INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 Investigation on Emission Characteristics of C.I Engine using Vegetable Oil with SCR Technique

L.Karikalan*‡, M.Chandrasekaran*

*Department of Mechanical Engineering, VELS University, Chennai

([email protected], [email protected])

‡ Corresponding Author; L.Karikalan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VELS University, Chennai, India, +91 8148411412, [email protected]

Received: 13.11.2013 Accepted: 15.12.2013

Abstract- The substitute to diesel fuels desires to be theoretically and environmentally adequate, and economically viable. Vegetable oil is one of several alternative fuels designed to extend the efficacy of petroleum, the flexibility and cleanliness of diesel engines. In this paper comparative experiments were carried out to measure the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission level on Diesel engine with SCR technique using diesel fuel and Biodiesel blends of Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem (J20D80, P20D80 and N20D80) and the emission characteristics were analyzed. The results from the experiments prove that vegetable oil and its blends are potentially good substitute fuels for diesel engine in the near future when petroleum deposits become scarcer. The smart technologies deliver benefits to multiple interests, including an improved economy, and a positive impact on the environment and governmental policies. Continuous availability of the vegetable oils needs to be certain before embarking on the major use of it in I.C. engines. Domestically produced vegetable oil will help to reduce costly petroleum imports and the development of the vegetable oil based bio-diesel industry would strengthen the rural agricultural economy of agricultural based countries like India. Keywords- Vegetable Oil, Biodiesel, Emissions, Catalyst, Diesel Engine.

1. Introduction most detrimental parameter in the use of vegetable oil as fuel is its higher viscosity [4]. Diesel engines have a vital role The idea of using vegetable oils instead of diesel fuel is particularly for transportation systems. The exhaust not new and goes back to at least 1928 [2]. The concept was emissions from diesel engines fueled with conventional dropped due to cheap supply of petroleum-based fuels. The diesel fuel have caused air pollution and global problems. environmental concern, 1973 oil embargo and depletion of There is a general agreement that biodiesel and its blends conventional sources have prompted research world-wide with diesel fuel can provide a substantial reduction in HC, into alternative energy sources for internal combustion (IC) CO, and smoke emissions with slight performance loss in engines. Bio-fuels appear to be a potential alternative diesel engine. In comparison with diesel fuel, exhaust gas “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. It is renewable analyses with biodiesel have generally resulted in an increase and available throughout the world. The sulphur content is in NOx emissions that is dependent upon the fraction of negligibly small thus the issue of acid rain is therefore, biodiesel in the fuel blend [6-8] ameliorated. The problem of using neat vegetable oils in diesel engines relates to their high viscosity. The 1.1. Diesel Engine Emissions performance of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine is affected by the spray characteristics of the fuel emerging Over the last 25 years or so there has been increasing through the injector holes [3]. public concern over the nature and composition of the Modern diesel engine injection systems have been combustion by-products that are emitted from engine exhaust designed to their level of performance by using diesel fuel pipes. Exhaust emissions as they are known are just the by- with controlled properties. Some researchers reported that the products of combustion of a fuel. For every 1kg of fuel burnt, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 there is about 1.1kg of water (as vapour/steam) and 3.2kg of replacing conventional petroleum supplies. The initial carbon dioxide produced. Unfortunately we don't have 100% interest was mainly one of fuel supply security, but recently combustion and so there is also a small amount of products more attention has been focused on the use of renewable of incomplete combustion and these are carbon monoxide fuels in order to reduce the net production of CO2 from fossil (denoted CO), hydrocarbons (vaporized fuel) and soot or fuel combustion sources. Renewable fuels like vegetable oils smoke (actually hydrocarbons in a different form). In take away more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during addition, the high temperatures that occur in