<··~- -·~·-·"---~--~------- ·--~--------.,--~---- ----------~ --~~~·------~·-·----w- .. ~----~---·- -· ·~----··-----·- --·- -·'- -~·"'! I J \ 1.8 There will be no sigr:.ificant difference on the .personality trait of masculinity(M) between success£ul.and .unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players. 2. 'TI1ere will be significant differences among 'selected behavioral characteristics between successful and iunsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players. 2.1 Unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players will be significantly more receptive to criticism regarding their play than successful players. 2.2 The play of unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players will coincide significantly more often with the expectations of their coaches than the play of successful players. 2.3 The attention of unsuccessful intercollegiate tennis players will be diverted significantly more oS~en ~ : f'rom i;he game tha.n the attention