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Investigation on Emission Characteristics of C.I Engine Using Vegetable Oil with SCR Technique

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Investigation on Emission Characteristics of C.I Engine Using Vegetable Oil with SCR Technique INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 Investigation on Emission Characteristics of C.I Engine using Vegetable Oil with SCR Technique L.Karikalan*‡, M.Chandrasekaran* *Department of Mechanical Engineering, VELS University, Chennai ([email protected], [email protected]) ‡ Corresponding Author; L.Karikalan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, VELS University, Chennai, India, +91 8148411412, [email protected] Received: 13.11.2013 Accepted: 15.12.2013 Abstract- The substitute to diesel fuels desires to be theoretically and environmentally adequate, and economically viable. Vegetable oil is one of several alternative fuels designed to extend the efficacy of petroleum, the flexibility and cleanliness of diesel engines. In this paper comparative experiments were carried out to measure the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission level on Diesel engine with SCR technique using diesel fuel and Biodiesel blends of Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem (J20D80, P20D80 and N20D80) and the emission characteristics were analyzed. The results from the experiments prove that vegetable oil and its blends are potentially good substitute fuels for diesel engine in the near future when petroleum deposits become scarcer. The smart technologies deliver benefits to multiple interests, including an improved economy, and a positive impact on the environment and governmental policies. Continuous availability of the vegetable oils needs to be certain before embarking on the major use of it in I.C. engines. Domestically produced vegetable oil will help to reduce costly petroleum imports and the development of the vegetable oil based bio-diesel industry would strengthen the rural agricultural economy of agricultural based countries like India. Keywords- Vegetable Oil, Biodiesel, Emissions, Catalyst, Diesel Engine. 1. Introduction most detrimental parameter in the use of vegetable oil as fuel is its higher viscosity [4]. Diesel engines have a vital role The idea of using vegetable oils instead of diesel fuel is particularly for transportation systems. The exhaust not new and goes back to at least 1928 [2]. The concept was emissions from diesel engines fueled with conventional dropped due to cheap supply of petroleum-based fuels. The diesel fuel have caused air pollution and global problems. environmental concern, 1973 oil embargo and depletion of There is a general agreement that biodiesel and its blends conventional sources have prompted research world-wide with diesel fuel can provide a substantial reduction in HC, into alternative energy sources for internal combustion (IC) CO, and smoke emissions with slight performance loss in engines. Bio-fuels appear to be a potential alternative diesel engine. In comparison with diesel fuel, exhaust gas “greener” energy substitute for fossil fuels. It is renewable analyses with biodiesel have generally resulted in an increase and available throughout the world. The sulphur content is in NOx emissions that is dependent upon the fraction of negligibly small thus the issue of acid rain is therefore, biodiesel in the fuel blend [6-8] ameliorated. The problem of using neat vegetable oils in diesel engines relates to their high viscosity. The 1.1. Diesel Engine Emissions performance of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine is affected by the spray characteristics of the fuel emerging Over the last 25 years or so there has been increasing through the injector holes [3]. public concern over the nature and composition of the Modern diesel engine injection systems have been combustion by-products that are emitted from engine exhaust designed to their level of performance by using diesel fuel pipes. Exhaust emissions as they are known are just the by- with controlled properties. Some researchers reported that the products of combustion of a fuel. For every 1kg of fuel burnt, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No. 4, 2013 there is about 1.1kg of water (as vapour/steam) and 3.2kg of replacing conventional petroleum supplies. The initial carbon dioxide produced. Unfortunately we don't have 100% interest was mainly one of fuel supply security, but recently combustion and so there is also a small amount of products more attention has been focused on the use of renewable of incomplete combustion and these are carbon monoxide fuels in order to reduce the net production of CO2 from fossil (denoted CO), hydrocarbons (vaporized fuel) and soot or fuel combustion sources. Renewable fuels like vegetable oils smoke (actually hydrocarbons in a different form). In take away more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during addition, the high temperatures that occur in the combustion their production than is added to it by later combustion. chamber promote an unwanted reaction between nitrogen Therefore, it alleviates the increasing carbon dioxide content and oxygen from the air. This result in various oxides of of the atmosphere [5]. nitrogen, commonly called NOx. There are also several This intensive production and commercialization of minor contributors to exhaust emissions which are burnt biodiesel have raised some critical environmental concerns. crankcase oil and sulphur from the fuel. Both of these Its large-scale production can lead to imbalance in the global components will show up mostly as particulates. Oil food market by drastically increasing consumption oil prices, consumption is obviously a function of engine design and which mainly affect developing countries. Land availability, amount of wear but sulphur dioxide is formed from the and in particular competition for acreage with food crops, is sulphur in the fuel. The major pollutants in diesel exhaust also considered a core limitation [9]. In order to mitigate emissions are a direct result of the diesel combustion process these environmental consequences, unconventional oilseeds itself. are being investigated as alternative feed-stocks. The demand for energy around the world is continuously 1.2. Emission Reduction Techniques increasing, specifically in the demand for petroleum-based energy. Global warming is related with the green house gases There has been considerable research lately on methods which are mostly emitted from the combustion of petroleum for reducing emissions from diesel engines. The majority of fuels. To solve both the energy concern and environmental this research has been centered on reducing emissions, which concern, the renewable energies with lower environmental will form the basis of further discussion in the following pollution impact should be necessary. Nowadays several new paragraphs. Nevertheless, the methodology in reducing other and renewable energies have been emphasized and biomass forms of emissions will also be discussed. Competition by energy is one of the renewable energies among them. diesel engine manufacturers has meant that there are several viable solutions in reducing emissions of an engine. Biodiesel is described as a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or The following emission control methods are applicable animal fats. It is oxygenated, essentially sulfur-free and for diesel engines in general, regardless of the engine’s biodegradable .The use of non-edible oils compared to edible application. oils is very significant because of the increase in demand for Catalytic after treatment edible oils as food and they are too expensive as compared with diesel fuel. Injection timing retard Exhaust gas recirculation Among non-edible vegetable oils the following three vegetable oils, i.e. Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem oils are Ceramic coating showing good promise and therefore they are selected for the Alternative fuels present study. Biodiesel is a variety of ester-based Engine electronic controls oxygenated fuels derived from natural, renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils. Its name indicates, use of this Fuel injection rate tailoring fuel in diesel engine alternate to diesel fuel. Biodiesel Variable geometry turbo charging operates in compression ignition engines like petroleum Atomic oxygen after treatment diesel thereby requiring no essential engine modifications. Moreover it can maintain the payload capacity and range of conventional diesel. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or 2. Biodiesel used vegetable oils and animal fats. Unlike fossil diesel, pure biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially free of Biodiesel is made from renewable biological sources sulphur and aromatics. Biodiesel is typically made from such as vegetable oils and animal fats. Research on vegetable vegetable oil though animal fat can also be used. oils as diesel fuel was conducted at least 100 years ago but interest lagged because of cheap and plentiful supplies of petroleum fuels. Periodic increase in petroleum prices due to 2.1. Advantages of Biodiesel more demand, stringent emission norms, feared shortages of petroleum fuels due to rapid depletion and net production of Produced from sustainable / renewable biological carbon dioxide (CO2) from combustion sources have sources rekindled interest in renewable vegetable oil fuels. Eco-friendly and oxygenated fuel Since the oil price increased of the 1970s, various Sulphur free, less CO, HC, particulate matter and alternative fuels have been investigated with the goal of aromatic compounds emissions 970 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH L.Karikalan et al. ,Vol. 3, No.
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