the combustion their production than is added to it by later combustion. chamber promote an unwanted reaction between nitrogen Therefore, it alleviates the increasing carbon dioxide content and oxygen from the air. This result in various oxides of of the atmosphere [5]. nitrogen, commonly called NOx. There are also several This intensive production and commercialization of minor contributors to exhaust emissions which are burnt biodiesel have raised some critical environmental concerns. crankcase oil and sulphur from the fuel. Both of these Its large-scale production can lead to imbalance in the global components will show up mostly as particulates. Oil food market by drastically increasing consumption oil prices, consumption is obviously a function of engine design and which mainly affect developing countries. Land availability, amount of wear but sulphur dioxide is formed from the and in particular competition for acreage with food crops, is sulphur in the fuel. The major pollutants in diesel exhaust also considered a core limitation [9]. In order to mitigate emissions are a direct result of the diesel combustion process these environmental consequences, unconventional oilseeds itself. are being investigated as alternative feed-stocks. The demand for energy around the world is continuously 1.2. Emission Reduction Techniques increasing, specifically in the demand for petroleum-based energy. Global warming is related with the green house gases There has been considerable research lately on methods which are mostly emitted from the combustion of petroleum for reducing emissions from diesel engines. The majority of fuels. To solve both the energy concern and environmental this research has been centered on reducing emissions, which concern, the renewable energies with lower environmental will form the basis of further discussion in the following pollution impact should be necessary. Nowadays several new paragraphs. Nevertheless, the methodology in reducing other and renewable energies have been emphasized and biomass forms of emissions will also be discussed. Competition by energy is one of the renewable energies among them. diesel engine manufacturers has meant that there are several viable solutions in reducing emissions of an engine. Biodiesel is described as a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or The following emission control methods are applicable animal fats. It is oxygenated, essentially sulfur-free and for diesel engines in general, regardless of the engine’s biodegradable .The use of non-edible oils compared to edible application. oils is very significant because of the increase in demand for  Catalytic after treatment edible oils as food and they are too expensive as compared with diesel fuel.  Injection timing retard  Exhaust gas recirculation Among non-edible vegetable oils the following three vegetable oils, i.e. Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem oils are  Ceramic coating showing good promise and therefore they are selected for the  Alternative fuels present study. Biodiesel is a variety of ester-based  Engine electronic controls oxygenated fuels derived from natural, renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils. Its name indicates, use of this  Fuel injection rate tailoring fuel in diesel engine alternate to diesel fuel. Biodiesel  Variable geometry turbo charging operates in compression ignition engines like petroleum  Atomic oxygen after treatment diesel thereby requiring no essential engine modifications. Moreover it can maintain the payload capacity and range of conventional diesel. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or 2. Biodiesel used vegetable oils and animal fats. Unlike fossil diesel, pure biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of Biodiesel is made from renewable biological sources sulphur and aromatics. Biodiesel is typically made from such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Research on vegetable vegetable oil though animal fat can also be used. oils as diesel fuel was conducted at least 100 years ago but interest lagged because of cheap and plentiful supplies of petroleum fuels. Periodic increase in petroleum prices due to 2.1. Advantages of Biodiesel more demand, stringent emission norms, feared shortages of petroleum fuels due to rapid depletion and net production of  Produced from sustainable / renewable biological carbon dioxide (CO2) from combustion sources have sources rekindled interest in renewable vegetable oil fuels.  Eco-friendly and oxygenated fuel Since the oil price increased of the 1970s, various  Sulphur free, less CO, HC, particulate matter and alternative fuels have been investigated with the goal of aromatic compounds emissions

