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Analysis of Recreational Water Characteristics

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Analysis of Recreational Water Characteristics Analysis of Recreational Water Characteristics A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in Environmental Systems Engineering University of Regina By Christopher Frederick Seeley Regina, Saskatchewan March 2015 copyright 2015: Christopher Seeley UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Christopher Frederick Seeley, candidate for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Environmental Systems Engineering, has presented a thesis titled, Analysis of Recreational Water Characteristics, in an oral examination held on February 13, 2015. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Biplob Das, Saskatchewan Water Security Agency Supervisor: Dr. Dena McMartin, Environmental Systems Engineering Committee Member: Dr. Guo H. Huang, Environmental Systems Engineering Committee Member: Dr. Satish Sharma, Environmental Systems Engineering Chair of Defense: Dr. Christopher Oriet, Department of Psychology Abstract Users of natural recreational waters may be exposed to physical hazards and pathogens that are present in the environment. These pathogens may be natural or resulting from human activities, which in turn can be from point source and non-point source pollution. In Canada, recreational water quality monitoring generally falls under provincial and territorial jurisdictions. An environmental health monitoring program developed through this research attempts to characterize and communicate the physical and biological risks associated with recreational water use. Some items addressed during this research include: 1) Determination of the parameters correlated to water quality at beaches 2) Selection of beaches for further monitoring Within the current research and monitoring approaches, there are gaps in knowledge with respect to the factors that affect water quality at a recreational beach setting. While many research papers have considered time series data from one or two beaches, there remain questions with respect to which beaches should be selected for monitoring. Thus, the following hypothesis was formulated and tested. That the physical characteristics of a beach area are not correlated with water quality when considered in conjunction with environmental factors (null hypothesis). The hypothesis, which was rejected, is important as many jurisdictions only monitor a select number of beaches. Based on the results from testing and subsequently rejecting, the hypothesis, two models were developed. ii The first model attempts to explain the geometric mean of E. coli and includes such parameters of significance as turbidity and Secchi disc data, residential density, water temperature, pH, beach grooming, wind speed, stormwater runoff, parking facilities, presence of seaweed and algae, numbers of swimmers present, bird populations and whether or not pets are permitted at the beach area. The second model describes the probability of detecting E. coli and can be represented by the same parameters including turbidity (both average and maximum), water temperature, parking facilities, and presence of seaweed and algae. Parameters that differ in this model include conductivity, number of toilets, occurrence of rainfall in the previous 24-hours, and prevailing winds both parallel and onshore to the beach area. Based on these two models, a process for ranking beaches to select those that should be sampled in any given year was developed. The following criteria were applied for making those environmental monitoring and resource allocation decisions: A significant residential density should surround the beach. In addition, the area surrounding the beach can drain to the beach area The beach should be popular with swimmers. This could perhaps be measured by the number of toilets. The beach should allow pets on the beach. Waterfowl should frequent the beach area. High amounts of seaweed and algae in the swimming area should be common. This could be due to blue-green algae blooms. The beach should have a parking lot available for users. Beaches in areas with more wind should be preferred Beaches where the water temperature is typically higher should be preferred. iii Acknowledgement I would like to thank all those that contributed to this project. This includes the Director of Environmental Health, Tim Macaulay, with the Saskatchewan Ministry of Health. Without his vision, sampling of recreational beaches in Saskatchewan would never have occurred. Further, the Ministry organized, paid for and completed all the sampling efforts required for this project. A sampling effort as large as this one would never be possible without the cooperation of field staff, in particular the summer employees at the Ministry who coordinated and sampled the majority of the locations over the time period. Due to their dedication, the quality and quantity of data is sufficient to complete the analysis contained herein. Beach managers, health regions and their field staff as well as others at the Ministry of Health also played a large role in ensuring the sampling program’s success. I would also like to thank Dr. McMartin for her patience and support through my long journey through graduate studies. Her advice and supervision was critical in completing this project. iii Dedication Lastly and most importantly, I would like to thank my family for their love and support. Many weekends, while I was writing my thesis, and evenings, while I was completing course work, were spent without me. My wife looked after all the things I couldn’t during this time. Most importantly, she has taken care of our children during those times I was away. I am in their debt as without her and the children’s support I could never have completed this program. iv Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices ........................................................................................................... xiii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xiv 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 3 3 Background .................................................................................................................. 4 3.1 Field of Interest .................................................................................................... 4 3.1.1 EH Program development description .......................................................... 4 3.1.2 Recreational Water Illness ............................................................................ 5 Sources of Contamination ....................................................................................... 6 3.1.3 Factors Affecting Recreational Water Quality ............................................. 8 Time Independent Variables ................................................................................... 9 Time dependent variables ..................................................................................... 10 3.1.4 Previous Modeling ...................................................................................... 13 3.2 Modeling Techniques ......................................................................................... 14 4 Experimental Methods and Materials ........................................................................ 17 4.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Sampling Methodology ...................................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Standard Equipment .................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Sample Site Selection ................................................................................. 21 4.2.3 Surface Water Sampling Procedure ............................................................ 21 4.2.4 Storage and Shipping of Samples ............................................................... 22 4.2.5 Forms and Records ..................................................................................... 23 4.3 Instrumentation/Simulation ................................................................................ 23 4.4 Laboratory and/or Field Techniques .................................................................. 23 4.4.1 Environmental Health Sanitary Survey ...................................................... 23 v 4.4.2
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