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 Fuel properties similar to the conventional fuel  Used in existing unmodified diesel engines  Reduce expenditure on oil imports  Non toxic, biodegradable and safety to handle

3. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

SCR is a technology that uses a urea-based diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) and a catalytic converter to significantly reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. SCR is the Fig 1. SCR Reaction leading technology being used to meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s 2010 Heavy-Duty Highway Engines A number of chemical reactions occur in the ammonia and Vehicle emissions reduction regulations. On January 1, SCR system, as expressed by Equations (1) to (5). All of 2010 new federal laws took effect requiring significantly these processes represent desirable reactions which reduce reduced amounts of NOx in diesel emissions for on road NOx to elemental nitrogen. Equation (2) represents the heavy duty diesel vehicles. One solution is Selective dominant reaction mechanism [10]. Reactions given by Catalytic Reduction, also known as SCR. This system Equation (3) through (5) involve nitrogen dioxide reactant. utilizes urea or DEF injection, to reduce NOx levels by The reaction path described by Equation (5) is very fast. This approximately 90%. The biggest advantage of this system is reaction is responsible for the promotion of low temperature that no major redesign of an engine is required, plus no SCR by NO2 [17]. Normally, NO2 concentrations in most additional cooling is needed. SCR treats exhaust gas from the flue gases, including diesel exhaust, are low. In some diesel engine. Small quantities of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) are SCR systems, NO2 levels are purposely increased to enhance injected into the exhaust before a catalyst, where it vaporizes NOx conversion at low temperatures. and decomposes to form ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (1) 6NO + 4NH3 → 5N2 + 6H2O (CO2). The NH3 is then used in conjunction with the SCR catalyst and converts the NOx to harmless nitrogen (N2) and (2) 4NO + 4NH3 + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O water (H2O). (3) 6NO2 + 8NH3 → 7N2 + 12H2O DEF is the reactant necessary for the SCR system. It is a (4) 2NO + 4NH + O → 3N + 6H O carefully blended aqueous urea solution of 32.5% high purity 2 3 2 2 2 urea and 67.5% deionized water. Urea is a compound of (5) NO + NO2 + 2NH3 → 2N2 + 3H2O nitrogen, produced primarily from natural gas, which turns into ammonia when heated. It is already used in a variety of The SCR process requires precise control of the industries, including as a fertilizer in agriculture. DEF is a ammonia injection rate. An insufficient injection may result nontoxic, nonpolluting, non-hazardous and nonflammable in unacceptably low NOx conversions. An injection rate solution. It is stable, colorless, and meets accepted which is too high results in release of undesirable ammonia international standards for purity and composition. DEF is to the atmosphere. safe to handle and store and poses no serious risk to humans, animals, equipment or the environment when handled 3.1. Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Consumption properly. If you know the average fuel consumption of a vehicle, you can easily calculate the amount of DEF that will As per CUMMINS Filtration, Diesel Exhaust Fluid be used. Heavy duty engines which use SCR receive a fuel (DEF) Consumption is expected to be approximately 2 to economy improvement, up to 5%. SCR catalyst technology 3percent of fuel consumption, depending on the vehicle allows much greater NOx conversion efficiency, so the operation, duty cycle, geography, load ratings, etc. if we engine can be fully optimized, which contributes to this fuel know the average fuel consumption of the engine or vehicle , economy improvement. we can easily calculate the DEF Consumption. The DEF SCR technology is one of the most cost-effective and dose rate will vary slightly amongst engine manufacturers fuel-efficient technologies available to help reduce [21]. Diesel Exhaust Fluid Consumption is 2 to 3percent of emissions. SCR can reduce NOx emissions up to 90 percent fuel consumption for the vehicles/ engines fitted with the while simultaneously reducing HC and CO emissions by 50- electronic control module (ECM). 90 percent, and PM emissions by 30-50 percent. SCR The Average DEF Consumption of DEF for Stationary systems can also be combined with a diesel particulate filter Engines is expected to be approximately 5 to 7 percent of to achieve even greater emission reductions for PM. SCR Fuel Consumption with ECM control. For our study and technology may play a key role in achieving emissions experiment, the DEF consumption comes around 10% of reductions that allow light-duty diesel vehicles to meet the Fuel Consumption due to usage of simple Mechanical pump new, lower EPA emissions regulations to be phased in with Nozzle without ECM. With electronic control module through 2009 and potentially expand the diesel vehicle sales (ECM), The DEF consumption rate will be reduced to the market (1). Standard value of 5 to 7 percent or even less.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 4. Experiment Details 4.4. Experimental Setup

Fuel properties were measured before commencement of Experiments were carried out on a KIRLOSKAR Model the experiments of Diesel, Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem SV1, single cylinder, four strokes, and water cooled diesel based Biodiesel. For Pure Diesel – Specific gravity, 0.835; engine and the performance characteristics of the engine are Calorific Value, 43500KJ/kg; For Jatropha B20 Biodiesel – evaluated in terms of brake thermal efficiency, emission Specific gravity, 0.879; Calorific Value, 43093KJ/kg; For characteristics in terms of smoke, HC, CO, CO2, and NOX. Pongamia B20 Biodiesel – Specific gravity, 0.878; Calorific These performance, combustion and emission characteristics Value, 41956KJ/kg; For Neem B20 Biodiesel – Specific are compared with the results of baseline diesel engine. The gravity, 0.934; Calorific Value, 39810KJ/kg. HC, CO and NOX emissions from the test engine were measured by a CRYPTON 290 SERIES EMISSION ANALYSER. Measurement of NO is achieved by means of X 4.1. SCR / DEF Pump a chemical sensor fitted next to the oxygen sensor. The sensor used to measure NOX concentration is a catalyst. A pneumatic diaphragm type mechanical fuel pump is Sample exhaust gases taken from exhaust pipe of the test used to suck the liquid ammonia (SCR Fluid) from the engine were passed through a filter and then entered to the ammonia tank and passes it to the nozzle for further NOX analyzer. Also the smoke emission from the test engine injection. The pump uses a lever that rides on the inlet valve was measured in this study. In order to measure smoke operated rocker arm finger to pump a diaphragm inside the emission, an opacity (AVL make) type smoke meter was pump up and down. This creates suction that pulls ammonia used. liquid into the pump, and then pushes it along. A pair of one way valves inside the pump only the ammonia liquid to Table 1. Engine Specifications move in one direction. The discharge/ output pressure of a Manufacturer Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd mechanical fuel pump is quite low (4 to 10psi). The pump Vertical, 4-Stroke cycle, Single capacity to pump the liquid ammonia is 0.2litres/minute at acting, Single cylinder, High 2000rpm. Type of Engine speed Compression Ignition Diesel engine Speed 1800 rpm Rating at 1500 rpm 5.9 kw Compression Ratio 17.5:1 Fuel Injection 27˚ BTDC Timing Method of Cooling Water Cooling Injection pressure 200 bar

Fig. 2. SCR/DEF pump

4.2. Injector

The SCR injector is an electrically operated 12V solenoid valve. The average injector duty-cycle is measured in terms of milliseconds. The average is 1.5 to 6 milliseconds. This fuel injector will be used as an injector for DEF/SCR fluid injection in the exhaust manifold to control the NOx emission. The fuel injector has 4holes in centre for injection. 3 out 4 holes were blocked to reduce the Fig. 3. Experimental Setup supply/injection rate of the DEF fluid. The test engine was started and run until achieving the stable condition. Then the engine load was increased 4.3. Oxidation Catalyst/ SCR Catalyst gradually to maximum recommended value. At the same time, the dynamometer, all analyzers and meters for Cerium Oxide and Zeolite based compound coated measurements were carried out as the recommended methods Ceramic materials were used as catalyst for the development by the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. The applications of Oxidation Catalyst and SCR Catalyst. of loads were five levels and they were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% loads respectively. The engine speeds at all load levels were adjusted for constant engine speed and fixed at 1800 rpm. 972

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Fig. 4. Experimental Setup line diagram Fig. 7. Brake Power Vs NOx In each load levels, the measurement of fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, fuel injection timing, crank angle, hydrocarbon (HC) emission, carbon monoxide (CO) emission, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission, carbon dioxide emission and smoke emission were carried out and recorded the data. The same conditions, methods and procedures were used for both the experiments of biodiesel and diesel fuels. First the diesel and biodiesel blends were tested at standard engine specification that is at normal injection timing 270 BTDC at constant injection pressure 200bar and with a constant compression ratio 17.5.

Fig. 8. Brake Power Vs CO2

5. Results and Discussion

The typical results of the present study are presented in the following section. The results presented for reduction of NOx emissions with and without the injection of diesel SCR/DEF (Ammonia) for pure diesel and biodiesel (B20).

Fig. 5. Brake Power Vs CO 5.1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions Fig.5 shows the CO level for the engine working on pure diesel, biodiesel (J20, P20 and N20) respectively at standard compression ratio 17.5:1, Injection Pressure 200bar and crank angle 270BTDC with and without injecting the diesel SCR. From the graph, it is learnt that 100% of CO is reduced with diesel SCR, 92% of CO is reduced with J20-SCR, 91% of CO is reduced with P20- SCR and 90% of CO is reduced with N20- SCR at full load operation when comparing with SCR less injection.

5.2. Hydrocarbon Emissions

Fig.6 shows the HC level for the engine working on pure diesel, biodiesel (J20, P20 and N20) respectively at standard 0 Fig. 6. Brake Power Vs HC compression ratio 18.5:1, crank angle 27 BTDC with and without injecting the diesel SCR. From the graph, it is learnt

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 that 58% of HC is reduced with diesel SCR, 46% of HC is possible using catalyst technology itself. Used in conjunction reduced with J20-SCR, 50% of HC is reduced with P20- with catalyst, ceramic coatings have allowed significant SCR and 43% of HC is reduced with N20- SCR at full load reductions in PM and NOx for heavy duty diesels while operation when comparing with SCR less injection. providing significant performance increases in power and torque. 5.3. Nitrides of Oxygen Emissions From the study, it is clear that this rocker arm operated mechanical SCR pump setup is costing less when comparing Fig.7 shows the NOx level for the engine working on with ECU based SCR setup and also effective in controlling pure diesel, biodiesel (J20, P20 and N20) respectively at the exhaust emissions. standard compression ratio 18.5:1, crank angle 270BTDC with and without injecting the diesel SCR. From the graph, it References is learnt that 69% of NOx is reduced with diesel SCR, 73% of NOx is reduced with J20-SCR, 81% of NOx is reduced [1] www.dieselforum.org with P20- SCR and 79% of NOx is reduced with N20- SCR at full load operation when comparing with SCR less [2] Obert EF, Internal combustion engine and air pollution. injection. New York: In text Educational Publishers; 1973. [3] Heywood JB, Internal combustion engine fundamentals, 5.4. Carbon Dioxide Emissions New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988. [4] Tahir AR, Lapp HM, Buchanam LC. Sunflower oil as a Fig.8 shows the CO level for the engine working on 2 fuel for compression ignition Engine. ASAE, 1982, pure diesel, biodiesel (J20, P20 and N20) respectively at 49085, p. 82. standard compression ratio 18.5:1, crank angle 270BTDC with and without injecting the diesel SCR. From the graph, it [5] Srivastava A, Prasad R. Triglycerides- based diesel fuels. is learnt that 80% of CO2 is reduced with diesel SCR, 82% of Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2000;4: 111– CO2 is reduced with J20-SCR, 84% of CO2 is reduced with 33. P20-SCR and 81% of CO is reduced with N20-SCR at full 2 [6] Ozsezen AN, Canakci M, Turkcan A, Sayin C. load operation when comparing with SCR less injection. Performance and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with waste palm oil and canola oil 6. Conclusion methyl esters. Fuel 2009; 88(4):629e36. [7] Lin Y, Wu YG, Chang CT. Combustion characteristics of A variety of emission control technologies exist for waste-oil produced biodiesel/diesel fuel blends. Fuel controlling NOx, CO, NMHC, and PM emissions from 2007;86 (12e13):1772e80. stationary IC engines and have been in use for 10 years. Oxidation catalysts provide significant reductions in CO and [8] Usta N, Ozturk E, Can O, Conkur ES, Nas S, Con AH, et HC and SCR can be used to reduce greater than 90 percent of al. Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut NOx emissions from the diesel engines. soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 2005;46(5):741e55. In this paper comparative experiments were carried out to measure the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon [9] Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S. Feasibility of edible oil vs. dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission level on SV1 non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. KIRLOSKAR Single Cylinder Diesel engine by SCR Energy 2008;33:1646e53. technique using diesel fuel and Biodiesel blends of Jatropha, [10] Cho, S.M., 1994. “Properly Apply Selective Pongamia and Neem (J20D80, P20D80 and N20D80). The Catalytic Reduction for NOx Removal”, Chem. Eng. performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine Prog., Jan. 1994, 39-45 using bio-diesel were analyzed. Using biodiesel we can reduce the HC and CO level of exhaust gas emitted where as [11] Qi D.H , Chen H, Geng L.M, Bian Y.ZH, the NOx level is increasing. By injecting the DEF fluid with “Experimental studies on the combustion characteristics the help of rocker arm operated SCR pump setup, we can and performance of a direct injection engine fueled with bring down the NOx level for pure diesel as well as for biodiesel/diesel blends”, Energy Conversion and biodiesel. Management 2010, Vol. 51, pp. 2985-2992. 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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 [14] Muralidharan. K,Vasudevan.D, Sheeba K.N, [19] Sathiyagnanam A.P, Saravanan C.G, “Experimental “Performance, emission and combustion characteristics Studies on the Combustion Characteristics and of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine”, Performance of A Direct Injection Engine Fueled with Energy 2011, Vol. 36, pp. 5385-5393. Biodiesel/Diesel Blends with SCR”, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering (London) 2011, Vol III [15] L.Karikalan, M.Chandrasekaran, K.Sudhagar, Comparative Studies on Vegetable Oil Usage in C.I [20] Mukundan Devadas, Selective Catalytic Reduction Engines as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel, International (SCR) of Nitrogen Oxides with Ammonia over Fe-ZSM5, Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 7, Diss. ETH No. 16524, Swıss Federal Instıtute Of N. 4, May 2013 Technology Zurıch for the degree of Doctor of Technıcal Scıences, 2006 [16] Jose Maria Lopez, Felipe Jimenez, Francisco Aparicio, Nuria Flores, “On-road emissions [21] Erlangung des Grades, Development and from urban buses with SCR + Urea and EGR + DPF characterization of NOx – reductive catalytic coating systems using diesel and biodiesel”, Transportation systems for lean burn engines, Dissertation, BOCHUM Research Part D: Transport and Environment University, 2008 2009,Vol.14,pp.1-5. [22] DIESEL EXHAUST FLUID, SCR: The Leading [17] Lyn Mc William, Anton Zimmermann, “Emissions Technology to meet 2010 Emission Regulations, and Performance Implications of Biodiesel Used in an CUMMINS Filtration – Bulletın SCR-equipped Caterpillar C6.6”, SAE 2010-01-2157. [23] Koebel M, Elsener M, Kleemann M, “Urea-SCR: a [18] Cooper, B.J., A.C. McDonnald, A.P. Walker, M. promising technique to reduce NOx emissions from Sanchez, 2003. “The Development and On-Road automotive diesel engines”, Catalysis Today 2000, pp. Performance and Durability of the Four-Way Emission 335–345. Control SCRT System”, US DOE, 9th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference (DEER), Newport, RI, August2003

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